ISO 18770:2005
(Main)Ships and marine technology - Machinery-space flammable oil systems - Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
Ships and marine technology - Machinery-space flammable oil systems - Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
ISO 18770:2005 specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oil. ISO 18770:2005 is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
Navires et technologie maritime β SystΓ¨mes d'huiles inflammables dans les salles de machines β Lignes directrices pour la prΓ©vention de fuites d'huiles inflammables
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Aug-2005
- Technical Committee
- ISO/TC 8/SC 3 - Piping and machinery
- Drafting Committee
- ISO/TC 8/SC 3 - Piping and machinery
- Current Stage
- 9060 - Close of review
- Completion Date
- 04-Mar-2030
Overview - ISO 18770:2005 (Ships and marine technology)
ISO 18770:2005 provides guidance and requirements for preventing leakage and reducing fires originating from machineryβspace flammable oil systems on ships. Applicable to new and existing vessels, the standard covers design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing fuel oil, lubricating oil, hydraulic oil and other flammable oils. It is intended for designers, shipyard and engineβroom personnel, owners, operators and maintenance teams and is used as a practical supplement to SOLAS requirements issued by the IMO.
Key topics and technical requirements
The standard addresses practical engineering and operational measures to minimise leakage and ignition risks. Major technical topics include:
- General piping system considerations
- Human element, training and operational procedures
- Routine inspection, maintenance and record keeping
- Flexible hose and hose assemblies
- Restricted use, certified construction, hydrostatic testing and fireβresistance evidence
- Manufacturer installation requirements (bend radius, orientation) and periodic inspection
- Spray shields and protection
- Application, design guidance and maintenance to prevent oil spray reaching ignition sources
- Jacketed highβpressure fuel lines and bellows expansion joints
- Design and inspection guidance for containment and movement accommodation
- Filters, strainers, insulation and other mechanical components
- Installation, inspection and maintenance practices to avoid leaks and hotβsurface ignition
- Operational and maintenance hazards
- Managing highβpressure pulses, vibration, frequent dismantling and human factors that contribute to leaks
- Annexes
- Installation guidelines (hose assemblies, spray shields) and a supporting bibliography
The document references related test standards (e.g., ISO 15540 for hose fireβresistance) and notes specific definitions (for example, hot surface is a surface exceeding 220 Β°C).
Practical applications - who uses ISO 18770:2005
ISO 18770:2005 is used across the maritime lifecycle to enhance safety and regulatory compliance:
- Ship designers and naval architects - incorporate leakβprevention features into machineryβspace systems
- Shipyards and builders - follow installation and testing requirements during construction and retrofits
- Marine engineers and engineβroom crews - implement inspection schedules, maintenance and emergency procedures
- Owners, operators and safety managers - develop safety management systems, risk assessments and compliance audits
- Flag administrations and surveyors - use the standard as guidance when assessing compliance with SOLAS and industry best practice
Related standards
- SOLAS (IMO) regulations on flammable oils - ISO 18770:2005 is intended as a supplement
- ISO 15540 - referenced for fireβresistance testing of hoses
Keywords: ISO 18770:2005, flammable oil systems, machinery space, leak prevention, marine safety, SOLAS, ship design, flexible hose, spray shields, inspection and maintenance.
Frequently Asked Questions
ISO 18770:2005 is a standard published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO). Its full title is "Ships and marine technology - Machinery-space flammable oil systems - Prevention of leakage of flammable oil". This standard covers: ISO 18770:2005 specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oil. ISO 18770:2005 is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
ISO 18770:2005 specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oil. ISO 18770:2005 is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime Organization (IMO).
ISO 18770:2005 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 47.020.20 - Marine engines and propulsion systems. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ISO 18770:2005 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 18770
First edition
2005-09-01
Ships and marine technology β
Machinery-space flammable oil
systems β Prevention of leakage of
flammable oil
Navires et technologie maritime β SystΓ¨mes d'huiles inflammables
dans les salles de machines β Lignes directrices pour la prΓ©vention de
fuites d'huiles inflammables
Reference number
Β©
ISO 2005
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Β© ISO 2005
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Published in Switzerland
ii Β© ISO 2005 β All rights reserved
Contents Page
Foreword. iv
Introduction . v
1 Scope . 1
2 Terms and definitions. 1
3 General piping system considerations. 1
3.1 General. 1
3.2 Human element . 2
3.3 Inspection, maintenance and repairs . 2
3.4 Operational considerations . 2
4 Flexible hose and flexible-hose assemblies .3
4.1 Application . 3
4.2 Design and construction. 3
4.3 Installation . 3
4.4 Inspection and maintenance . 3
5 Spray shields. 4
5.1 Application . 4
5.2 Design . 4
5.3 Inspection and maintenance . 4
6 Jacketed high-pressure fuel lines. 4
6.1 Application . 4
6.2 Design . 4
6.3 Inspection and maintenance . 5
7 Bellows expansion joints. 5
7.1 Application . 5
7.2 Design . 5
7.3 Installation, inspection and maintenance . 5
8 Filters and strainers. 5
8.1 Design . 5
8.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance . 6
9 Insulation . 6
9.1 Design . 6
9.2 Installation, inspection and maintenance . 6
10 Other mechanical components . 6
10.1 Gauges. 6
10.2 Pipe connectors, joints, hangars and supports . 7
11 Operational and maintenance hazards. 7
11.1 General. 7
11.2 High-pressure pulses in fuel oil supply and spill systems . 7
11.3 Design considerations . 8
11.4 Installation . 9
11.5 Maintenance and inspection procedures.9
Annex A (informative) Installation guidelines for hose assemblies . 11
Annex B (informative) Installation guidelines for spray shields . 16
Bibliography . 17
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards bodies
(ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee has been
established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations, governmental and
non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
International Standards are drafted in accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards. Draft International Standards
adopted by the technical committees are circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an
International Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a vote.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 18770 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 8, Ships and marine technology, Subcommittee
SC 3, Piping and machinery.
iv Β© ISO 2005 β All rights reserved
Introduction
Fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil system failures are a major source of shipboard fires. This
International Standard specifies the measures that shall be taken to reduce fires originating from
machinery-space flammable oil systems, and is intended for designers, shipyard personnel, engine-room
personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained herein address the design,
construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems containing flammable oils.
It is the intent of this International Standard to supplement and provide guidance in support of the following
International Maritime Organization circulars, with the eventual goal of replacing these circulars.
 MSC/Circular 647 (1994), βGuidelines to Minimize Leakages from Flammable Liquid Systemsβ, a
supplement for SOLAS Regulation II/2-15 (βArrangements for Flammable Oilsβ). It addresses several
aspects of the fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil systems, such as hoses, spray shields,
insulation, connectors, joints and supports.
 MSC/Circular 851 (1998), βGuidelines on Engine-Room Oil Fuel Systemsβ, a supplement to
MSC/Circular 647. This circular addresses causes of oil fuel leakage, which sometimes result in
machinery space fires. It discusses design, installation, maintenance and inspection issues, and explains
some contributing factors such as frequent dismantling, short-duration pressure pulses, and vibration.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 18770:2005(E)
Ships and marine technology β Machinery-space flammable oil
systems β Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies the measures to be taken to reduce fires originating from machinery-
space flammable oil systems and to prevent leakage of flammable oil. It is intended for designers, shipyard
personnel, engine-room personnel, owners, operators and maintenance personnel. Requirements contained
herein address the design, construction, testing, installation, maintenance and inspection of systems
containing flammable oil.
This International Standard is applicable to new and existing vessels, and is intended to be used as a
supplement to the regulations for fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oils contained in the International
Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the International Maritime
Organization (IMO).
2 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
flammable oil
oil easily ignitable and burned, generally found in machinery spaces
EXAMPLE fuel oil, lubricating oil, thermal oil or hydraulic oil
3.2
machinery space
space, generally containing main and auxiliary propulsion equipment and associated systems, as defined in
the International Convention for the Safety of Life At Sea (SOLAS 74), as amended, issued by the
International Maritime Organization
3.3
hot surface
surface whose temperature exceeds 220 Β°C
3.4
electrical component
switchboard, instrument panel, electrical controller, instrumentation cabinet or other shipboard electrical
equipment, whose wetting or spray by liquids could result in fire or loss of propulsion
3 General piping system considerations
3.1 General
Based on past experience, it is known that the combination of flammable materials and sources of ignition is
the main cause of machinery-space fires. The flammable materials involved in the majority of cases are oils,
i.e. fuel oil, lubricating oil or hydraulic oil. There are many potential ignition sources in a machinery space, the
most common being hot surfaces, e.g. exhaust pipes and steam pipes. Overheating of machinery, ignition
from electrical installations due to short-circuiting or arcing of switchgear and other fault conditions can result
in fire. Other frequent ignition sources are those associated with human activities, e.g. smoking, welding and
grinding.
3.2 Human element
The role of the human element shall always be considered. Personnel shall be properly trained and follow
established procedures. Knowledge of the operation of engine fuel systems and other flammable oil systems,
as well as the magnitude of pressures generated within them and hazards associated with leaks, should be
included in training for engineer officers. These topics should receive detailed attention when candidates sit
for their Certificate of Competency examinations.
3.3 Inspection, maintenance and repairs
Inspection, maintenance and repairs to flammable oil systems shall be carried out in a professional manner.
Owners shall ensure that the necessary training, equipment and parts are available. Records of significant
repairs and maintenance to these systems shall be noted in the engineer's daily log and/or maintenance log.
3.4 Operational considerations
3.4.1 Many fires have been caused by pipe connections and fittings working loose. The fuel, lubricating and
hydraulic oil pipes, their fittings, connections and securing arrangements shall be routinely checked as part of
a preventive maintenance plan. Care shall be taken not to overtighten fittings during checks.
3.4.2 When completing maintenance or repairs to main or auxiliary engines, checks shall be made to
ensure that the insulation covering hot surfaces has been properly replaced. Regular checks of the engines
shall be made to confirm that the insulation is in place.
3.4.3 Any fuel, lubricating- or hydraulic-oil leak shall be dealt with promptly. In the event of a major leak,
every effort should be made to stop the pump or source of the oil pressure. When underway, the navigation
bridge shall be immediately informed of major flammable-liquid leaks.
3.4.4 Serious fires have originated because of a failure to recognize potential hazards (such as burning oil
running out of furnace fronts onto the tank top, a spray of oil from a defective gland, joint or a fractured pipe) in
areas where these may not be readily noticeable, but can be easily ignited. It is essential to avoid the
dangerous situation in which a small fire could spread to waste oil in the bilges or on tank tops, where it could
rapidly spread out of control. Cleanliness is essential for safety, and a high standard of cleanliness shall
always be maintained.
3.4.5 Woodwork or other readily combustible materials shall not be used in machinery spaces where
flammable oil is used. No combustible material shall be stored near any part of oil installations. The use of
bituminous or similar flammable compounds shall be kept to a minimum in machinery and boiler spaces.
3.4.6 When repairs, however temporary, are carried out to oil lines, special attention shall be paid to fire
risks. All repairs shall be adequate to prevent any danger of leakage and shall be to a standard which would
endure exposure to fire.
3.4.7 If there is a leakage of fuel, lubricating or hydraulic oil, the chances of preventing the outbreak of fire
or quickly extinguishing one which has started, will be greatly improved if all affected or adjacent machinery
which may have heated surfaces, including ancillaries, can be immediately shut down. The prevention of
further leakage will reduce the probability of fire, or reduce the intensity of one that has already started and
can help to avoid permanent disablement of the ship.
2 Β© ISO 2005 β All rights reserved
4 Flexible hose and flexible-hose assemblies
4.1 Application
The limited use of flexible hose in flammable oil systems is permitted. This clause provides guidance
concerning the safe application of flexible-hose assemblies. Flexible-hose assemblies, which are flexible
hoses with end fittings attached, shall be as short in length as practicable and only used where necessary to
accommodate relative movement between fixed piping and machinery parts.
4.2 Design and construction
Hoses shall be constructed to a recognized standard and be approved as suitable for the intended service,
taking into account pressure, temperature, fluid compatibility and mechanical loading including impulses
where applicable. Each hose assembly shall be provided with a certificate of hydrostatic pressure testing and
conformity of production. In addition, non-metallic hoses shall be provided with a certificate of fire-resistance
[1]
testing; guidance for fire-resistance testing is provided in ISO 15540 .
4.3 Installation
Hoses shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturer's instruction, with regard to minimum bend
radius, twist angle and orientation, as well as support where necessary. In locations where hoses are likely to
suffer external damage, adequate protection shall be provided. After installation, the system shall be operated
at maximum working pressure and checked for malfunctions and leaks. General installation guidelines are
given in Figures A.1 and A.2.
4.4 Inspection and maintenance
Hose assemblies shall be periodically inspected according to the manufacturer's or ship's maintenance
programme. Results of periodic inspections shall be documented. Hose assemblies shall be replaced when
there is evidence of distress likely to lead to failure, or doubt as to their continued suitability for service.
Any of the following conditions can require replacement of a hose assembly:
 leaks at fitting or in flexible hose;
 damaged, cut or abraded cover;
 kinked, crushed, flattened or twisted flexible hose;
 hardened, stiff, heat-cracked or charred flexible hose;
 blistered, soft, degraded or loose cover;
 cracked, damaged or badly corroded fittings;
 fitting slippage on flexible hose.
It is expected that hose assemblies may need to be replaced several times during the life of the ship.
Manufacturer's recommendations for maximum hose service life shall be followed.
5 Spray shields
5.1 Application
Spray shields prevent the impingement of leaked or sprayed flammable liquid onto a hot surface or other
source of ignition. Fuel oil, lubricating oil and other flammable oil piping shall be screened or otherwise
suitably protected to avoid, as far as practicable, oil spray onto hot surfaces, into machinery air intakes, or
other sources of ignition. Spray shields are intended for use on flanged joints, flanged bonnets and other
flanged connections in oil pressure systems which are located above the floor plates and which are not lagged
(insulated). The number of joints in such systems shall be kept to a minimum. Spray shields shall be installed
for pressurized flammable-liquid systems in the main and auxiliary machinery spaces if the joint is within 3 m
(10 ft) of an electrical component or a hot surface.
Spray shields are not required for the following:
 suction piping, or piping not subject to pump discharge pressures;
 piping located in voids or cofferdams;
 tank-sounding tubes, air escapes, vents and overflows;
 piping located inside gas-turbine modules, reduction-gear enclosures, or otherwise protected by barriers
such as lockers, decking or foundations;
 union-type fittings, consisting of a threaded three-piece (male, female, nut) assembly.
5.2 Design
Many types of spray shields are possible. An example of a spray shield that provides a total enclosure of a
joint is given in Figure B.1. This spray shield is designed to wrap completely around the joint and is long
enough to provide an overlap equal to one-quarter of the joint's circumference. The shield is wrapped around
the sides of the flange far enough to cover the heads of the bolts. The shield is laced tightly with wire and the
overlap is pointed away from potential ignition sources.
5.3 Inspection and maintenance
Spray shields shall be inspected regularly for their integrity, and any which have been removed for
maintenance purposes shall be refitted on completion of the task. Oil-soaked spray shields normally indicate
the presence of leaks. They shall be replaced as soon as possible, and the cause of the leak repaired.
6 Jacketed high-pressure fuel lines
6.1 Application
All external high-pressure fuel delivery lines between the high-pressure fuel pumps and fuel injectors shall be
protected with a jacketed piping system capable of containing a high-pressure fuel line failure. A jacketed pipe
incorporates an outer pipe into which the high-pressure fuel pipe is placed, forming a permanent assembly.
The jacketed piping system shall include a means for collection of leakage, and arrangements shall be
provided for a fuel line failure alarm.
6.2 Design
Two systems have been successfully used in meeting this requirement, namely, rigid-sheathed fuel pipe and
flexible-sheathed fuel pipe. In either case, the sheathing shall fully enclose the pipe and resist penetration by
the spray of oil from a pipe failure during service. Also, the annular space and drainage arrangements shall be
sufficient to ensure that, in the event of a complete fracture of the internal pipe, an excessive build-up of
4 Β© ISO 2005 β All rights reserved
pressure cannot occur and cause rupture of
...
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ΠΠ΅ΡΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
2005-09-01
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Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°
Ships and marine technology β Machinery-space flammable oil systems
β Prevention of leakage of flammable oil
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ΠΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π° PDF, ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π½Π°ΠΉΡΠΈ Π²
ΡΡΠ±ΡΠΈΠΊΠ΅ General Info ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π°; ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ°ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΡ PDF Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΠ·ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎΠ±Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΉΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌΠΈ
ISO. Π ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅ΠΌΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΎ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π²ΡΡΠ΅, ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΠ±Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π¦Π΅Π½ΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ
ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅.
ΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠΠ’ ΠΠΠ©ΠΠ©ΠΠ ΠΠΠ’ΠΠ Π‘ΠΠΠ ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ
Β© ISO 2005
ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ΅, Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΠΊΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π½Π΅Π»ΡΠ·Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π²
ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠΉ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΈΠΌ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΡΠΌΡ, Π±Π΅Π·
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π²Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΈΡ ISO ΠΏΠΎ Π°Π΄ΡΠ΅ΡΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO Π² ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅ ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΈΡΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ.
ISO copyright office
Case postale 56 β’ CH-1211 Geneva 20
Tel. + 41 22 749 01 11
Fax + 41 22 749 09 47
E-mail copyright@iso.org
Web www.iso.org
ΠΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΎ Π² Π¨Π²Π΅ΠΉΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ
ii Β© ISO 2005 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
Π‘ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π‘ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ°
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅ .iv
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .v
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ .1
3 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±.2
3.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .2
3.2 Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ.2
3.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ.2
3.4 ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ.2
4 ΠΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.3
4.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .3
4.2 ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ .3
4.3 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° .3
4.4 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .3
5 ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ .4
5.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .4
5.2 ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ.5
5.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .5
6 Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΡ.5
6.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .5
6.2 ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ.5
6.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .5
7 Π‘ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΡ.6
7.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .6
7.2 ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.6
7.3 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .6
8 Π€ΠΈΠ»ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ.6
8.1 ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.6
8.2 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .6
9 ΠΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ .7
9.1 ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.7
9.2 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ .7
10 ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΡ.7
10.1 ΠΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΡ .7
10.2 Π‘Π³ΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΌΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ.8
11 ΠΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ .8
11.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ .8
11.2 ΠΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π°ΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π° .9
11.3 Π‘ΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ .9
11.4 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ° .10
11.5 ΠΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ° .10
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ .13
ΠΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π (ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅) Π ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³.18
ΠΠΈΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.19
ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ISO) ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ (ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ² ISO). Π Π°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠ° ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ISO. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½, Π·Π°ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΠΉ Π²
Π΄Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ Π±ΡΠ» ΡΠΎΠ·Π΄Π°Π½ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅Ρ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π² ΡΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅. ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎΡΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·ΠΈ Ρ ISO,
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
. Π§ΡΠΎ ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ISO
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅Ρ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ Ρ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IEC).
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ Π²
ΠΠΈΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°Ρ
ISO/IEC, Π§Π°ΡΡΡ 2.
ΠΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½Π°Ρ Π·Π°Π΄Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ².
ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌ-
ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π°ΠΌ Π½Π° Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΡ
ΠΎΠΏΡΠ±Π»ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π² ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π΅ 75 % ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ²-ΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΡΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π² Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΈ.
Π‘Π»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π² Π²ΠΈΠ΄Ρ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ° ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΠΌ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π°. ISO Π½Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π·Π° ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ-Π»ΠΈΠ±ΠΎ ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅Ρ
ΠΏΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ°Π².
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ISO 18770 ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ Π’Π΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ ISO/TC 8, Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ SC 3, Π’ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅.
iv Β© ISO 2005 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ,
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π½Π° ΡΡΠ΄Π°Ρ
. ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ
Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²
Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ.
Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ° ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΠΈΡ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ²
ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ»ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅, Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠ².
 MSC/Circular 647 (1994), βΠ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΠΌΠΈ", Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ SOLAS Regulation II/2-15 (βΠΠ΅ΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅Π»β). Π ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ,
ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³, ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΠΈ, ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ.
 MSC/Circular 851 (1998), βΠ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°ΠΌ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈβ, Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡ MSC/Circular 647. Π ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. Π Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°, Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΡΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ,
ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠΉ Π΄Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΆ, ΠΊΡΠ°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π²ΠΈΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΠΠΠ£ΠΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ«Π Π‘Π’ΠΠΠΠΠ Π’ ISO 18770:2005(R)
Π‘ΡΠ΄Π° ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΠΈ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π²
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°
1 ΠΠ±Π»Π°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²,
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ, ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°. Π‘ΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°
ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΡΡΡΠΎΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π·Π°Π²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π° ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, Π²Π»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΠ΅Π² ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ². Π’ΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π²
Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ, ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ,
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ.
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΊ Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΡΠ΄Π°ΠΌ ΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌ, ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ (SOLAS 74) Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IMO).
2 Π’Π΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
3.1
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ
flammable oil
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅, ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ΅ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
ΠΠ ΠΠΠΠ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
3.2
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
machinery space
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ
ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π² Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½Π°Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° ΠΌΠΎΡΠ΅ (SOLAS 74) Ρ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ
ΠΎΡΠ³Π°Π½ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ (IMO).
3.3
Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ
hot surface
ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ 220 Β°C
3.4
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½Ρ
electrical component
ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠ½Π°Ρ ΠΏΠ°Π½Π΅Π»Ρ, ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π±Π»ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΊΠ°Ρ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ±ΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°, ΡΠ²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π½Π° Π½Π΅Π³ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ ΠΊ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊ Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ
3 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±
3.1 ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ. ΠΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π² Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Π²
ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΡ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ. Π ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π²ΡΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ ΠΈ ΠΏΠ°ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ΅Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½,
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π² ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΠ΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΠΌΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΊΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠΉΡΡΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡ ΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°. ΠΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΈ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Ρ Ρ Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ Π»ΡΠ΄Π΅ΠΉ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Ρ ΠΊΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ, ΡΠ²Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ.
3.2 Π§Π΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡ
ΠΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΡΠΈΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°. ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π» Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°ΠΌ. ΠΠ½Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ,
ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ Π²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Ρ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ,
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π² Π½ΠΈΡ
, ΠΈ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ, ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ² β ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ². ΠΠ° ΡΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΡΡ ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅ Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° ΠΊΠ°Π½Π΄ΠΈΠ΄Π°ΡΡ Π½Π°
ΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΊΠ²Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΊΠ·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Ρ.
3.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ, ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠΎΠ²Π½Π΅. ΠΠ»Π°Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΠ½Π°Π»Π°, Π°
ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π²ΠΈΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ. ΠΠ°ΠΏΠΈΡΠΈ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ°ΠΌ ΠΈ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π²Π½Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π», Π΅ΠΆΠ΅Π΄Π½Π΅Π²Π½ΠΎ Π²Π΅Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠΉΡΡ
ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅Π½Π΅ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΠΈ/ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π² ΠΆΡΡΠ½Π°Π» ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ° ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡ.
3.4 ΠΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ
3.4.1 ΠΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ½ΡΡΠ²Π° ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² ΡΡΡΠ±. Π’ΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ Ρ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ,
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π½Π°
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΎΠΊ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΅Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π·Π°ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ².
3.4.2 ΠΠΎ Π·Π°Π²Π΅ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½
Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ±Π΅Π΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ, ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠΉ Π±ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ.
Π Π΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΈ.
3.4.3 ΠΡΠ±Π°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π°
ΠΎΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ. Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ
Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ° Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΡΠ»Π° Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ Π΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°, ΠΎΠ±
ΡΡΠΎΠΌ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΎΠ±ΡΠΈΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ°Π½Π΄Π½ΡΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈΠΊ.
3.4.4 Π‘Π΅ΡΡΡΠ·Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·-Π·Π° Π½Π΅ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ
(Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠΎΠ½ΡΠ° ΠΊΠΎΡΠ»Π°, Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°,
ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· Π΄Π΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ) Π² ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, Π³Π΄Π΅
ΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ΄Π½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ΄Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ, Π½ΠΎ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΉΡΠΈ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅. ΠΠ°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅Π³Π°ΡΡ
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ, Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΡ
Π½Π΅Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°Ρ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π°
ΠΎΡΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ Π² ΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π½Π° Π²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅Π·Π΅ΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΎΠ½ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎ Π²ΡΠΉΡΠΈ ΠΈΠ·-ΠΏΠΎΠ΄
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΠΎΠ»Ρ. Π§ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ° ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠΈΠΌ ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½
Π²ΡΠ΅Π³Π΄Π° ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ.
2 Β© ISO 2005 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
3.4.5 ΠΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠ½Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈΠ·Π΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ΅ Π»Π΅Π³ΠΊΠΎ Π²ΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ
Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅Π΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΠΎΡΠΏΠ»Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π»Ρ Π½Π΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ
Ρ
ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ Π²Π±Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ, ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎ. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΎΠ³ΠΈΡΠ½ΡΡ
Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΊ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΡΠΌΡ.
3.4.6 ΠΡΠΈ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², Π΄Π°ΠΆΠ΅ Π²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
, Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ ΡΠ΄Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ΅
Π²Π½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠ°ΠΌ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅ ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΡ ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ
ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ.
3.4.7 Π ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π΄Π»Ρ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠΊ ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π±ΡΡΡΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ, Π±ΡΠ΄ΡΡ
Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠ²Π΅Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ Π²ΡΠ΅ Π²Π»ΠΈΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠ΅Π΄Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠ΅,
ΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π±ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π΄Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π²ΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π±ΡΠ΄Π΅Ρ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΆΠ°ΡΠ°,
ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΡΠΉ ΡΠΆΠ΅ Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π»ΡΡ, ΠΈ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±Π΅ΠΆΠ°ΡΡ Π²ΡΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΡΠΎΡ.
4 ΠΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ ΠΈ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
4.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠΊΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ². Π Π½Π°ΡΡΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ
ΡΠ°Π·Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΏΠΎ Π±Π΅Π·ΠΎΠΏΠ°ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌΡ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠΊΠ°Π²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ. Π ΡΠΊΠ°Π²Π½ΡΠ΅
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΈΠΊΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°ΠΌΠΈ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ
Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΎΠ³Π»Π°ΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²ΠΈΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈ Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½.
4.2 ΠΡΠΎΠ΅ΠΊΡ ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
Π¨Π»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ
ΠΏΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΠ²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ
ΠΌΠ΅Ρ
Π°Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ Π½Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·ΠΊΠΈ, Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Ρ ΠΈΠΌΠΏΡΠ»ΡΡΡ, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΠΎ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ. ΠΠ° ΠΊΠ°ΠΆΠ΄ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π²ΠΈΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π³ΠΈΠ΄ΡΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π²ΡΠ΄Π°Π²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π½Π°
ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ; ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π° ΠΎΠ³Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΎΠΉΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π²
[1]
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄ΡΠ½Π°ΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΡΠ°Π½Π΄Π°ΡΡΠ΅ ISO 15540 .
4.3 Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠ°
Π¨Π»Π°Π½Π³ΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ, ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΡ
ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π΄ΠΈΡΡΠ° ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ±Π°, ΡΠ³Π»Π° Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΈΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡ, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠ°.
Π ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠ°Ρ
, Π³Π΄Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ Π²Π΅ΡΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ², Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠ΅Π½Π° Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΊΠ²Π°ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°. ΠΠΎΡΠ»Π΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΈ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΠΈ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΈΡΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ. ΠΠ±ΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΠ°Π·Π°Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ°Ρ
Π.1 ΠΈ Π.2.
4.4 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
Π¨Π»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΎΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΠΈΠΈ Ρ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΌΠΎΠΉ
ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π°. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΌΠΎΡΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠΊΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ.
Π¨Π»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΅Π²ΠΈΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ³Π΄Π° Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠΌΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠ± ΠΈΡ
Π΄Π°Π»ΡΠ½Π΅ΠΉΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ.
ΠΡΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ Π»ΡΠ±ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΠ· ΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΡΡΡ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ:
 ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π² ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³Π°Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π΅;
 ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠΈΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ;
 ΠΈΠ·Π»ΠΎΠΌΡ, ΠΏΠΎΠΌΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠΏΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΡΡΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π°;
 Π·Π°ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π½Π΅ΡΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π°;
 Π²Π·Π΄ΡΡΠΈΠ΅, ΠΌΡΠ³ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΎΡΠ»Π°Π±Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΈ;
 ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅, ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ»ΠΎΡ
ΠΎΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΡΠ°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ²;
 ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠΊΠ°Π»ΡΠ·ΡΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΎΠ² Π½Π° Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³Π΅.
ΠΠΆΠΈΠ΄Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΡΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠ° ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠ±Ρ ΡΡΠ΄Π½Π° ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΡΡ Π½ΡΠΆΠ΄Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅
Π½Π΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·. ΠΠ»Ρ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΠΊΡΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΉ Π΄ΠΎΠ»Π³ΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ»Π°Π½Π³ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ
Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΄Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ²ΠΈΡΠ΅Π»Ρ.
5 ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³
5.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³, ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΏΠ°Π΄Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ
ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π½Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. Π’ΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ,
ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠΌ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠΈΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π·Π°ΡΠ»ΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠΌ ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΌ
Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π½Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠ»ΡΠΊΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ, ΡΠ°Π·Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° Π½Π° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ Π²
Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ·Π°Π±ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π·Π°Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³,
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ»ΠΏΠ°ΠΊΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π΄ΡΡΠ³ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ΅Π²ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π²
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ½Π΅Π²ΠΌΠΎΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
, ΡΠ°ΡΠΏΠΎΠ»Π°Π³Π°Π΅ΠΌΡΡ
Π½Π°Π΄ ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π° ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΡΡ
ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ΠΉ
(Π½Π΅ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Π½ΡΡ
). ΠΠΎΠ»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ Π² ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ°Ρ
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΈΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ. ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ,
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³, Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ Ρ Π³ΠΎΡΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΎΡΡΡΡ, Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ
ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ Π² ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΈ Π²ΡΠΏΠΎΠΌΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΠΌ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΎΡΠ΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡΡ
, Π΅ΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΡΡΡ Π²
ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π°Ρ
3 ΠΌ (10 ΡΡΡΠΎΠ²) ΠΎΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΊΠΎΠΌΠΏΠΎΠ½Π΅Π½ΡΠ° Π½Π°Π³ΡΠ΅ΡΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡ
Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ.
ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³, Π½Π΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΡΡΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ:
 Π²ΡΠ°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π° ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, Π½Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄Π²Π΅ΡΠ³Π°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Π½Π°
Π²ΡΡ
ΠΎΠ΄Π΅ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°;
 ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π΅ΠΌΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π² ΠΏΡΡΡΠΎΡΠ°Ρ
ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΌΡΡΠΊΠ°Ρ
;
 ΠΈΠ·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ± Π² ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΡΠ½Π°Ρ
, Π²ΠΎΠ·Π΄ΡΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΠΏΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π²Π΅Π½ΡΠΈΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ± ΠΈ ΡΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΡ
ΡΡΡΠ±;
 ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°, ΡΠ°Π·ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠΈ Π³Π°Π·ΠΎΡΡΡΠ±ΠΈΠ½Π½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΉ, ΠΊΠΎΡΠΏΡΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ² ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ
Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΊΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ, Π»ΠΎΠΊΠ΅ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Π½Π°ΡΡΠΈΠ»Π°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ½Π΄Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ;
 ΡΠΈΡΠΈΠ½Π³ΠΈ ΡΠΈΠΏΠ° ΠΌΡΡΡ, ΡΠΎΡΡΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΈΠ· ΡΡΠ΅Ρ
Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»Π΅ΠΉ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ (Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, Π΄Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈ Ρ
Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΠ΅Π·ΡΠ±ΠΎΠΉ, Π³Π°ΠΉΠΊΠΈ).
4 Β© ISO 2005 β ΠΡΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠ°Π²Π° ΡΠΎΡ
ΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΡΡΡ
5.2 ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
Π‘ΡΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡ ΠΌΠ½ΠΎΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ² ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ², Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³. ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Ρ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Π°, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³,
ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΉ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ³ΡΠ°ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΏΡΠΈΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ Π½Π° Π ΠΈΡΡΠ½ΠΊΠ΅ Π.1. ΠΡΠΎΡ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π½Π°Π·Π½Π°ΡΠ°Π΅ΡΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΠ° ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π΅Ρ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ, Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠ°ΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π΄Π»ΠΈΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΡΡΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ.
ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½ ΠΎΠΏΠΎΡΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ»Π°Π½ΡΠ° ΡΠ°ΠΊ, ΡΡΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΠ²Π°Π΅Ρ Π³ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠ²ΠΊΠΈ Π±ΠΎΠ»ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½ ΡΡΠ³ΠΎ ΡΡΡΠ³ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ»ΠΎΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π΅ΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΡ ΠΎΡ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² Π²ΠΎΠ·Π³ΠΎΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ.
5.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΡΠ΅Π³ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΡΡΡ Π½Π° ΠΈΡ
ΡΠ΅Π»ΠΎΡΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ, Π° ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, ΡΠ½ΡΡΡΠ΅
Π΄Π»Ρ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ»ΡΠΆΠΈΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠ½ΡΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ. ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ, Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡ Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³,
ΠΎΠΊΠ°Π·ΡΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ, ΡΠΎ ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ²ΠΈΠ΄Π΅ΡΠ΅Π»ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΠ΅Ρ ΠΎΠ± ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠ΅ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π°. Π’Π°ΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠ°Π½Ρ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ
Π·Π°ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½Ρ ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠ΅Π΅, Π° ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ΅Π½ Π±ΡΡΡ ΡΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π΅Π½.
6 Π’ΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, Π·Π°ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π² ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΡ
6.1 ΠΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅
ΠΠ°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Ρ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Ρ Π²ΠΏΡΡΡΠΊΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ Π½Π°ΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
ΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΠΆΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΎΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ Π±ΡΡΡ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ² ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ,
ΡΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π½ΠΎΠΉ Π½Π΅ΡΡΠΈ Π² ΡΠ΅Π±Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠ° ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° Π²ΠΊΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅Ρ
Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½Π°Π²Π»ΠΈΠ²Π°Π΅ΡΡΡ ΡΠ΅ΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ, ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡ Π½Π°Π΄Π΅ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ. Π‘ΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ° ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΡΠ±Π°ΡΠΊΡ, Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° ΠΎΡΠ½Π°ΡΠ°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π΄Π»Ρ
ΡΠ±ΠΎΡΠ° ΡΡΠ΅ΠΊΠ°ΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²Π°, Π° ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΆΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π°ΠΌΠΈ Π°Π²Π°ΡΠΈΠΉΠ½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΈΠ³Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ, ΠΎΠΏΠΎΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΎ
ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΈ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄Π°.
6.2 ΠΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΡ
ΠΡΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΎ ΠΈΡΠΏΠΎΠ»ΡΠ·ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½Ρ Π΄Π²Π΅ ΡΠΈΡΡΠ΅ΠΌΡ, ΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΌΡ Π²ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΅Π±ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ, Π° ΠΈΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎ,
ΠΆΠ΅ΡΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π³ΠΈΠ±ΠΊΠΈΠΉ Π·Π°ΡΠΈΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄. Π ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ
ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΠ΅
Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½ΠΎ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΎΡ
Π²Π°ΡΡΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΡΡΡΠ±ΠΎΠΏΡΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ΄ ΠΈ Π² ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ΅ ΡΠΊΡΠΏΠ»ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΏΡΡΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ½ΠΎΠ²Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ
Π±ΡΡΠ·Π³ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΈΠ· ΠΏΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ. ΠΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ³ΠΎ, Π² ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°Π΅ ΠΏΠΎΠ»Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ²Π° Π²Π½ΡΡΡΠ΅Π½Π½Π΅ΠΉ ΡΡΡΠ±Ρ
ΠΌΠ΅ΠΆΡΡΡΠ±Π½ΠΎΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΡΡΡΠ°Π½ΡΡΠ²ΠΎ ΠΈ ΡΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ ΠΈΠ·Π±ΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΡΠΉ ΡΠΎΡΡ Π΄Π°Π²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ
ΡΠ°Π·ΡΡΠ² ΠΏΠΎΠΊΡΡΡΠΈΡ. ΠΡΠΈΠ³ΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΡΡΠ± Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Π° Π±ΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠ΄ΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½Π° ΠΏΡΡΠ΅ΠΌ ΠΈΡΠΏΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΎΠΏΡΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°, ΠΏΡΠΎΠ²Π΅Π΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΎΠΎΡΠ²Π΅ΡΡΡΠ²ΡΡΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π° ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΊΡΠΈΠΈ ΠΈΠ»ΠΈ ΡΡΠ²Π΅ΡΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΠ²ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°
ΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠΈΠΊΠ°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΎΠ±ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²ΠΎΠΌ. Π‘ΡΠ΅Π΄ΡΡΠ²Π° Π΄ΡΠ΅Π½Π°ΠΆΠ° Π΄ΠΎΠ»ΠΆΠ½Ρ ΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΎΡΠ²ΡΠ°ΡΠ°ΡΡ Π·Π°Π³ΡΡΠ·Π½Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΌΠ°Π·ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ
ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ»Π° ΠΆΠΈΠ΄ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠΏΠ»ΠΈΠ²ΠΎΠΌ.
6.3 ΠΡΠΌΠΎΡΡ ΠΈ ΡΠ΅Ρ
Π½ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΎΠ±Ρ
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