IEC 60086-6:2020

IEC 60086-6 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Primary batteries –
Part 6: Guidance on environmental aspects

Piles electriques –
Partie 6: Recommandation sur les aspects liés à l'environnement

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IEC 60086-6 ®
Edition 1.0 2020-02
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
colour
inside
Primary batteries –
Part 6: Guidance on environmental aspects

Piles electriques –
Partie 6: Recommandation sur les aspects liés à l'environnement

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
INTERNATIONALE
ICS 29.220.10 ISBN 978-2-8322-7810-9

– 2 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 7
1 Scope . 8
2 Normative references . 8
3 Terms and definitions . 8
4 General considerations . 10
4.1 Overview . 10
4.2 General . 10
4.3 Intent of this document . 10
4.4 Battery selection . 10
4.5 Collection rate . 11
5 Requirements and recommendations for the environment . 11
5.1 Overview . 11
5.2 General . 11
5.3 Requirements and recommendations in regards to heavy metals . 11
5.4 Disassembly method . 12
5.4.1 General . 12
5.4.2 Sorting components . 12
5.4.3 Outline of disassembly procedure . 13
5.4.4 Qualifications for disassembly . 13
5.5 Sample preparation and analysis method . 13
5.6 Marking . 13
6 Disposal of battery. 14
6.1 General . 14
6.2 Confirmation of characteristics of hazardous waste . 14
6.2.1 General . 14
6.2.2 Toxicity . 14
6.2.3 Ignitability . 14
6.2.4 Reactivity . 15
6.2.5 Corrosivity . 15
6.3 Control of hazardous waste. 15
7 Environmental considerations . 16
7.1 General . 16
7.2 Environmental assessment . 16
7.2.1 General . 16
7.2.2 Reduction . 16
7.2.3 Reuse . 16
7.2.4 Recycling . 16
7.2.5 Raw material usage . 17
7.2.6 Manufacturing . 17
7.3 Packaging considerations . 18
7.3.1 General . 18
7.3.2 Maintain safety and quality . 18
7.3.3 Convey required information that is both regulated and voluntary . 18
8 Identifying product environmental aspects using a systematic approach . 18
9 Life cycle assessment . 18

Annex A (informative) Battery specific laws and regulations . 19
A.1 General . 19
A.2 Minamata Convention on Mercury . 19
A.3 Africa – Tunisia . 19
A.4 Asia . 20
A.4.1 China . 20
A.4.2 Chinese Taiwan (Province of China) . 21
A.4.3 Japan . 21
A.4.4 Korea, Republic of . 22
A.5 Europe . 23
A.5.1 EU . 23
A.5.2 Norway . 23
A.5.3 Switzerland . 24
A.6 Latin America . 24
A.6.1 Argentina . 24
A.6.2 Brazil . 24
A.6.3 Colombia . 25
A.6.4 Costa Rica . 25
A.7 North America . 26
A.7.1 Canada . 26
A.7.2 United States of America . 26
Annex B (informative) Global regulations not applicable to batteries . 28
B.1 General . 28
B.2 WEEE Directive 2012/19/EU . 28
B.3 EuP Directive 2005/32/EC. 28
B.4 ErP 2009/125/EC . 28
B.5 PVC and Halogens per IEC 61249-2-21 . 29
B.6 Directive 2005/84/EC Phthalate Directive . 29
B.7 ELV Directive 2012/19/EU. 29
Annex C (informative) Compliance Checklist . 30
C.1 General . 30
Annex D (informative) Basel Convention . 31
D.1 General . 31
D.2 Classification of hazardous wastes . 31
D.3 Hazardousness of primary batteries . 31
Bibliography . 33

Figure 1 – Crossed-out wheeled bin . 14
Figure A.1 – Chinese Taiwan (Province of China) collection symbol. 21
Figure A.2 – The symbol of KC mark . 22
Figure A.3 – Crossed-out wheeled bin . 23
Figure A.4 – The symbols for collection of batteries . 25
Figure A.5 – The symbols for collection and recycling of batteries . 25

Table 1 – Actual condition of hazardous substances in batteries . 12
Table A.1 – Products subject to Article 4, paragraph 1 . 19
Table A.2 – GB 24428-2009 . 20

– 4 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
Table A.3 – GB 24427-2009 . 21
Table A.4 – Target and restriction (Chinese Taiwan Province of China) . 21
Table A.5 – Target and restriction of Mercury (Japan) . 22
Table C.1 – Compliance Checklist . 30

INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
PRIMARY BATTERIES –
Part 6: Guidance on environmental aspects

FOREWORD
1) The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, IEC publishes International Standards, Technical Specifications,
Technical Reports, Publicly Available Specifications (PAS) and Guides (hereafter referred to as “IEC
Publication(s)”). Their preparation is entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested
in the subject dealt with may participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-
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with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by
agreement between the two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an international
consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation from all
interested IEC National Committees.
3) IEC Publications have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC National
Committees in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of IEC
Publications is accurate, IEC cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are used or for any
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4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC Publications
transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any divergence
between any IEC Publication and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be clearly indicated in
the latter.
5) IEC itself does not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC marks of conformity. IEC is not responsible for any
services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this publication.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC or its directors, employees, servants or agents including individual experts and
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8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this publication. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this publication.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this IEC Publication may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60086-6 has been prepared by IEC technical committee 35:
Primary cells and batteries.
The text of this International Standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
35/1436/FDIS 35/1440/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this International Standard can be found in
the report on voting indicated in the above table.
This document has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
A list of all parts in the IEC 60086 series, published under the general title Primary batteries,
can be found on the IEC website.

– 6 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
The committee has decided that the contents of this document will remain unchanged until the
stability date indicated on the IEC website under "http://webstore.iec.ch" in the data related to
the specific document. At this date, the document will be
• reconfirmed,
• withdrawn,
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
IMPORTANT – The 'colour inside' logo on the cover page of this publication indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
INTRODUCTION
Every product has some effect on the environment during its manufacture, distribution, use,
and disposal. These effects can range from slight to significant; they can be short-term or
long-term; and they can occur at the global, regional, or local level. Provisions in battery
standards can significantly influence the extent of these environmental effects.
Environmental stewardship in the battery industry embraces a multiplicity of activities, from
design, manufacturing, transportation, storage, and recycling, to disposal of the batteries.
There are often questions on the applicability of regulations to batteries. This document
provides guidance on regulations applicable and not applicable to batteries, as well as
procedures for measuring environmental characteristics.

– 8 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
PRIMARY BATTERIES –
Part 6: Guidance on environmental aspects

1 Scope
This part of IEC 60086 applies to all chemistries of portable primary cells and batteries
standardized in the 60086 series.
The purpose of this document is to provide guidance on the proper scientific protocols for
testing the environmental performance of batteries; the symbols used to convey messages for
collection, recycling, or other ideas; and the aspects and functional unit(s) to be included in
assessing the environmental impact of batteries with modern life-cycle analysis techniques.
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their
content constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition
cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
IEC 60086-1:2015, Primary batteries-Part 1: General
ASTM Standard D 93-79 or D 93-80, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point by Pensky-Martens
Closed Cup Tester
ASTM Standard D 3278-78, Standard Test Methods for Flash Point of Liquids by Small Scale
Closed-Cup Apparatus
United States EPA Publication SW–846, Method 1110A ‘‘Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods”
United States EPA Publication SW–846, Method 1311 “Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods”
United States EPA Publication SW–846, Method 9040C ‘‘Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste,
Physical/Chemical Methods’’
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
3.1
cadmium free
battery that contains less than 20 parts per million cadmium per the weight of the entire
battery
3.2
environmental impact assessment (EIA)
process to determine the magnitude and significance of environmental impacts within the
confines of the goals, scope, and objective defined in the life cycle assessment
3.3
end of life (EOL)
state of a product when it is finally removed from use
3.4
input fraction
mass of collected waste batteries entering the recycling process
3.5
life cycle
consecutive and interlinked stages, and all directly associated significant inputs and outputs,
of a system from the extraction or exploitation of natural resources to the final disposal of all
materials as irretrievable wastes or dissipated energy
3.6
mercury free
battery that contains less than 5 parts per million mercury per the weight of the entire battery
3.7
"natural" environment
(hereafter referred to as environment) attributes that affect quality of life, such as water, air,
and soil quality; conservation of energy and materials; and avoidance of wastes
3.8
output fraction
mass of materials produced from the input fraction as a result of the recycling process,
without undergoing further treatment, that have ceased to be waste or that will be used for
their original purpose or for other purposes, but excluding energy recovery
3.9
preparation for recycling
treatment of waste batteries prior to any recycling process, which includes but is not limited to
storage, handling, dismantling of battery packs, or separation of fractions that are not part of
the battery itself
3.10
recycling
reprocessing in a production process of waste materials for their original purpose or other
purposes, but excluding energy recovery
3.11
recyclability
property of a substance or a material and parts made thereof that makes it possible to be
recycled
3.12
recycling efficiency
ratio obtained by dividing the mass of output fractions accounting for recycling by the mass of
the waste batteries input fraction expressed as a percentage, to the highest degree that is
technically feasible while avoiding excessive costs

– 10 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
3.13
toxicity
degree to which a particular substance is harmful to health
4 General considerations
4.1 Overview
This document takes into account environmental aspects and considerations as follows.
4.2 General
Attempts to address a given environmental effect might have consequences at any or all of
the stages of a battery's life cycle. Nevertheless, a battery's environmental effects should be
considered when standards are developed. Provisions in standards should reflect generally
accepted environmental improvement strategies, including pollution prevention and resource
conservation.
4.3 Intent of this document
Requirements should reflect generally accepted environmental regulations or national laws
and should not reflect environmental improvement strategies of specific countries or regions.
A review of environmental aspects in battery standards should be considered when innovative
technology provides environmental benefits.
Provisions in standards that are too prescriptive might stifle innovation and environmental
improvements. Consideration about such negative effect is necessary for amendment of
standard.
4.4 Battery selection
Whether or not the selection of the electrochemical system is considered to be one of the
steps in the design of a battery, the choice of systems will have an effect on the battery’s
environmental impacts.
Selection of the appropriate electrochemical system for the performance requirements of the
device will have an effect on the battery’s environmental impact. Credible information and
clear guidance will help users to make the right choices when purchasing batteries.
In some applications, the use of rechargeable batteries might offer an environmental
advantage over other types of batteries as they can be recharged and reused. The use of
rechargeable batteries should be considered for those applications, but the decision should
address performance requirements, duty cycle, the presence of toxic or non-renewable
materials in the battery, recharging facilities, and total amount of energy consumed during
recharging over the lifetime of the battery, among other factors, to assure that an
environmental and cost-effective advantage will be achieved.
A rechargeable battery or lithium primary battery will yield environmental benefits when used
in high-drain products, e.g., electric toys, or by heavy users of portable power, regardless of
device. A standard alkaline battery and carbon zinc battery will deliver a favourable
environmental outcome when used in everyday devices with medium to low drains, or in case
of lighter patterns of use.
4.5 Collection rate
Some laws and regulations require a minimum collection rate. The collection rate is calculated
by dividing the total weight of the batteries that are collected during a calendar year by the
average annual weight of batteries that were estimated to have been place on the market
during the previous three calendar years.
5 Requirements and recommendations for the environment
5.1 Overview
Regulations regarding batteries have been established in various countries. The batteries
placed on the market in these countries should conform to the latest respective regulations as
summarized in Annex A. Annex A is not an exhaustive list of all battery related regulations.
Battery producers should take local laws and regulations into account when considering:
a) Battery design;
b) The purchase of components or the selection of suppliers;
c) Quality control and analysis of components and raw materials; and
d) Marking.
5.2 General
The following applies to hazardous materials, their content limits, the preparation of batteries
for analysis, and the method of analysing hazardous substances in batteries
Components such as attached terminals, lead wires, and exterior cases other than the
batteries should be separately analysed and their contents confirmed. The content of each
component other than the batteries can be obtained by each individual analysis or information
of suppliers.
5.3 Requirements and recommendations in regards to heavy metals
a) Mercury content shall be no more than 0,000 5 % by weight
b) Lead content should be no more than 0,004 % by weight
c) Cadmium content should be no more than 0,002 % by weight
NOTE 1 Button zinc silver oxide batteries with a mercury content < 2% and button zinc air batteries with a
mercury content < 2% are excluded.
NOTE 2 The above requirements only apply to the batteries specified in IEC 60086-2. Restriction of hazardous
substances in batteries depends on national regulations.
Some battery chemistries do not include these hazardous substances as shown in Table 1.

– 12 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
Table 1 – Actual condition of hazardous substances in batteries
Verification
Letter Type of battery (reference) Mercury Lead Cadmium Testing
Needed
No Letter Carbon zinc battery XY XY XY Yes
A Neutral electrolyte zinc air battery XY XY X Yes
B Lithium carbon monofluoride battery NA NA NA No
C Lithium manganese dioxide battery NA NA NA No
E Lithium thionyl chloride battery NA NA NA No
F Lithium iron disulphide battery NA NA NA No
G Lithium copper oxide battery NA NA NA No
L Alkaline battery or
Alkaline zinc manganese dioxide battery XY XY X Yes
Button shape XY X X Yes
Cylindrical shape
P Alkaline zinc air battery XY XY X Yes
S Zinc silver oxide battery XY XY X Yes
Y： there may be intentional addition
X： there may be inclusion of impurity
NA： there is neither intentional addition nor inclusion of impurity
NOTE Intentional addition means the aim to give a certain function(s) to a battery by addition of certain
substances
5.4 Disassembly method
5.4.1 General
The outline of the disassembly method of dry batteries (alkaline batteries and carbon zinc
batteries) is described below as a preparatory process for pre-treatment (acid decomposition
etc.) and measurement of substances such as Cd, Hg, and Pb.
It is possible to prepare a measurement sample by collectively processing the constituent
components of the battery without sorting, however, it may cause such loss that target
substances (Cd, Hg and Pb) can sublimate or cannot dissolve during sample production, and
may be influenced by interference between elements during measurement. Taking into
account such risk, sorting components before preparing the sample and measuring is
favourable to treatment without sorting by specific components. Nevertheless, alternate
methods like freezing and crushing etc. can be adopted if it is difficult to sort battery
components for specific reasons.
NOTE The above is only applicable to common cylindrical battery.
5.4.2 Sorting components
The components, parts, and materials of a battery are classified into 4 categories. If metal
parts are divided as finely as possible, acid dissolution and measurement become easier.
Labels that can be peeled off are regarded as plastic parts, but those that are baked or
painted onto metal casing are regarded as metal parts. The 4 categories are as following:
1) Cathode mass (including Electrolyte), Carbon rod
2) Anode gel (including Electrolyte), Anode zinc can
3) Plastic, Paper parts (including Separator)
4) Metal parts (Iron-Nickel series parts, Aluminium alloy parts, Copper alloy parts)

5.4.3 Outline of disassembly procedure
5.4.3.1 Alkaline batteries
Batteries should be weighed before disassembly. The parts which can be peeled off like the
label etc. are removed. Regarding adhesive which is used on the outside and inside of a
battery, all should be removed and treated as plastic parts. After removing, the battery is
disassembled and sorted into the 4 categories. If necessary, an electrolyte soaked in
separator is washed with a minimal amount of water and treated as anode gel. With or without
washing, the separator is dried appropriately. In addition, electrolyte which leaked during
disassembly is gathered and treated as anode gel.
All of each component, part, and material should be used for analysis (pre-process).
Alternatively, a portion of them can be sampled and used for analysis (pre-process). In this
case, total weight and sampled weight are measured before analysis in order to convert the
analysis data to the total quantity of hazardous substances.
If a metal part is plated, the base material that has been plated is used as target for sorting. If
the plating material and base material are unknown, confirmation by fluorescent X-ray
analysis and sorting accordingly is recommended.
5.4.3.2 Carbon zinc batteries
Battery should be weighed before disassembly. The parts which can be peeled off like the
label and insulation tube etc. are removed. Regarding paste, adhesive and so on which are
used on the outside and inside of a battery, all should be removed and treated as plastic parts.
After removing, the battery is disassembled by using tools etc. and sorted into the 4
categories. If necessary, an electrolyte soaked in separator is washed with a minimal amount
of water and treated as cathode mass. With or without washing, the separator is dried
appropriately.
All of each component, parts and materials should be used for sample preparation and
analysis. Alternatively, a portion of them can be sampled and used for sample preparation
and analysis. In this case, total weight and sampled weight are measured before analysis in
order to convert the analysis data to the total quantity of hazardous substances.
If a metal part is plated, base material rather than the plating material should be used as a
target for sorting. If the plating material and base material are unknown, confirmation by
fluorescent X-ray analysis and sorting accordingly is recommended.
5.4.4 Qualifications for disassembly
Disassembly should be conducted by an instructed or skilled person.
5.5 Sample preparation and analysis method
Sample preparation and analysis for mercury, cadmium and lead should be implemented on
the basis of the following standards.
IEC 62321: 2008
IEC 62321-4: 2013
IEC 62321-5: 2013
5.6 Marking
Marking requirements are given in 4.1.6 of IEC 60086-1:2015. A symbol meaning waste
batteries must be brought to a collection point should be marked on battery or its packaging
according to the following:
– 14 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
a) Where collection and recycling laws or regulations exist, batteries should be marked with
the symbol shown in Figure 1.
b) In countries or regions where a different symbol is required, batteries should be marked
with the required symbol.
c) In countries or regions without a required battery symbol, this symbol does not mean
bringing waste batteries to a collection point is obligated.

Figure 1 – Crossed-out wheeled bin
NOTE 1 Refer to Annex II of Directive 2006/66/EC of the European parliament and of the council of 6 September
2006.
NOTE 2 The URL for the official symbol is http://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-
content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32006L0066
6 Disposal of battery
6.1 General
Primary batteries meeting the requirements of 5.2 are not a threat to the environment during
normal use and waste management. Batteries should be disposed of in accordance with local
laws and regulations.
NOTE If collected, the United States Department of Transportation in interpretation reference number 09-0150
concluded that carbon zinc batteries 6V and less and alkaline batteries 9V and less do not need terminal protection
and are not subject to regulation as they do not pose an unreasonable risk in transportation.
6.2 Confirmation of characteristics of hazardous waste
6.2.1 General
Primary batteries including alkaline batteries and carbon zinc batteries are not a threat to the
environment during normal use and waste management as they do not meet the criteria to be
considered a hazardous waste as outlined below. Generally, if waste does not meet any of the
four criteria of toxicity, ignitability, reactivity, and corrosivity, then the waste is not considered
a hazardous waste.
6.2.2 Toxicity
Toxicity is defined through the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) test
procedure. The TCLP determines whether materials known to be harmful to human health or
the environment can leach into groundwater from landfills. A generally accepted test method
for determining toxicity is United States EPA Publication SW-846, Method 1311.
6.2.3 Ignitability
A solid waste exhibits the characteristic of ignitability if a representative sample of the waste
has any of the following properties:

a) It is a liquid other than an aqueous solution containing less than 24 % alcohol by volume
and has flash point less than 60°C, as determined by a Pensky-Martens Closed Cup
Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM Standard D 93-79 or D 93-80, or a
Setaflash Closed Cup Tester, using the test method specified in ASTM Standard D 3278-
78.
b) It is not a liquid and is capable, under standard temperature and pressure, of causing fire
through friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes and, when
ignited, burns so vigorously and persistently that it creates a hazard.
c) It is an ignitable compressed gas.
Under standard temperature and pressure conditions, batteries will not cause a fire through
friction, absorption of moisture, or spontaneous chemical changes.
6.2.4 Reactivity
A solid waste exhibits the characteristic of reactivity if a representative sample of the waste
has any of the following properties:
a) It is normally unstable and readily undergoes violent change without detonating.
b) It reacts violently with water.
c) It forms potentially explosive mixtures with water.
d) When mixed with water, it generates toxic gases, vapours, or fumes in a quantity sufficient
to present a danger to human health or the environment.
e) It is a cyanide or sulphide bearing waste which, when exposed to pH conditions between 2
and 12,5, can generate toxic gases, vapours, or fumes in a quantity sufficient to present a
danger to human health or the environment.
f) It is capable of detonation or explosive reaction if it is subjected to a strong initiating
source or if heated under confinement.
g) It is readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition or reaction at standard
temperature and pressure.
h) It is a forbidden explosive, as defined in United States 49 CFR 173.54, or is a Division 1.1,
1.2, or 1.3 explosive, as defined in Unites States 49 CFR 173.50 and 173.53.
Batteries contain no sulphides or cyanides, and they do not meet any other reactivity criteria,
including “reacts violently with water.”
6.2.5 Corrosivity
A solid waste exhibits the characteristic of corrosivity if a representative sample of the waste
has either of the following properties:
a) It is aqueous and has a pH less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12,5, as
determined by a pH meter using Method 9040C in United States EPA Publication SW–846.
b) It is a liquid and corrodes steel (SAE 1020) at a rate greater than 6,35 mm per year at a
test temperature of 55 °C, as determined by Method 1110A in United States EPA
Publication SW–846.
Batteries are a solid waste, not a liquid waste. This precludes batteries from being corrosive,
since a corrosive waste, by definition, must be liquid.
6.3 Control of hazardous waste
If hazardous material content is confirmed, relevant regulations shall be complied with. Refer
to Annex E as informative regulation.

– 16 – IEC 60086-6:2020 © IEC 2020
7 Environmental considerations
7.1 General
Every product has some effect on the environment, occurring at all stages of the product’s life
cycle. Consideration of environmental impacts from raw material production, manufacturing,
consumption, and collection of waste is recommended to limit the effects of batteries on the
environment. Matters and approaches to be considered generally are described in ISO Guide
64:2008 Clause 4.
7.2 Environmental assessment
7.2.1 General
Environmental impact assessments are recommended during the design of batteries. These
assessments should include the following hierarchy of waste management principles.
7.2.2 Reduction
Batteries should be designed to reduce potential toxicity impacts and consumption of non-
renewable resources.
7.2.3 Reuse
The opportunity to reuse materials should be considered. Examples include the recovery and
reuse of products (e.g., electronic subassemblies, semiconductor devices, and safety devices,
for example), which are physically combined with batteries. It is not possible to effective
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