ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021

ISO/IEC TR 30176
Edition 1.0 2021-11
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Internet of things (IoT) – Integration of IoT and DLT/blockchain: Use cases

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from
either IEC or IEC's member National Committee in the country of the requester. If you have any questions about
ISO/IEC copyright or have an enquiry about obtaining additional rights to this publication, please contact the address
below or your local IEC member National Committee for further information.

IEC Central Office Tel.: +41 22 919 02 11
3, rue de Varembé info@iec.ch
CH-1211 Geneva 20 www.iec.ch
Switzerland
About the IEC
The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is the leading global organization that prepares and publishes
International Standards for all electrical, electronic and related technologies.

About IEC publications
The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC. Please make sure that you have the
latest edition, a corrigendum or an amendment might have been published.

IEC publications search - webstore.iec.ch/advsearchform IEC online collection - oc.iec.ch
The advanced search enables to find IEC publications by a Discover our powerful search engine and read freely all the
variety of criteria (reference number, text, technical publications previews. With a subscription you will always
committee, …). It also gives information on projects, replaced have access to up to date content tailored to your needs.
and withdrawn publications.
Electropedia - www.electropedia.org
IEC Just Published - webstore.iec.ch/justpublished
The world's leading online dictionary on electrotechnology,
Stay up to date on all new IEC publications. Just Published
containing more than 22 000 terminological entries in English
details all new publications released. Available online and
and French, with equivalent terms in 18 additional languages.
once a month by email.
Also known as the International Electrotechnical Vocabulary

(IEV) online.
IEC Customer Service Centre - webstore.iec.ch/csc

If you wish to give us your feedback on this publication or
need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service
Centre: sales@iec.ch.
ISO/IEC TR 30176
Edition 1.0 2021-11
TECHNICAL
REPORT
colour
inside
Internet of things (IoT) – Integration of IoT and DLT/blockchain: Use cases

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
ICS 33.020 ISBN 978-2-8322-1037-5

– 2 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
CONTENTS
FOREWORD . 5
INTRODUCTION . 6
1 Scope . 7
2 Normative references . 7
3 Terms and definitions . 7
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms . 7
5 Use case scenarios . 7
5.1 General . 7
5.2 Use cases . 7
6 Description of use case . 9
6.1 Agricultural product tracing . 9
6.1.1 Scope and objectives of use case . 9
6.1.2 Narrative of use case . 9
6.1.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications
and organizations . 10
6.1.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints . 11
6.1.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees . 11
6.1.6 Relation with other known use cases . 11
6.1.7 General remarks . 11
6.1.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness . 11
6.1.9 Conformity aspects . 11
6.1.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors . 11
6.1.11 Drawing of use case . 12
6.1.12 Data flow diagram of use case . 12
6.1.13 Sequence diagram of use case . 13
6.2 Financial services for fish farming . 14
6.2.1 Scope and objectives of use case . 14
6.2.2 Narrative of use case . 15
6.2.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications
and organizations . 15
6.2.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints . 16
6.2.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees . 16
6.2.6 Relation with other known use cases . 16
6.2.7 General remarks . 16
6.2.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness . 16
6.2.9 Conformity aspects . 17
6.2.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors . 17
6.2.11 Drawing of use case . 17
6.2.12 Data flow diagram of use case . 18
6.2.13 Sequence diagram of use case . 19
6.3 Chattel mortgage services . 21
6.3.1 Scope and objectives of use case . 21
6.3.2 Narrative of use case . 21
6.3.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications
and organizations . 21
6.3.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints . 22
6.3.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees . 22

6.3.6 Relation with other known use cases . 22
6.3.7 General remarks . 22
6.3.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness . 22
6.3.9 Conformity aspects . 23
6.3.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors . 23
6.3.11 Drawing of use case . 23
6.3.12 Data flow diagram of use case . 24
6.3.13 Sequence diagram(s) of use case . 25
6.4 Distributed energy trading . 26
6.4.1 Scope and objectives of use case . 26
6.4.2 Narrative of use case . 26
6.4.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications
and organizations . 27
6.4.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints . 28
6.4.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees . 28
6.4.6 Relation with other known use cases . 28
6.4.7 General remarks . 28
6.4.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness . 28
6.4.9 Conformity aspects . 29
6.4.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors . 29
6.4.11 Drawing of use case . 29
6.4.12 Data flow diagram of use case . 30
6.4.13 Sequence diagram(s) of use case . 31
6.5 Automated parking payment service. 33
6.5.1 Scope and objectives of use case . 33
6.5.2 Narrative of use case . 33
6.5.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications
and organizations . 33
6.5.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints . 34
6.5.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees . 34
6.5.6 Relation with other known use cases . 34
6.5.7 General remarks . 34
6.5.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness . 34
6.5.9 Conformity aspects . 35
6.5.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors . 35
6.5.11 Drawing of use case . 35
6.5.12 Data flow diagram of use case . 36
6.5.13 Sequence diagram(s) of use case . 37
Bibliography . 39

Figure 1 – General overview of smart agriculture . 12
Figure 2 – Data flow diagram of agricultural product tracing . 13
Figure 3 – Sequence diagram of agricultural product tracing . 14
Figure 4 – The financial risks without collaboration . 18
Figure 5 – Financial risks minimized through the collaboration of multiple participants . 18
Figure 6 – Data flow diagram of financial service for fish farming . 19
Figure 7 – Sequence diagram of the financial service for fish farming . 20

– 4 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
Figure 8 – Stakeholders and their relationships in chattel mortgage monitoring
financial services . 24
Figure 9 – Data flow diagram of chattel mortgage service . 25
Figure 10 – Sequence diagram of the chattel asset financial service . 25
Figure 11 – Architecture for P2P energy trading . 30
Figure 12 – Data flow diagram based on hierarchical cyber enhancement framework
for energy trading . 31
Figure 13 – Sequence diagram for the energy trading process . 32
Figure 14 – Involved parties and their relationships in the automated parking payment
service . 36
Figure 15 – Data flow diagram of the automated parking payment service . 37
Figure 16 – Sequence diagram of the automated parking payment service . 37

Table 1 – Summary of use case scenarios . 8
Table 2 – Actors for agricultural product tracing . 10
Table 3 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for agricultural product tracing . 11
Table 4 – Steps of the agricultural product tracing . 14
Table 5 – Actors for financial services for fish farmers . 16
Table 6 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for financial services for fish
farmers . 17
Table 7 – Steps of the financial service for fish farming . 20
Table 8 – Actors for chattel mortgage services. 22
Table 9 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for chattel mortgage services . 23
Table 10 – Steps of the financial service for chattel mortgage service . 26
Table 11 – Actors for distributed energy trading . 28
Table 12 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for distributed energy trading . 29
Table 13 – Steps of the distributed energy trading . 32
Table 14 – Actors for the automated parking payment service . 34
Table 15 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for the automated parking

payment service . 35
Table 16 – Steps of the automated parking payment service . 38

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) –
INTEGRATION OF IoT AND DLT/BLOCKCHAIN: USE CASES

FOREWORD
1) ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) and IEC (the International Electrotechnical
Commission) form the specialized system for worldwide standardization. National bodies that are members of
ISO or IEC participate in the development of International Standards through technical committees established
by the respective organization to deal with particular fields of technical activity. ISO and IEC technical
committees collaborate in fields of mutual interest. Other international organizations, governmental and non-
governmental, in liaison with ISO and IEC, also take part in the work.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of IEC and ISO on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested IEC and ISO National bodies.
3) IEC and ISO documents have the form of recommendations for international use and are accepted by IEC and
ISO National bodies in that sense. While all reasonable efforts are made to ensure that the technical content of
IEC and ISO documents is accurate, IEC and ISO cannot be held responsible for the way in which they are
used or for any misinterpretation by any end user.
4) In order to promote international uniformity, IEC and ISO National bodies undertake to apply IEC and ISO
documents transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional publications. Any
divergence between any IEC and ISO document and the corresponding national or regional publication shall be
clearly indicated in the latter.
5) IEC and ISO do not provide any attestation of conformity. Independent certification bodies provide conformity
assessment services and, in some areas, access to IEC and ISO marks of conformity. IEC and ISO are not
responsible for any services carried out by independent certification bodies.
6) All users should ensure that they have the latest edition of this document.
7) No liability shall attach to IEC and ISO or their directors, employees, servants or agents including individual
experts and members of its technical committees and IEC and ISO National bodies for any personal injury,
property damage or other damage of any nature whatsoever, whether direct or indirect, or for costs (including
legal fees) and expenses arising out of the publication, use of, or reliance upon, this ISO/IEC document or any
other IEC and ISO documents.
8) Attention is drawn to the Normative references cited in this document. Use of the referenced publications is
indispensable for the correct application of this document.
9) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this ISO/IEC document may be the subject of
patent rights. IEC and ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
IEC TR 30176 has been prepared by subcommittee 41: Internet of Things and Digital Twin, of
ISO/IEC joint technical committee 1: Information technology. It is a Technical Report.
The text of this Technical Report is based on the following documents:
Draft Report on voting
JTC1-SC41/220A/DTR JTC1-SC41/241A/RVDTR

Full information on the voting for its approval can be found in the report on voting indicated in
the above table.
The language used for the development of this Technical Report is English.
This document was drafted in accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2, and developed in
accordance with ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1, available at
www.iec.ch/members_experts/refdocs and www.iso.org/directives.
IMPORTANT – The "colour inside" logo on the cover page of this document indicates
that it contains colours which are considered to be useful for the correct
understanding of its contents. Users should therefore print this document using a
colour printer.
– 6 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
INTRODUCTION
Distributed ledger technology (DLT) provides the capability of a distributed ledger, which is
shared across a set of DLT nodes and synchronized among DLT nodes using a consensus
mechanism. Blockchain is a kind of DLT, which uses confirmed blocks organized in an
append-only, sequential chain using cryptographic links. Blockchain is designed to be tamper
resistant and to create final, definitive and immutable ledger records. Either DLT or
blockchain can be quoted and used in terms of technology realization for application
scenarios. Each participant in a blockchain and DLT network has their own tamper-resistant
replica of transaction records associated with the participants who are individuals or
organizations. Blockchain and DLT can be applied to solutions involving IoT systems which
contain sensors, actuators, tags and readers, wearable devices, and service platforms, all of
which are networked.
Through the analysis of the IoT involving the DLT and blockchain technology, the DLT and
blockchain technology can help in solving the problems of IoT, especially those existing in the
physical system, such as device digital identity, data source trustworthiness, key data
forensics, data rights and interests, data assets and value exchange, etc. At the same time,
the IoT also provides an important commercial application scenario for DLT and blockchain,
and promotes entity and virtual economy combination. The integration of the IoT system with
the DLT and blockchain technology can achieve complementary advantages and bring new
business opportunities.
In fact, the integration of IoT system with DLT and blockchain can enable the creation of
better solutions for many business sectors, particularly where those solutions involve
information associated with physical entities, and where the solution spans many
organizations with the need for trusted information to be shared by those organizations.
The solutions that can be provided by the integration are important for the business sectors
such as agriculture, industry, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, environmental protection,
transportation, security, finance, insurance, object tracing, supply chain, smart grid, and smart
cities. This document is focused on collecting use cases in some of these sectors.
This document has been prepared based on the applications of IoT and DLT/blockchain
technology with the template of IoT use cases.

INTERNET OF THINGS (IoT) –
INTEGRATION OF IoT AND DLT/BLOCKCHAIN: USE CASES

1 Scope
This document identifies and collects use cases for the integration of the DLT/blockchain
within IoT systems, applications, and/or services.
The use cases presented in this document use the IoT use case template.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms and definitions
No terms and definitions are listed in this document.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following
addresses:
• IEC Electropedia: available at http://www.electropedia.org/
• ISO Online browsing platform: available at http://www.iso.org/obp
4 Symbols and abbreviated terms
APP application
DLT distributed ledger technology
HMI human–machine interface
5 Use case scenarios
5.1 General
Use cases presented in this document depict typical use cases involving blockchain/DLT and
IoT systems, applications, and/or services; however, this document is not intended to be an
exhaustive list of all realizations.
5.2 Use cases
Table 1 summarizes the use case scenarios in this document along with the key actors in
each scenario.
– 8 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
Table 1 – Summary of use case scenarios
Use case Name of use Short description Actors
number case scenario
1 Agricultural The agricultural product tracing Various sensor nodes, IoT
product provides the digital capability of gateways, agricultural product
tracing recording and tracing the entire process monitoring platform, APP, product
of the agricultural product, from sowing, testing agency, sellers, logistics
cultivating and growing, harvesting, service provider, and agricultural
storage, transportation, and so on, to product consumers.
the end users. All the data associated
with the entire process are collected
and stored by the IoT and blockchain
technologies to protect from and
prevent any tampering of the data,
which ensures the brand name, quality,
and more importantly the tracing of the
agricultural products.
2 Financial Financial services, such as insurance Sensor nodes for fish farm
services for services and loans, are provided to fish monitoring, oxygen controllers,
fish farming farmers by collaboration between IoT gateways, aquaculture
financial institutions and high-tech monitoring platform with
companies. The business collaboration blockchain, APP, financial service
model initiates the innovative way of portal, banks, insurance
financial services for fish farming, companies, fish farmers.
which is enabled by the IoT and
blockchain technology.
3 Chattel This use case describes how to Sensor nodes for the chattel
mortgage integrate IoT system with authorized asset monitoring, IoT gateway,
services device and platform integrated with chattel mortgage monitoring
blockchain to monitor the real-time platform with blockchain, APP,
status of chattel asset in the warehouse financial service portal, banks.
and during transportation, and provide
the authorized data to the relevant
stakeholders such as banks, chattel
asset owners, chattel asset monitoring
organizations, etc., so as to prevent
fraudulent activities and reduce
unnecessary high risks in providing
chattel mortgage services.
4 Distributed A blockchain-based trading Smart meter, aggregator (EAG)
energy trading infrastructure offers a distributed with blockchain, wallet, energy
platform that enables peer-to-peer seller, energy buyer.
trading of energy between consumers
and prosumers in a secure manner. The
identity privacy and security of
transaction is higher in the distributed
platform compared to the traditional
system, in which the energy transaction
is usually performed through the central
platform which is vulnerable to security
threats.
Automated Automated parking payment is a new Smart devices for the parking
parking way for users to pay a parking toll vehicles, IoT gateway, parking
payment without manual payment and without management platform with
service use of a smart phone. This use case blockchain, wallet, parking
will give the main idea of what the manager, parking user.
seamless payment is and how to realize
the seamless parking payment by
automatically calculating and paying
parking fees. The entire process is
automatically realized by authorized
devices, platform integrated with
blockchain, wallet, and smart contracts.

6 Description of use case
6.1 Agricultural product tracing
6.1.1 Scope and objectives of use case
The main scope of this use case includes:
• the advantages gained over the traditional agricultural product when the IoT and
blockchain technologies are applied; and
• how the IoT and blockchain technologies are used in the agricultural product's tracing
system.
The objectives of this use case are to:
• clarify the requirements for tracing the agricultural products;
• provide the general descriptions of an IoT system integrated with blockchain technology;
and
• improve the online functionality, the end-to-end processes, and the reliability of the
management of agricultural products.
6.1.2 Narrative of use case
6.1.2.1 Short description
The agricultural product tracing provides the digital capability of recording and tracing the
entire process of the agricultural product, from sowing, cultivating and growing, harvesting,
storage, transportation, and so on, to the end users. All the data associated with the entire
process are collected and stored by the IoT and blockchain technologies to protect from and
prevent any tampering of the data, which ensures the brand name, quality, and more
importantly the tracing of the agricultural products.
6.1.2.2 Complete description
The agricultural product tracing lowers food safety risks and protects the reputation of the
agricultural product's brand name and quality. A service for securely tracing the entire end-to-
end process can be provided by an IoT system integrated with the blockchain technology. The
IoT system is used to collect the data from the entire process, i.e. from sowing in the farmland
to the consumer market, and the collected data can be stored in the blockchain preventing
any potential data tampering.
Various types of sensor nodes can be deployed to measure and collect data on seed
conditions, soil quality, lighting condition, weather, crop height, etc. in the agricultural product
growth environment. Additionally, other types of sensor nodes can also be deployed to
provide location and image/video (cameras) to collect key data on the growth, fertilization,
watering, and harvesting time.
The data are transmitted automatically at the scheduled time intervals (e.g. sampling rates) to
the agricultural product service platform, encrypted, and recorded in the blockchain along with
the time stamp. The encryption key pairs are generated based on the ID of sensor nodes or
devices.
After harvesting the agricultural products, the data from the harvested product, e.g. pick-up
time, weight of the package, product code of the agricultural products, are uploaded to the
agricultural product monitoring platform and stored in blockchain. When the product's test
reports from a testing agency are available, the test reports are also stored in blockchain
along with the data. The information provided by the logistics service providers, such as
product packing information and transportation condition, can also be recorded in the
blockchain.
– 10 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
Meanwhile, all the participants in the entire end-to-end process are authenticated and their
information is stored in the blockchain. Furthermore, the consumers will be able to trace all
the data by the product codes from the product monitoring platform, providing the
transparency between those who are in the entire end-to-end process and the consumers and
also ensuring the product quality and reputation of the producer's brand.
6.1.3 Actors: people, components, systems, integrated systems, applications and
organizations
Table 2 shows various actors involved in the agricultural product tracing. It also provides the
description of each actor and its interactions with physical and virtual entities or other actors.
Table 2 – Actors for agricultural product tracing
Actor Name Actor role Actor description Actor interactions
(transactions
between actors)
Sensor nodes IoT devices for Various devices which acquire the IoT gateway
monitoring the data/information relevant to the crop growth,
crop growth such as soil nutrition, water, light, temperature,
humidity, etc.
Tags Physical entities Physical entities that are attached to other Tag readers
physical entities providing information of the
physical entities.
Tag readers IoT devices Devices read the associated information from IoT gateway
the tags, such as the product code and entire
process data of the agricultural products.
IoT gateway IoT gateway A device which communicates with the sensor Sensor nodes and
nodes in the proximity network and aggregates the agricultural
the data/information from the sensor nodes, and product monitoring
transmits the aggregated data/information to the platform
agricultural product monitoring platform by which
it is authenticated first.
Agricultural Application and A platform to provide the monitoring and tracing IoT gateways, APP,
product service sub- services of the agricultural products, supported agricultural product
monitoring system by blockchain where the product data is stored. testing agencies, and
platform with The smart contract on the product code within logistics service
blockchain the validity period or on other transaction is providers
operated in this platform involved with the
participants.
APP IoT user / digital An application software through the human– Agricultural product
user machine interface (HMI) for the users to access monitoring platform
the service of the agricultural product monitoring
platform.
Product testing IoT user / human An organization qualified to test and certify the Agricultural product
agency user quality of the agricultural product and publish the monitoring platform
test results to the agricultural product monitoring
platform to be stored in the blockchain.
Logistics service IoT user / human A service organization that provides the logistics Agricultural product
provider user service and ensures the appropriate monitoring platform
transportation conditions for agricultural
products, and publishes the logistical information
to the agricultural product monitoring platform to
be stored in the blockchain.
Sellers IoT user / human Participants who sell the agricultural products to APP
user the consumers.
Agricultural IoT user / human Individuals who trace the agricultural product APP
product user quality, buy, and consume the agricultural
consumers products.
6.1.4 Issues: legal contracts, legal regulations, and constraints
Individuals, organizations, companies or institutions will comply with the legal contract's terms
and conditions, legal regulations and constraints in international, national, regional, or local
area relating to the information security of agricultural product data from planting, testing,
packing, to transportation, and relating to the personal privacy of the participants.
6.1.5 Reference standards and/or standardization committees
None.
6.1.6 Relation with other known use cases
None.
6.1.7 General remarks
None.
6.1.8 Data security, privacy and trustworthiness
Table 3 describes the security, privacy and trustworthiness associated with the data and
information collected and stored in the agricultural product monitoring platform.
Table 3 – Data security, privacy and trustworthiness for agricultural product tracing
Data security requirements and implications for applications, systems, etc.
The data security requirements are essential for the service providers, participants and users. For example, the
data from the agricultural product has not been tampered with, and the data are encrypted and stored in a
distributed fashion. All participants who publish their data/information to the agricultural product monitoring
platform are authenticated.
Privacy requirements and implications for applications, systems, etc.
The privacy requirements are important for every stakeholder, participant, and user. The data/information of
stakeholders, participants and users are not obtained by unauthenticated users. Encryption or technologies with
anonymous characteristics can be used to protect the data/information privacy.
Trustworthiness requirements and implications for applications, systems, etc.
The trustworthiness requirements for the agricultural product tracing are fundamental and essential. The
agricultural product monitoring platform provides reliable and tamper-proof product data and information to the
users. More importantly, the participants providing their data/information are the only ones who can be trusted
and authenticated.
6.1.9 Conformity aspects
None.
6.1.10 User requirements and interactions with other actors
The users request and obtain the entire end-to-end process data of agricultural products
provided by the service providers, such as sowing crops, growing process, harvesting, testing,
storage, logistics, and sales.
The participants are authenticated by third parties to ensure that their identities are credible,
and then the data of the agricultural products is provided by the authenticated participants, for
example, farm managers, testing agencies, logistics service providers and sellers. The
agricultural products have their own identifiers associated with the data provided by the
participants.
– 12 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021
6.1.11 Drawing of use case
Figure 1 describes the use case of smart agriculture with an IoT system and blockchain
technology. Agricultural product tracing is an essential part of the smart agriculture. The IoT
systems and other third-party systems collect the data on planting, processing, logistics,
marketing, food brand, and the participant's credit data. The third parties are also
authenticated to access the system. All the data associated with the products are stored in
the blockchain integrated in the agricultural product monitoring platform. The monitoring
platform integrates the data from all the participants and provides the data sharing, food
safety tracing, credit evaluation, and other financial services for various users. For example,
the consumers can get a food safety tracing service, and a management organization can get
shared data service. Blockchain helps to construct a peer-to-peer platform for the users and
participants.
SOURCE: Figure 2 of Study report of JTC 1 /SC 41 AHG 18 [SC41N1089]
Figure 1 – General overview of smart agriculture
6.1.12 Data flow diagram of use case
The agricultural product tracing use case includes the following types of data flows:
1) Agricultural product data flow generated by IoT system and participants
The agicultural product data are stored in the platform supported by blockchain. For
example, the data associated with the operations for the product include the operation
result, the participants and the time stamp. The data associated with testing include test
reports, testing agency, and time stamp.
The IoT systems collect the data associated with the agricultural product's growing,
storage, logistics, and sales. For example, the data associated with the crop growing
include temperature, humidity, the PH value of the soil, and pictures of the product
appearance.
Other participants provide their process data to agricultural product monitoring platform.
For example, the testing agency provides the testing service for the agricultural products
and generates the test reports.

All end-to-end process data of the agricultural product are collected, transferred and
stored in blockchain to ensure that the data recorded and traced are tamper-proof. When
the agricultural products are packed in boxes for transportation, the agricultural product
monitoring platform associates a unique product code for each box with the entire process
data, and the tag with the product code is affixed on each box.
If the products are expired due to passing the expiration date, the smart contract
implemented in blockchain will either delete the product codes or enter a code for the
expired product. No product code or an expired product code will remind the consumers of
any products that are out of date. The product code is deleted when the product is sold
out. The product code can't be reused for other agricultural products.
2) Identification data flow for the participants
The participants have their own identifications, and each participant has a unique and
private encryption and decryption key pair for accessing the blockchain in the monitoring
platform to ensure the authenticated access to the blockchain. The participants use their
unique private key to write the records or operations relevant to the agricultural product in
the blockchain.
3) Inquiry data flow for the consumers and participants
The consumers and participants can request, check and trace the agricultural products
using the tracing service by the product code. The participants include logistics service
providers, storage managers, sellers, etc.
The data flow diagram for the use case of agricultural product traceabiltiy is shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 – Data flow diagram of agricultural product tracing
6.1.13 Sequence diagram of use case
The sequence diagram shown in Figure 3 describes the steps to set up the interactions for all
the actors in the IoT system integrated with blockchain. Table 4 provides additional details of
the steps shown in Figure 3.
– 14 – ISO/IEC TR 30176:2021 © ISO/IEC 2021

Figure 3 – Sequence diagram of agricultural product tracing
Table 4 – Steps of the agricultural product tracing
Scenario
Realizing both the tracing services of the whole process and the generation of the tamper-
Scenario name:
free data for the agricultural products
Step Information producer Information receiver Information exchanged
Event
No. (actor) (actor) (IDs)
1 Get the original sensing Sensor nodes / Tag IoT gateway Sensing data of the
data and whole readers (Tags) plant growth and the
procedure data of the whole procedure data of
agricultural products the agricultural products
2 Send the aggregated IoT gateway Agricultural product Aggregated data of the
data monitoring platform with agricultural products
blockchain
3 Send the test results of Testing agency Agricultural product The test data and result
the agricultural products monitoring platform with of agricultural products
blockchain
4 Send the logistics Logistics service Agricultural product The logistics information
information of the provider monitoring platform with of the agricultural
agricultural products blockchain products
Attain the whole Agricultural product The entire process and
5 HMI / APP
process and tamper- monitoring platform with tamper-proof data of
proof data of blockchain agricultural products
agricultural products
6 Attain the tracing HMI / APP Sellers or consumers The tracing service of
service of agricultural agricultural products,
such as seeding to
products
growth, the logistics,
testing results, etc.
6.2 Financial services for fish farming
6.2.1 Scope and objectives of use case
This use case describes how financial institutions (e.g. banks) and IoT service companies for
fish farming collaborate to provide fish farmers with financial services. An IoT service
company for fish farming is a high-tech company providing the aquaculture service with the
IoT system and blockchain technology.

The objective of this use case is to analyse a business collaboration model of the IoT service
companies for fish farming, insurance institutions, and banks to provide the financial services
to fish farmers, and also to explore potential markets for financial services.
6.2.2 Narrative of use case
6.2.2.1 Short description
Financial services, such as insurance services and loans, are provided to fish farmers by
collaboration between financial institutions and high-tech companies.
...