ISO 21226:2019
(Main)Soil quality — Guideline for the screening of soil polluted with toxic elements using soil magnetometry
Soil quality — Guideline for the screening of soil polluted with toxic elements using soil magnetometry
This document specifies methods for the measurements of magnetic susceptibility of soils (κ) as an indicator of potential soil pollution/contamination with trace elements associated with technogenic magnetic particles (TMPs) and describes related procedures, protocols and guidelines to be applied as a screening geophysical method of determination of soil pollution with trace elements. The results of measurements are used for preparing the maps of magnetic susceptibility of soils in the area of interest. From these maps, the areas of elevated and high magnetic susceptibility indicating high trace element total pollution load are discriminated for further identification of pollutants by geochemical methods. This document is applicable to screening all TMPs-related anthropogenic emission sources including long-range transport of airborne elements, of which TMPs are carriers and indicators. Such emission sources comprise the majority of high-temperature industrial processes, where iron is present in any mineralogical form in raw materials, additives or fuels, is transformed into ferrimagnetic iron oxides (e.g. fossil solid and liquid fuels combustion, metallurgy, cement and ceramics industry, coke production, industrial waste landfills, land transport). This document is not applicable to screening anthropogenic emissions not associated with TMPs, e.g. organic pollutants or emissions from agricultural sources. NOTE 1 Copper, zinc and other non-ferrous metal ores also contain iron (in many sulfides) as this element is abundant in almost all environments. During smelting, the iron occurring in sulfides is transformed into ferrimagnetic oxides (TMPs). However, in such cases, the proportion of TMPs and related PTEs is usually less than at coal combustion or iron metallurgy, for example, and not all PTEs are physically associated and transported by TMPs. Non-airborne elements are deposited in the close proximity of the emission source, while TMPs can be used in these cases as indicators of airborne elements and of the spatial distribution of the total element deposition from a smelter in the area. In rare cases, some soils are developed on bedrock exhibiting geogenically high magnetism, which can cause false-positive results. This influence can, however, be easily indicated by measurements of magnetic susceptibility along soil profiles. This method is not applicable when the bedrock exhibits extremely high magnetic signals. NOTE 2 Such cases are rare.
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour le diagnostic de la pollution du sol par des éléments toxiques en utilisant la magnétométrie
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INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21226
First edition
2019-12
Soil quality — Guideline for the
screening of soil polluted with toxic
elements using soil magnetometry
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour le criblage du sol pollué par
des éléments toxiques en utilisant la magnétométrie du sol
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 Fundamentals . 3
5.1 Screening principle . 3
5.2 Screening work processes . 4
5.3 Field measurements and works . 4
5.4 Laboratory measurements . 4
5.5 Data mapping . 4
5.6 Soil sampling for geochemical analysis . 4
6 Apparatus . 4
6.1 Field equipment . 4
6.2 Laboratory equipment . 5
6.3 Data mapping . 5
7 Procedures . 5
7.1 Measurement network . 5
7.2 Measurements of magnetic susceptibility at the topsoil surface . 5
7.3 Measurements of vertical magnetic susceptibility distribution . 6
7.3.1 General. 6
7.3.2 Topsoil core sampling . 6
7.3.3 Field measurements. 6
7.3.4 Laboratory measurements . 6
7.3.5 Topsoil magnetic profile analysis . 6
7.4 Magnetic susceptibility mapping and data analysis . 7
7.4.1 Data processing . 7
7.4.2 Magnetic susceptibility surface mapping . 7
7.4.3 Data analysis . 7
7.5 Soil sampling for geochemical analysis . 7
8 Screening report . 8
Annex A (informative) Relation between magnetic susceptibility and trace element
contamination of topsoil . 9
Annex B (informative) Measurement performance according to 7.1 and 7.2 .16
Annex C (informative) Example of a screening report to record measurement results
according to 9 .18
Annex D (informative) Validation summary .22
Bibliography .26
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Chemical and physical characterization.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
At the time of publishing this document, the mapping of soil pollution status is generally based on
geochemical methods that, despite development of new, more sophisticated and precise equipment,
have apparent disadvantages, among them uncertainty, as usually there is no satisfactory information
on the extent and range of pollution in the area. This results in the need of a large number of samples to
be collected, followed by expensive and time-consuming chemical analysis.
Among anthropogenic soil pollutants, trace elements [potentially toxic elements (PTEs)] are the most
problematic, widespread and persistent group that has accumulated in soil since the beginning of
industrial revolution, mostly due to dry and wet deposition of particulates originating from emissions
to the atmosphere. Due to the historical and persistent character of pollution, determination of soil
quality, sources, extent and range of pollution requires large-area dense environmental monitoring
network. In addition, identification of sources, pathways and extent of long-range transboundary
transport of airborne trace elements creates serious technical problems and uncertainties. This
has resulted in the development and broad application of soil magnetometry as easy-to-use, quick,
inexpensive but sensitive and reliable screening geophysical technique based on the measurements of
magnetic susceptibility in topsoil.
The method has not yet been standardized. For this purpose, a standard procedure, protocols and
guidelines for the using soil magnetometry as a screening method are developed primarily to support
the implementation of the two-stage optimized geophysical/geochemical method of measuring the
soil spatial anthropogenic pollution with airborne trace elements from the dry and wet deposition,
for further delineation of polluted soil areas to be adequately managed. The method provides data on
the volume-specific magnetic susceptibility, κ, which reflects cumulative anthropogenic pollution of
soil with trace elements, expressed as a PLI. The method is intended to serve as a screening and early
warning system to be applied at any scale, from local to large regional one, also for the investigation of
a long-range airborne element transport.
The application of this screening method alone does not allow determining the kind and concentrations
of specific trace elements in soils. To carry out a more precise survey of the anthropogenic soil pollution
with airborne trace elements, soil magnetometry as the screening geophysical “in situ” measurement
technique (the 1st stage) is to be integrated with the classical geochemical methods (the 2nd stage)
of the optimized procedure. Specifically, on the basis of geophysical methods used for screening, a
relevant dense geochemical monitoring network can be applied in the areas of diagnosed elevated risk,
thus reducing the number of samples and chemical analyses required.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21226:2019(E)
Soil quality — Guideline for the screening of soil polluted
with toxic elements using soil magnetometry
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for the measurements of magnetic susceptibility of soils (κ) as an
indicator of potential soil pollution/contamination with trace elements associated with technogenic
magnetic particles (TMPs) and describes related procedures, protocols and guidelines to be applied as
a screening geophysical method of determination of soil pollution with trace elements. The results of
measurements are used for preparing the maps of magnetic susceptibility of soils in the area of interest.
From these maps, the areas of elevated and high magnetic susceptibility indicating high trace element
total pollution load are discriminated for further identification of pollutants by geochemical methods.
This document is applicable to screening all TMPs-related anthropogenic emission sources including
long-range tr
...
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 21226
First edition
2019-12
Soil quality — Guideline for the
screening of soil polluted with toxic
elements using soil magnetometry
Qualité du sol — Lignes directrices pour le criblage du sol pollué par
des éléments toxiques en utilisant la magnétométrie du sol
Reference number
©
ISO 2019
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 3
5 Fundamentals . 3
5.1 Screening principle . 3
5.2 Screening work processes . 4
5.3 Field measurements and works . 4
5.4 Laboratory measurements . 4
5.5 Data mapping . 4
5.6 Soil sampling for geochemical analysis . 4
6 Apparatus . 4
6.1 Field equipment . 4
6.2 Laboratory equipment . 5
6.3 Data mapping . 5
7 Procedures . 5
7.1 Measurement network . 5
7.2 Measurements of magnetic susceptibility at the topsoil surface . 5
7.3 Measurements of vertical magnetic susceptibility distribution . 6
7.3.1 General. 6
7.3.2 Topsoil core sampling . 6
7.3.3 Field measurements. 6
7.3.4 Laboratory measurements . 6
7.3.5 Topsoil magnetic profile analysis . 6
7.4 Magnetic susceptibility mapping and data analysis . 7
7.4.1 Data processing . 7
7.4.2 Magnetic susceptibility surface mapping . 7
7.4.3 Data analysis . 7
7.5 Soil sampling for geochemical analysis . 7
8 Screening report . 8
Annex A (informative) Relation between magnetic susceptibility and trace element
contamination of topsoil . 9
Annex B (informative) Measurement performance according to 7.1 and 7.2 .16
Annex C (informative) Example of a screening report to record measurement results
according to 9 .18
Annex D (informative) Validation summary .22
Bibliography .26
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation on the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see the following
URL: www .iso .org/ iso/ foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 190, Soil quality, Subcommittee SC 3,
Chemical and physical characterization.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved
Introduction
At the time of publishing this document, the mapping of soil pollution status is generally based on
geochemical methods that, despite development of new, more sophisticated and precise equipment,
have apparent disadvantages, among them uncertainty, as usually there is no satisfactory information
on the extent and range of pollution in the area. This results in the need of a large number of samples to
be collected, followed by expensive and time-consuming chemical analysis.
Among anthropogenic soil pollutants, trace elements [potentially toxic elements (PTEs)] are the most
problematic, widespread and persistent group that has accumulated in soil since the beginning of
industrial revolution, mostly due to dry and wet deposition of particulates originating from emissions
to the atmosphere. Due to the historical and persistent character of pollution, determination of soil
quality, sources, extent and range of pollution requires large-area dense environmental monitoring
network. In addition, identification of sources, pathways and extent of long-range transboundary
transport of airborne trace elements creates serious technical problems and uncertainties. This
has resulted in the development and broad application of soil magnetometry as easy-to-use, quick,
inexpensive but sensitive and reliable screening geophysical technique based on the measurements of
magnetic susceptibility in topsoil.
The method has not yet been standardized. For this purpose, a standard procedure, protocols and
guidelines for the using soil magnetometry as a screening method are developed primarily to support
the implementation of the two-stage optimized geophysical/geochemical method of measuring the
soil spatial anthropogenic pollution with airborne trace elements from the dry and wet deposition,
for further delineation of polluted soil areas to be adequately managed. The method provides data on
the volume-specific magnetic susceptibility, κ, which reflects cumulative anthropogenic pollution of
soil with trace elements, expressed as a PLI. The method is intended to serve as a screening and early
warning system to be applied at any scale, from local to large regional one, also for the investigation of
a long-range airborne element transport.
The application of this screening method alone does not allow determining the kind and concentrations
of specific trace elements in soils. To carry out a more precise survey of the anthropogenic soil pollution
with airborne trace elements, soil magnetometry as the screening geophysical “in situ” measurement
technique (the 1st stage) is to be integrated with the classical geochemical methods (the 2nd stage)
of the optimized procedure. Specifically, on the basis of geophysical methods used for screening, a
relevant dense geochemical monitoring network can be applied in the areas of diagnosed elevated risk,
thus reducing the number of samples and chemical analyses required.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 21226:2019(E)
Soil quality — Guideline for the screening of soil polluted
with toxic elements using soil magnetometry
1 Scope
This document specifies methods for the measurements of magnetic susceptibility of soils (κ) as an
indicator of potential soil pollution/contamination with trace elements associated with technogenic
magnetic particles (TMPs) and describes related procedures, protocols and guidelines to be applied as
a screening geophysical method of determination of soil pollution with trace elements. The results of
measurements are used for preparing the maps of magnetic susceptibility of soils in the area of interest.
From these maps, the areas of elevated and high magnetic susceptibility indicating high trace element
total pollution load are discriminated for further identification of pollutants by geochemical methods.
This document is applicable to screening all TMPs-related anthropogenic emission sources including
long-range tr
...
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