ISO/FDIS 10968

FINAL
INTERNATIONAL ISO/FDIS
DRAFT
STANDARD 10968
ISO/TC 127/SC 2
Earth-moving machinery —
Secretariat: ANSI
Operator's controls
Voting begins on:
2018­07­27
Engins de terrassement — Commandes de l'opérateur
Voting terminates on:
2018­09­21
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©
NATIONAL REGULATIONS. ISO 2018

© ISO 2018
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ii © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Contents Page
Foreword .iv
Introduction .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Requirements for controls . 4
4.1 General . 4
4.2 Control locations . 4
4.3 Distance between controls . 4
4.4 Measures against movement or damage by external forces . 5
4.5 Pedals . 5
5 Movement of controls . 6
5.1 General . 6
5.2 Multifunctional controls . 6
5.2.1 General. 6
5.2.2 Basic movement of multifunctional controls . 6
5.2.3 Machine responses to control change­over . 7
5.2.4 Additional controls located at a multifunctional control . 7
6 Control actuating forces . 7
Annex A (normative) Earth-moving machinery — Base machine . 9
Annex B (normative) Earth-moving machinery — Equipment .14
Annex C (normative) Earth-moving machinery — Attachment .20
Annex D (normative) Graders.24
Annex E (normative) Dozers .27
Bibliography .30
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
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expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 127, Earth-moving machinery,
Subcommittee SC 2, Safety ergonomics and general requirements.
This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 10968:2004), which has been technically
revised.
The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— the document has been reorganized for easier interpretation;
— minimum and normal actuating forces have been removed;
— state­of­the­art solutions have been taken into account.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
iv © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Introduction
This document specifies design criteria for operator controls on earth-moving machinery. As machines
have gone through significant developments since the first edition of ISO 10968 in 1995, this document
covers both legacy machines and state-of-the-art solutions. This needs to be taken into account when
reading the annexes.
As attachments and controls are becoming more advanced, it was considered important to reorganize
the document for easier interpretation whereby base machine, equipment and attachments were
separated in different annexes. As graders and dozers often have unique operator controls, it was also
decided to separate these two machine types into separate annexes.
Other important changes made in the third edition include the removal of minimum and normal
actuating forces for operator controls. It was considered that as there is a large variation in actuating
forces for different types of controls, providing standardized actuating forces was not feasible. Instead,
the manufacturer has to ensure that minimum actuating forces are enough to prevent inadvertent
activation.
While preparing this document, it was noted that levers are developing rapidly and there are large
differences even within a given machine family, for example excavators. The document therefore
tries to also account for the most advanced excavators, whereby more controls are added to levers in
order to allow for more functionality. Nothing in this document is to discourage the development of
new technologies and new technical measures as the state­of­the­art changes in order to improve the
operation of earthmoving machinery.
FINAL DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/FDIS 10968:2018(E)
Earth-moving machinery — Operator's controls
1 Scope
This document specifies requirements and guidelines for the operator’s controls on earth-moving
machinery as defined in ISO 6165, in as far as those controls relate to any direct-control machine. The
recommendations given for finger-, hand- and foot-operated controls are not intended to prevent usage
of other types of controls, control locations or control movements. This document is not applicable to
devices which are not directly related to machine control.
NOTE For remote operator control of machines, see ISO 15817.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 3411, Earth-moving machinery — Physical dimensions of operators and minimum operator space
envelope
ISO 3450, Earth-moving machinery — Wheeled or high-speed rubber-tracked machines — Performance
requirements and test procedures for brake systems
ISO 5010, Earth-moving machinery — Rubber-tyred machines — Steering requirements
ISO 6165, Earth-moving machinery — Basic types — Identification and terms and definitions
ISO 6405­1, Earth-moving machinery — Symbols for operator controls and other displays — Part 1:
Common symbols
ISO 6405­2, Earth-moving machinery — Symbols for operator controls and other displays — Part 2:
Symbols for specific machines, equipment and accessories
ISO 10265, Earth-moving machinery — Crawler machines — Performance requirements and test
procedures for braking systems
ISO 17063, Earth-moving machinery — Braking systems of pedestrian-controlled machines — Performance
requirements and test procedures
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
control
device actuated by an operator to affect a response from the machine
3.2
primary control
control that is used continuously by the operator
Note 1 to entry: The primary controls are the following:
a) For the base machine:
— steering;
— clutch or inch pedal;
— gear selection;
— speed (engine or ground speed);
— travel direction;
— brakes;
— swing of upper structure.
b) For equipment:
— swing operation;
— raising/lowering operation (e.g. loader arm, dozer blade or ripper, excavator boom, side boom winch, rope
excavator winch);
— boom/arm extending/retracting;
— rearward/forward motion;
— boom sideshift (e.g. sideshift carriage of the backhoe linkage);
— boom fold/unfold;
— boom offset.
c) For attachments:
— attachment operation (e.g. bucket, tiltrotator, clamshell, forks);
— rotation operation (e.g. tiltrotator where the position of the attachment is changed as opposed to the
functional rotation of a tool as in an auger);
— tilting operation;
— hydraulic breakers.
3.3
secondary control
control that is infrequently used by the operator but is needed for the proper functioning of the machine
EXAMPLE Control for parking brake, for lighting controls, mode selection, quick coupler control, stabilizer
control.
3.4
earth moving machine response
movement of base machine or equipment or attachment in response to activation of a control
EXAMPLE Raising of the bucket when the bucket lift control is moved to the raise position, closing of a
clamshell when the clamshell close control is moved to the close position.
2 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

3.5
base machine
earthmoving machine with a cab or canopy and operator protective structures, if required, without
equipment or attachment but possessing the necessary mounting for such equipment and attachments
[SOURCE: ISO 6746­2:2003, 3.3]
3.6
equipment
set of components mounted on to the base machine that allows an attachment to perform the primary
design function of the machine
[SOURCE: ISO 6746­2:2003, 3.4]
3.7
attachment
assembly of components that can be mounted on the base machine or equipment for specific use
[SOURCE: ISO 6746­2:2003, 3.5]
3.8
proportional control
control that allows continuously variable, or modulated, control of the base machine, equipment, or
attachment functions
3.9
remote operator control
operator control of a machine by wireless or wired transmission of signals from a remote control box
not located on the machine to a receiving unit located on the machine
[SOURCE: ISO 15817:2012, 3.7]
3.10
control actuating force
force required at the centre of the control contact surface, in the direction of the intended movement of
the control, in order to activate a control function
Note 1 to entry: This force does not necessarily represent the force typically applied by the operator.
3.11
lever
arm or handle that is moved by the operator’s hand to control a function or functions of a machine
3.12
single lever control
lever movable in one axis that controls the described function
3.13
two lever control
two single lever controls that, in combination, control the described function
3.14
multifunctional control, two–axis
lever movable in axes a-b + c-d that controls the described function
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.15
multifunctional control, four–axis
lever movable in axes a-b + c-d + e-f + g-h that controls the described function
Note 1 to entry: See Figure 1.
3.16
button
control that is pressed to release or activate a function
3.17
dial
control that is rotated in order to operate a function
3.18
pedal
exclusively foot-operated control
3.19
single pedal control
pedal movable in one axis, that controls the described function
3.20
two pedal control
two pedals that, in combination, control the described function
4 Requirements for controls
4.1 General
This document recommends that the general requirements and principles of arrangement be followed
for other types of controls apart from the one’s listed below, taking into account operator safety and
ergonomics.
4.2 Control locations
The location of primary controls shall be within the minimum operator space envelope as given
in ISO 3411. Primary and secondary controls should also take into account the guidelines given in
ISO 6682.
4.3 Distance between controls
The distance between adjacent controls and between controls and other machine parts shall be
sufficient to allow operation without unintentional activation of adjacent controls. The overlapping of
controls is permissible to provide independent and simultaneous control application.
4.3.1 The minimum distance between finger-, hand- and foot-operated controls, or between these
types of controls and other machine parts, shall be in accordance with Table 1:
Table 1 — Distance between controls
Type of control Minimum distance between two adjacent controls
Finger­operated controls 23 mm, without divider (distance between centre line of adjacent controls)
18 mm, with divider (distance between centre line of adjacent controls)
For keys located on a touch screen or buttons on a lever: 14 mm (distance
between centre line of adjacent controls)
Hand­operated controls 40 mm (clearance between two adjacent controls)
4 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table 1 (continued)
Type of control Minimum distance between two adjacent controls
Foot­operated controls For pedals not intended to be used simultaneously:
50 mm (clearance between two adjacent controls) for controls intended
to be operated with separate feet or same foot but different heel points.
30 mm (clearance between two adjacent controls) for controls intended
to be operated with the same foot and from the same heel position (e.g.
accelerator pedal and brake pedal). These controls shall not be parallel
to each other.
Exception: adjacent controls may be parallel to each other provided there
is a minimum 30 mm distance between the planes of the operating sur­
faces. These types of controls are not intended to be used simultaneously.
Type of control Maximum distance between two adjacent controls:
Foot­operated controls For pedals intended to be used simultaneously:
Maximum 30 mm (clearance between two adjacent controls) for controls
intended to be operated with the same foot and from the same heel position
and the controls (e.g. the throttle controls on a self­propelled scraper with
two separate engines). The pedals may be parallel.
4.3.2 If two adjacent finger- or hand-operated controls are intended to be used simultaneously, a
smaller distance is acceptable.
4.4 Measures against movement or damage by external forces
Controls, control linkage and their power supply shall be arranged such that they cannot be damaged
or moved into an undesirable position by foreseeable external forces, e.g. hand or foot force or shaking
(vibration) of the machine.
4.5 Pedals
The surface of pedals shall be slip­resistant.
5 Movement of controls
5.1 General
The type, location and method of operation of typical primary controls are specified in Annex A for base
machine movements, in Annex B for equipment movements and in Annex C for attachment movements.
Specific requirements for graders are found in Annex D. Specific requirements for dozers are found in
Annex E. Primary controls for equipment not otherwise specified should follow the same principles
as given by Annex B. Primary controls for attachment not otherwise specified should follow the same
principles as given by Annex C.
5.1.1 The movement of the controls in relation to their neutral position shall be in the same general
direction as the machine response, unless the combining of controls or customary usage dictates
otherwise (e.g. driving control of machines where the operator’s position is located on the part of the
machine that can swing, such as the upper structure of an excavator).
5.1.2 If a machine is equipped with an alternative operator's position with duplicated control
arrangements, then both sets of controls shall operate in the same manner. When one set of controls is
active, the other set shall be inactive. The active set shall be clearly identified with a visual indicator. An
exception would be for mechanically connected dual controls (e.g. duplicate steering wheels, duplicated
propulsion controls) where all controls are continuously active.
5.1.3 All controls shall return to their neutral position when the operator releases the control, unless
the control has a detent or hold position or continuously activated position.
5.1.4 For foot­operated controls where the pedal is operated in two directions, e.g. downward motion
of the front of the pedal and downward motion of the rear of the pedal, the pedal shall pivot under the
operator’s foot and shall remain at rest in the neutral position.
5.1.5 The controls shall be so arranged or deactivated or guarded that they cannot be activated
unintentionally — in particular e.g. when the operator is getting into or out of the operator’s station
according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.1.6 The controls shall be arranged so as not to create a tripping hazard when the operator is getting
into or out of the operator’s station according to the manufacturer’s instructions.
5.1.7 For gear/drive/speed selection controls the shifting pattern shall be clearly marked. In particular,
the neutral position shall be clearly identified.
5.1.8 The identification symbols shall be on the controls or next to them. If space limitations dictate, a
diagram showing the primary controls is acceptable: it shall be easily visible to the operator.
5.1.9 Graphical symbols shall be in accordance with ISO 6405-1 and ISO 6405-2.
5.2 Multifunctional controls
5.2.1 General
In the case of a multifunctional control used to control the operations of the base machine, equipment
or attachments, either separately or in combination, the following applies in addition to 5.1.
5.2.2 Basic movement of multifunctional controls
The basic movements of multifunctional controls consist of the control movements illustrated in Figure 1.
6 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Simultaneous operation of functions is permitted.
Key
A­B front – rear
C­D left – right
E­F upward – downward
G­H clockwise – counter­clockwise
Figure 1 — Basic functions of a multifunctional control
5.2.3 Machine responses to control change-over
Changing the machine response to a multifunctional control movement to another primary function
(see Annexes A, B and C) is permissible if a control mechanism label or visual indicator is provided to
inform the operator of the control movements and the machine responses in the basic and change­over
positions. There shall be no hazardous movements during control change­over.
5.2.4 Additional controls located at a multifunctional control
Additional control mechanisms (e.g. dials, switches) may be located on a multifunctional control to
actuate either primary or secondary controls. The control device for the additional control mechanisms
and the response shall be indicated by a label or visual indicator.
6 Control actuating forces
6.1 The maximum control actuating force required to actuate a control shall not exceed the forces
specified in Table 2.
6.2 The minimum control actuating force shall prevent activation of the control due to inertial forces
on the control caused by machine operation (e.g. machine acceleration/deceleration, vibration) when
used as intended.
6.3 The maximum control actuating forces for these systems shall be in accordance with ISO 3450,
ISO 10265 and ISO 17063. The maximum control actuating forces for braking systems shall be in
accordance with ISO 5010.
6.4 The minimum strength of the control shall be sufficient to withstand at least five times the actuating
force that the control was designed for without sustaining permanent damage (e.g. deformation, fracture)
or having its primary function impeded.
6.5 The direction of the control actuating force is in respect of the position of the operator when
actuating the control.
Table 2 — Control actuating forces
Maximum control
Control Operation
actuating force (N)
Hand
—  lever, forward/backward 230
—  lever, sideways 100
—  lever, upward 400
Foot
—  pedal 450
—  treadle, centre­pivoted 230
Toe
—  pedal 90
Finger tip
—  lever or switch 20
8 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Annex A
(normative)
Earth-moving machinery — Base machine
Figure A.1 — Base machine
Table A.1 — Steering only
Control type Location Operation requirements and examples
Hand­operated Forward of the oper­ A clockwise rotation shall effect a right turn.
steering wheel ator
A counter­clockwise rotation shall effect a left turn.
Hand­operated At the option of the Moving the lever to the left shall effect a left turn.
single lever control manufacturer
Moving the lever to the right shall effect a right turn.
Hand­operated At the option of the Moving the right lever rearward shall effect a right turn.
a
two lever control manufacturer
Moving the left lever rearward shall effect a left turn.
Hand­operated Available to operator’s A clockwise rotation shall effect a right turn.
multifunction control, left hand A counter­clockwise rotation shall effect a left turn.
four–axis
Foot­operated At the option of the Forward or downward motion of the right pedal shall effect a
b
two pedal control manufacturer right turn.
Forward or downward motion of the left pedal shall effect a
left turn.
Finger­operated Available to operator’s A clockwise rotation shall effect a right turn.
proportional control left hand
A counter­clockwise rotation shall effect a left turn.
Finger­operated At the option of the Pushing the left button shall effect a left turn.
buttons manufacturer
Pushing the right button shall effect a right turn.
a
Typical for a clutch/brake crawler dozer.
b
Typical for a clutch/brake or hydrostatic crawler loader.
NOTE  Operation requirements are related to forward motion.
NOTE  For combination ground speed, direction and steering controls see Table A.6.
Table A.2 — Clutch and gear selection
Control type Location Operation requirements and examples
Finger­operated Available to operator’s Pushing the upper or right button shall effect gear up­shift.
buttons right hand
Pushing the lower or left button shall effect gear down­shift.
Available to operator’s Pushing the upper or left button shall effect gear up­shift.
left hand
Pushing the lower or right button shall effect gear down­shift.
Finger­operated At the option of the Pushing the lever forward or upward shall effect gear up­
lever manufacturer shift.
Pushing the lever rearward or downward shall effect gear
down­shift.
Hand­operated single At the option of the Gear selection shall follow the indicated gear selection
lever control manufacturer pattern.
Foot­operated single Available to operator’s Downward or forward motion shall effect clutch disen­
pedal control left foot gagement.
Upward or rearward motion shall effect clutch engagement.
Table A.3 — Speed — Engine or ground speed
Control type Location Operation requirements and examples
Hand­operated At the option of the Forward or downward motion shall increase speed.
single lever control manufacturer
Rearward or upward motion shall decrease speed.
Finger­operated At the option of the Pushing the acceleration button or switch shall increase
buttons manufacturer speed.
Pushing the deceleration button or switch shall decrease
speed
Finger­operated dial At the option of the Turning the dial clock­wise shall increase speed.
manufacturer
Turning the dial counter clock­wise shall decrease speed.
Foot­operated Available to operator’s Downward or forward motion shall increase speed.
single pedal control right foot
Upward or rearward motion shall decrease speed.
Available to operator’s For crawler dozers downward or forward motion shall de­
right foot crease speed.
Table A.4 — Machine travelling: direction control — Forward/reverse
Control type Location Operation requirements and examples
Hand­operated At the option of the Moving the control or lever forward or upward or to the right
single lever control manufacturer shall effect forward motion.
Moving the control or lever rearward or downward or to the
left shall effect rearward motion.
Finger­operated At the option of the Pushing the upper or front button shall effect forward motion.
buttons manufacturer
Pushing the lower or back button shall effect rearward motion.
10 © ISO 2018 – All rights reserved

Table A.5 — Machine travelling: combination ground speed a
...