ISO 10984-2:2009

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 10984-2
First edition
2009-08-15
Timber structures — Dowel-type
fasteners —
Part 2:
Determination of embedding strength
Structures en bois — Éléments de fixation de type cheville —
Partie 2: Détermination des valeurs de résistance des scellements

Reference number
©
ISO 2009
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©  ISO 2009
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ii © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions. 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 2
5 Requirements . 2
6 Test method. 2
7 Test report . 11
Bibliography . 12

Foreword
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ISO 10984-2 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 165, Timber structures.
ISO 10984 consists of the following parts, under the general title Timber structures — Dowel-type fasteners:
⎯ Part 1: Determination of yield moment
⎯ Part 2: Determination of embedding strength

iv © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Introduction
Dowel-type fasteners are those mechanical fasteners that are most widely used for timber structures. Their
characteristics, such as yield moment, have a great effect on the mechanical performance of joints made with
dowel-type fasteners under loads.
The purpose of this part of ISO 10984 is to define methods to measure the embedding strength for fasteners
as one of the basic parameters to interpret the behaviour of joints under loads. The requirements are
necessary to replicate the same conditions as those for timber structures in the field. Loads can be applied to
the specimen either by compression or tension, whichever is relevant. This part of ISO 10984 is based on
EN 383 and ASTM D5764.
ISO 10984-1 provides the test method to obtain other basic information on the behaviour of mechanical joints
under loads.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 10984-2:2009(E)

Timber structures — Dowel-type fasteners —
Part 2:
Determination of embedding strength
1 Scope
This part of ISO 10984 specifies laboratory methods for determining the embedding strength of solid timber,
glued laminated timber and wood-based sheet products with dowel-type fasteners.
Descriptors: timber construction, fasteners, nails (fasteners), bolts, tests, compression tests, determination,
compressive strength.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3130, Wood — Determination of moisture content for physical and mechanical tests
ISO 3131, Wood — Determination of density for physical and mechanical tests
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
dowel-type fastener
bolt, nail, screw, dowel or the like with plain or patterned surfaces
3.2
embedding strength
average compressive stress at maximum load in a piece of timber or wood-based sheet product under the
action of a stiff linear fastener
NOTE The fastener’s axis is perpendicular to the surface of the timber. The fastener is loaded perpendicular to its
axis.
3.3
maximum load
Maximum load measured before the deformation of the specimen has reached the deformation limit equal to
(w + 5) mm
3.4 Fastener section dimension
3.4.1
fastener section dimension
〈plain round or profiled fastener〉 diameter of the shank without coating
3.4.2
fastener section dimension
〈square fastener〉 length of one side of the section
3.4.3
fastener section dimension
〈oval or rectangular fastener〉 minimum dimension of the section
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
d fastener section dimension, expressed in millimetres
F load, expressed in newtons
F maximum load, expressed in newtons

max
F estimated maximum load, expressed in newtons

max,est
f embedding strength, expressed in newtons per square millimetre
h
f estimated embedding strength, expressed in newtons per square millimetre

h,est
K elastic foundation modulus, expressed in newtons per cubic millimetre
e
K initial foundation modulus, expressed in newtons per cubic millimetre
i
K foundation modulus, expressed in newtons per cubic millimetre
s
t test piece thickness, expressed in millimetres
w indentation or deformation, expressed in millimetres
w elastic deformation, expressed in millimetres
e
w initial deformation, expressed in millimetres
i
w modified initial deformation, expressed in millimetres
i,mod
w deformation of the test apparatus at any given load, expressed in millimetres
5 Requirements
The fasteners and the timber, glued laminated timber or wood-based sheet product shall be, as far as possible,
of the quality allowed by the relevant material specification.
6 Test method
6.1 Principle
The test shall be carried out on the test piece and using the apparatus shown in Figure 1. The fastener shall
be uniformly embedded along its length into the wood without significant bending of the fastener. If it is difficult
to avoid bending the fastener under test using the apparatus shown in Figure 1, the apparatus shown in
Figure 2 may be used for tests.
2 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

The fastener shall be loaded perpendicular to its axis through the steel loading apparatus, and the load and
the corresponding indentation or deformation shall be measured; see Figures 1 and 2.
The loading may be either in tension [see Figures 1 and 3 a)], or in compression; see Figures 2 and 3 b). For
solid timber and solid, laminated or composite wood products with only one grain direction, the loading may be
either parallel to the grain [see Figures 3 a) and 3 b)] or compression perpendicular to the grain; see
Figure 3 c).
NOTE The principles of this part of ISO 10984 can be used for other angles between the load and the grain.
6.2 Test pieces
The test piece is a rectangular prism of wood or wood-based sheet product with a fastener placed with its axis
perpendicular to the surface of the prismatic test piece. The minimum sizes of the test pieces are given in
Table 1. The thickness shall be in the range 5d to 4d.
NOTE The reason for this requirement is to ensure a uniform embedment stress distribution over the longitudinal axis
of the fastener. Particularly in using high density material, this is of concern.
For wood-based sheet products, the thickness of the test piece shall be the thickness of the panel as
produced.
For the fasteners with coatings, the coatings shall be removed before measuring the diameter and carrying
out the tests.
Key
1 steel apparatus
2 fastener
3 displacement gauge attached to the test piece
4 test piece
Figure 1 — Tension test principle
Key
1 steel apparatus
2 fastener
3 displacement gauge attached to the test piece
4 test piece
Figure 2 — Compression test principle

a)  For tension-parallel-to-grain b)  For compression-parallel- c)  For compression-
test to-grain test perpendicular-to-grain test
(as shown in Figure 1) (as shown in Figure 2) (as shown in Figure 2)
Key
1 grain direction or one of the main directions of wood-based sheet products
2 loading direction
Figure 3 — Sizes of test pieces as specified in Table 1
4 © ISO 2009 – All rights reserved

Table 1 — Minimum sizes of test pieces
Nails
a
Measurement Bolts or dowels Test piece material
Not pre-bored Pre-bored
a 5d 5d 3d
Timber or wood-based
l 20d 12d 7d
sheet products
l 40d 40d 30d
Timber or layered
a 5d 5d 5d
wood products with
b
l 20d 20d 20d
one grain direction
a
Measurements given in Figure 3 are dependent on d, which is defined in Clause 4.
b
This measurement may be reduced to 15d for bolts having diameters greater than 5 mm or 10d for dowels having diameters
greater than 10 mm.
6.3 Apparatus
6.3.1 Test apparatus, designed to minimize friction between steel plates and test pieces, including
equipment for measuring the geometry, moisture content, etc. of the test pieces, together with the following,
shall be available.
6.3.1.1 Loading equipment, capable of applying and continuously recording the load to an accuracy of
± 1 % of the load applied to the test piece or, for loads less than 10 % of the maximum load applied to the
piece, with an accuracy of ± 0,1 % of the maximum load.
6.3.1.2 Equipment, capable of continuously recording the displacement of the fasteners in the wood with
an accuracy of ± 1 % of the displacement or, for displacements of less than 2 mm, with an accuracy of
± 0,03 mm.
6.4 Preparation of test pieces
Before placing the fastener, the wood material shall be conditioned to constant mass in an environment
having a relative humidity of (65 ± 5) % and a temperature of (20 ± 2) ℃. After fabrication, the test piece shall
be conditioned again in the same environment. Constant mass is considered as having been attained when
the results of two successive weighings, carried out 6 h apart, do not differ by more than 0,1 % of the mass of
the test piece.
For particular investigations, it can be appropriate to condition the test piece to other moisture conditions both
before and after placing the fastener. If other climatic conditions are used, they shall be reported. In tropical
climates, the wood material may be conditioned in an environment having a relative humidity of (65 ± 5) %
and a temperature of (25 ± 2) ℃.
6.5 Procedure
6.5.1 Apparatus calibration
Initially, if relevant, the stiffness characteristic of the test apparatus may be determined to calibrate the load
and deformation curve (see 6.6.2). To determine the stiffness characteristic of the test apparatus, a steel
specimen with a tight-fitting pin of the same diameter as the fastener shall be placed in the apparatus and the
load and deformation curve shall be determined as described in 6.5.6 and 6.5.7.
NOTE See Figure 8 for correction of the load and deformation curve taking into account the stiffness characteristics
of the loading apparatus.
...