IEC 60079-10:2002
(Main)Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
Is concerned with the classification of hazardous areas where flammable gas or vapour risks may arise, in order to permit the proper selection and installation of apparatus for use in such hazardous areas.
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses - Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux
Est relative au classement des régions dangereuses dans lesquelles des risques dus à des gaz, ou vapeurs, inflammables peuvent apparaître, afin de permettre le choix et l'installation corrects du matériel à utiliser dans de telles régions dangereuses.
General Information
- Status
- Replaced
- Publication Date
- 18-Jun-2002
- Technical Committee
- SC 31J - Classification of hazardous areas and installation requirements
- Drafting Committee
- MT 4 - TC 14/MT 4
- Current Stage
- DELPUB - Deleted Publication
- Start Date
- 09-Dec-2008
- Completion Date
- 13-Feb-2026
Relations
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
- Effective Date
- 10-Feb-2026
- Effective Date
- 05-Sep-2023
IEC 60079-10:2002 - Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas Released:6/19/2002
IEC 60079-10:2002 - Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses - Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux Released:6/19/2002
IEC 60079-10:2002 - Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas Released:6/19/2002 Isbn:2831863791
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Frequently Asked Questions
IEC 60079-10:2002 is a standard published by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Its full title is "Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres - Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas". This standard covers: Is concerned with the classification of hazardous areas where flammable gas or vapour risks may arise, in order to permit the proper selection and installation of apparatus for use in such hazardous areas.
Is concerned with the classification of hazardous areas where flammable gas or vapour risks may arise, in order to permit the proper selection and installation of apparatus for use in such hazardous areas.
IEC 60079-10:2002 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 29.260.20 - Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
IEC 60079-10:2002 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to IEC 60079-10-1:2008, EN 61800-2:2015, IEC 60079-10:1995. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
IEC 60079-10:2002 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
60079-10
Fourth edition
2002-06
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres –
Part 10:
Classification of hazardous areas
This English-language version is derived from the original
bilingual publication by leaving out all French-language
pages. Missing page numbers correspond to the French-
language pages.
Reference number
Publication numbering
As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the
60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
Consolidated editions
The IEC is now publishing consolidated versions of its publications. For example,
edition numbers 1.0, 1.1 and 1.2 refer, respectively, to the base publication, the base
publication incorporating amendment 1 and the base publication incorporating
amendments 1 and 2.
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INTERNATIONAL IEC
STANDARD
60079-10
Fourth edition
2002-06
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas
atmospheres –
Part 10:
Classification of hazardous areas
IEC 2002 Copyright - all rights reserved
No part of this publication may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopying and microfilm, without permission in writing from the publisher.
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60079-10 IEC:2002 – 3 –
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.5
INTRODUCTION.7
1 General .9
1.1 Scope.9
1.2 Normative references .11
2 Definitions and terms.11
3 Safety and area classification .19
3.1 Safety principles.19
3.2 Area classification objectives.19
4 Area classification procedure.21
4.1 General .21
4.2 Sources of release .23
4.3 Type of zone .23
4.4 Extent of zone .25
4.4.1 Release rate of gas or vapour.25
4.4.2 Lower explosive limit (LEL) .27
4.4.3 Ventilation .27
4.4.4 Relative density of the gas or vapour when it is released.27
4.4.5 Other parameters to be considered.29
4.4.6 Illustrative examples.29
5 Ventilation .31
5.1 General .31
5.2 Main types of ventilation.31
5.3 Degree of ventilation .31
5.4 Availability of ventilation.31
6 Documentation .33
6.1 General .33
6.2 Drawings, data sheets and tables.33
Annex A (informative) Examples of sources of release.35
Annex B (informative) Ventilation.39
Annex C (informative) Examples of hazardous area classification .71
Figure C.1 − Preferred symbols for hazardous area zones .113
Figure C.2 – Schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas.115
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60079-10 has been prepared by subcommittee 31J: Classification
of hazardous areas and installation requirements, of IEC technical committee 31: Electrical
apparatus for explosive atmospheres.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 1995, and constitutes a
technical revision.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
31J/82/FDIS 31J/84/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Annexes A, B and C are for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged
until 2007. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 7 –
INTRODUCTION
In areas where dangerous quantities and concentrations of flammable gas or vapour may
arise, protective measures are to be applied in order to reduce the risk of explosions. This
part of IEC 60079 sets out the essential criteria against which the risk of ignition can be
assessed, and gives guidance on the design and control parameters which can be used in
order to reduce such a risk.
This standard can be used as a basis for the proper selection and installation of apparatus for
use in a hazardous area.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 9 –
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
1 General
1.1 Scope
This part of IEC 60079 is concerned with the classification of hazardous areas where
flammable gas or vapour risks may arise, in order to permit the proper selection and
installation of apparatus for use in such hazardous areas.
It is intended to be applied where there may be a risk of ignition due to the presence of
flammable gas or vapour, mixed with air under normal atmospheric conditions (see note 2),
but it does not apply to
a) mines susceptible to firedamp;
b) the processing and manufacture of explosives;
c) areas where a risk may arise due to the presence of ignitable dusts or fibres;
d) catastrophic failures which are beyond the concept of abnormality dealt with in this
standard (see note 3);
e) rooms used for medical purposes;
f) areas where the presence of flammable mist may give rise to an unpredictable risk and
which require special consideration (see note 5);
g) domestic premises.
This standard does not take into account the effects of consequential damage.
Definitions and explanations of terms are given together with the main principles and
procedures relating to hazardous area classification.
For detailed recommendations regarding the extent of the hazardous areas in specific
industries or applications, reference may be made to the codes relating to those industries or
applications.
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this standard, an area is a three-dimensional region or space.
NOTE 2 Atmospheric conditions include variations above and below reference levels of 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar)
and 20 °C (293 K), provided that the variations have a negligible effect on the explosion properties of the
flammable materials.
NOTE 3 Catastrophic failure in this context is applied, for example, to the rupture of a process vessel or pipeline
and events that are not predictable.
NOTE 4 In any process plant, irrespective of size, there may be numerous sources of ignition apart from those
associated with electrical apparatus. Appropriate precautions will be necessary to ensure safety in this context.
This standard may be used with judgement for other ignition sources.
NOTE 5 Mists may form or be present at the same time as flammable vapours. This may affect the way flammable
material disperses and the extent of any hazardous areas. The strict application of area classification for gases
and vapours may not be appropriate because the flammability characteristics of mists are not always predictable.
Whilst it can be difficult to decide upon the type and extent of zones, the criteria applicable to gases and vapours
will, in most cases, give a safe result. However, special consideration should always be given to the danger of
ignition of flammable mists.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 11 –
1.2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050(426):1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 426:
Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres
IEC 60079-4:1975, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 4: Method of
test for ignition temperature
IEC 60079-4A:1970, First supplement to IEC 60079-4 (1966), Electrical apparatus for
explosive gas atmospheres – Part 4: Method of test for ignition temperature
IEC 60079-20:1996, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 20: Data for
flammable gases and vapours, relating to the use of electrical apparatus
2 Definitions and terms
For the purpose of this part of IEC 60079, the following definitions and terms apply.
NOTE Where a definition appears in this clause and in IEC 60050(426), the definition given in this clause is
applicable.
2.1
explosive atmosphere
mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas,
vapour, mist or dust, in which after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed
mixture
[IEV 426-02-02, modified]
2.2
explosive gas atmosphere
mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas or
vapour in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture
[IEV 426-02-03, modified]
NOTE Although a mixture which has a concentration above the upper explosive limit (UEL) is not an explosive
gas atmosphere, it can readily become so and, in certain cases for area classification purposes, it is advisable to
consider it as an explosive gas atmosphere.
2.3
hazardous area
area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present, or may be expected to be present, in
quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of
apparatus
[IEV 426-03-01, modified]
2.4
non-hazardous area
area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be present in quantities such
as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of apparatus
[IEV 426-03-02, modified]
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 13 –
2.5
zones
hazardous areas are classified into zones based upon the frequency of the occurrence and
duration of an explosive gas atmosphere, as follows:
2.5.1
zone 0
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is present continuously or for long periods or
frequently
[IEV 426-03-03, modified]
2.5.2
zone 1
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation
occasionally
[IEV 426-03-04, modified]
2.5.3
zone 2
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it
does occur, will persist for a short period only
[IEV 426-03-05, modified]
NOTE 1 In this definition, the word "persist" means the total time for which the flammable atmosphere will exist.
This will normally comprise the total of the duration of the release, plus the time taken for the flammable
atmosphere to disperse after the release has stopped. (The term "persistence time" as used in annex B refers
specifically to only one part of the total time for which the flammable atmosphere will exist.)
NOTE 2 Indications of the frequency of the occurrence and duration may be taken from codes relating to specific
industries or applications.
2.6
source of release
point or location from which a flammable gas, vapour, or liquid may be released into the
atmosphere in such a way that an explosive gas atmosphere could be formed
[IEV 426-03-06, modified]
2.7
grades of release
there are three basic grades of release, as listed below in order of decreasing frequency and
likelihood of the explosive gas atmosphere being present:
a) continuous grade;
b) primary grade;
c) secondary grade.
A source of release may give rise to any one of these grades of release, or to a combination
of more than one
2.7.1
continuous grade of release
release which is continuous or is expected to occur frequently or for long periods
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 15 –
2.7.2
primary grade of release
release which can be expected to occur periodically or occasionally during normal operation
2.7.3
secondary grade of release
release which is not expected to occur in normal operation and, if it does occur, is likely to do
so only infrequently and for short periods
2.8
release rate
quantity of flammable gas or vapour emitted per unit time from the source of release
2.9
normal operation
situation when the equipment is operating within its design parameters
NOTE 1 Minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal operation. For example, releases from seals
which rely on wetting by the fluid which is being pumped are considered to be minor releases.
NOTE 2 Failures (such as the breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or spillages caused by accidents) which
involve urgent repair or shut-down are not considered to be part of normal operation nor are they considered to be
catastrophic.
NOTE 3 Normal operation includes start-up and shut-down conditions.
2.10
ventilation
movement of air and its replacement with fresh air due to the effects of wind, temperature
gradients, or artificial means (for example, fans or extractors)
2.11
explosive limits
NOTE The terms "explosive limit" and "flammable limit" are equivalent. IEC 60079-20 and IEC 61779-1 use the
term "flammable limit" whilst all the other standards use the more widely accepted term "explosive limit".
2.11.1
lower explosive limit (LEL)
concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the gas atmosphere is not
explosive
[IEV 426-02-09, modified]
2.11.2
upper explosive limit (UEL)
concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, above which the gas atmosphere is not
explosive
[IEV 426-02-10, modified]
2.12
relative density of a gas or a vapour
density of a gas or a vapour relative to the density of air at the same pressure and at the
same temperature (air is equal to 1,0)
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 17 –
2.13
flammable material (flammable substance)
material which is flammable of itself, or is capable of producing a flammable gas, vapour or
mist
2.14
flammable liquid
liquid capable of producing a flammable vapour under any foreseeable operating conditions
2.15
flammable gas or vapour
gas or vapour which, when mixed with air in certain proportions, will form an explosive gas
atmosphere
2.16
flammable mist
droplets of flammable liquid, dispersed in air so as to form an explosive atmosphere
2.17
flashpoint
lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off
vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture
[IEV 426-02-14]
2.18
boiling point
temperature of a liquid boiling at an ambient pressure of 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar)
NOTE The initial boiling point that should be used for liquid mixtures is to indicate the lowest value of the boiling
point for the range of liquids present, as determined in a standard laboratory distillation without fractionation.
2.19
vapour pressure
pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour. It is a function of
the substance and of the temperature
2.20
ignition temperature of an explosive gas atmosphere
lowest temperature of a heated surface at which, under specified conditions, the ignition of a
flammable substance in the form of a gas or vapour mixture with air will occur
[IEV 426-02-01, modified]
NOTE IEC 60079-4 and IEC 60079-4A standardize a method for the determination of this temperature.
2.21
extent of zone
distance in any direction from the source of release to the point where the gas/air mixture has
been diluted by air to a value below the lower explosive limit
2.22
liquefied flammable gas
flammable material which is stored or handled as a liquid and which at ambient temperature
and atmospheric pressure is a flammable gas
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 19 –
3 Safety and area classification
3.1 Safety principles
Installations in which flammable materials are handled or stored should be designed, operated
and maintained so that any releases of flammable material, and consequently the extent of
hazardous areas, are kept to a minimum, whether in normal operation or otherwise, with
regard to frequency, duration and quantity.
It is important to examine those parts of process equipment and systems from which release
of flammable material may arise and to consider modifying the design to minimize the
likelihood and frequency of such releases and the quantity and rate of release of material.
These fundamental considerations should be examined at an early stage of the design
development of any process plant and should also receive prime attention in carrying out the
area classification study.
In the case of maintenance activities other than those of normal operation, the extent of the
zone may be affected but it is expected that this would be dealt with by a permit-to-work
system.
In a situation in which there may be an explosive gas atmosphere, the following steps should
be taken:
a) eliminate the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere occurring around the source of
ignition, or
b) eliminate the source of ignition.
Where this is not possible, protective measures, process equipment, systems and procedures
should be selected and prepared so the likelihood of the coincidence of a) and b) is so small
as to be acceptable. Such measures may be used singly, if they are recognized as being
highly reliable, or in combination to achieve an equivalent level of safety.
3.2 Area classification objectives
Area classification is a method of analysing and classifying the environment where explosive
gas atmospheres may occur so as to facilitate the proper selection and installation of appa-
ratus to be used safely in that environment, taking into account gas groups and temperature
classes.
In most practical situations where flammable materials are used, it is difficult to ensure that an
explosive gas atmosphere will never occur. It may also be difficult to ensure that apparatus
will never give rise to a source of ignition. Therefore, in situations where an explosive gas
atmosphere has a high likelihood of occurring, reliance is placed on using apparatus which
has a low likelihood of creating a source of ignition. Conversely, where the likelihood of an
explosive gas atmosphere occurring is reduced, apparatus constructed to a less rigorous
standard may be used.
It is rarely possible by a simple examination of a plant or plant design to decide which parts of
the plant can be equated to the three zonal definitions (zones 0, 1 and 2). A more detailed
approach is therefore necessary and this involves the analysis of the basic possibility of an
explosive gas atmosphere occurring.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 21 –
The first step is to assess the likelihood of this, in accordance with the definitions of zone 0,
zone 1 and zone 2. Once the likely frequency and duration of release (and hence the grade of
release), the release rate, concentration, velocity, ventilation and other factors which affect
the type and/or extent of the zone have been determined, there is then a firm basis on which
to determine the likely presence of an explosive gas atmosphere in the surrounding areas.
This approach therefore requires detailed consideration to be given to each item of process
equipment which contains a flammable material, and which could therefore be a source of
release.
In particular, zone 0 or zone 1 areas should be minimized in number and extent by design or
suitable operating procedures. In other words, plants and installations should be mainly
zone 2 or non-hazardous. Where release of flammable material is unavoidable, process
equipment items should be limited to those which give secondary grade releases or, failing
this (that is where primary or continuous grade releases are unavoidable), the releases should
be of very limited quantity and rate. In carrying out area classification, these principles should
receive prime consideration. Where necessary, the design, operation and location of process
equipment should ensure that, even when it is operating abnormally, the amount of flammable
material released into the atmosphere is minimized, so as to reduce the extent of the
hazardous area.
Once a plant has been classified and all necessary records made, it is important that no
modification to equipment or operating procedures is made without discussion with those
responsible for the area classification. Unauthorized action may invalidate the area
classification. It is necessary to ensure that all equipment affecting the area classification
which has been subjected to maintenance is carefully checked during and after re-assembly
to ensure that the integrity of the original design, as it affects safety, has been maintained
before it is returned to service.
4 Area classification procedure
4.1 General
The area classification should be carried out by those who have knowledge of the properties
of flammable materials, the process and the equipment, in consultation, as appropriate, with
safety, electrical, mechanical and other engineering personnel.
The following subclauses give guidance on the procedure for classifying areas in which there
may be an explosive gas atmosphere and on the extent of zones 0, 1 and 2. An example of a
schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas is given in figure C.1.
The area classification should be carried out when the initial process and instrumentation line
diagrams and initial layout plans are available and confirmed before plant start-up. Reviews
should be carried out during the life of the plant.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 23 –
4.2 Sources of release
The basic elements for establishing the hazardous zone types are the identification of the
source of release and the determination of the grade of release.
Since an explosive gas atmosphere can exist only if a flammable gas or vapour is present
with air, it is necessary to decide if any of these flammable materials can exist in the area
concerned. Generally speaking, such gases and vapours (and flammable liquids and solids
which may give rise to them) are contained within process equipment which may or may not
be totally enclosed. It is necessary to identify where a flammable atmosphere can exist inside
a process plant, or where a release of flammable materials can create a flammable
atmosphere outside a process plant.
Each item of process equipment (for example, tank, pump, pipeline, vessel, etc.) should be
considered as a potential source of release of flammable material. If the item cannot contain
flammable material, it will clearly not give rise to a hazardous area around it. The same will
apply if the item contains a flammable material but cannot release it into the atmosphere (for
example, an all-welded pipeline is not considered to be a source of release).
If it is established that the item may release flammable material into the atmosphere, it is
necessary, first of all, to determine the grade of release in accordance with the definitions, by
establishing the likely frequency and duration of the release. It should be recognized that the
opening-up of parts of enclosed process systems (for example, during filter changing or batch
filling) should also be considered as sources of release when developing the area
classification. By means of this procedure, each release will be graded either "continuous",
"primary" or "secondary".
Having established the grade of the release, it is necessary to determine the release rate and
other factors which may influence the type and extent of the zone.
If the total quantity of flammable material available for release is "small", for example, labo-
ratory use, whilst a potential hazard may exist, it may not be appropriate to use this area
classification procedure. In such cases, account shall be taken of the particular risks involved.
The area classification of process equipment in which flammable material is burned, for
example, fired heaters, furnaces, boilers, gas turbines etc., should take into account purge
cycle, start-up and shut-down conditions.
4.3 Type of zone
The likelihood of the presence of an explosive gas atmosphere and hence the type of zone
depends mainly on the grade of release and the ventilation.
NOTE 1 A continuous grade of release normally leads to a zone 0, a primary grade to zone 1 and a secondary
grade to zone 2 (see annex B).
NOTE 2 Where zones created by adjacent sources of release overlap and are of different zonal classification, the
higher risk classification will apply in the area of overlap. Where overlapping zones are of the same classification,
this common classification will normally apply.
However, care needs to be taken where the overlapping zones relate to flammable materials which have different
apparatus groups and/or temperature class. So, for example, if a zone 1 IIA T3 area overlapped a zone 2 IIC T1
area, then classifying the overlap as zone 1 IIC T3 may be over-restrictive but classifying it as zone 1 IIA T3 or
zone 1 IIC T1 would not be acceptable. In this situation, the area classification should be recorded as zone 1 IIA T3
and zone 2 IIC T1.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 25 –
4.4 Extent of zone
The extent of the zone depends on the estimated or calculated distance over which an
explosive atmosphere exists before it disperses to a concentration in air below its lower
explosive limit. When assessing the area of spread of gas or vapour before dilution to below
its lower explosive limit, expert advice should be sought.
Consideration should always be given to the possibility that a gas which is heavier than air
may flow into areas below ground level (for example, pits or depressions) and that a gas
which is lighter than air may be retained at high level (for example, in a roof space).
Where the source of release is situated outside an area or in an adjoining area, the pene-
tration of a significant quantity of flammable gas or vapour into the area can be prevented by
suitable means such as:
a) physical barriers;
b) maintaining a sufficient overpressure in the area relative to the adjacent hazardous areas,
so preventing the ingress of the explosive gas atmosphere;
c) purging the area with sufficient flow of fresh air, so ensuring that the air escapes from all
openings where the flammable gas or vapour may enter.
The extent of the zone is mainly affected by the following chemical and physical parameters,
some of which are intrinsic properties of the flammable material; others are specific to the
process. For simplicity, the effect of each parameter listed below assumes that the other
parameters remain unchanged.
4.4.1 Release rate of gas or vapour
The greater the release rate, the larger the extent of the zone. The release rate depends itself
on other parameters, namely
a) Geometry of the source of release
This is related to the physical characteristics of the source of release, for example, an
open surface, leaking flange, etc. (see annex A).
b) Release velocity
For a given source of release, the release rate increases with the release velocity. In the
case of a product contained within process equipment, the release velocity is related to
the process pressure and the geometry of the source of release. The size of a cloud of
flammable gas or vapour is determined by the rate of flammable vapour release and the
rate of dispersion. Gas and vapour flowing from a leak at high velocity will develop a cone-
shaped jet which will entrain air and be self-diluting. The extent of the explosive gas
atmosphere will be almost independent of wind velocity. If the material is released at low
velocity or if its velocity is reduced by impingement on a solid object, it will be carried by
the wind and its dilution and extent will depend on wind velocity.
c) Concentration
The release rate increases with the concentration of flammable vapour or gas in the
released mixture.
d) Volatility of a flammable liquid
This is related principally to the vapour pressure, and the enthalpy ("heat") of vaporization.
If the vapour pressure is not known, the boiling point and flashpoint can be used as a
guide.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 27 –
An explosive gas atmosphere cannot exist if the flashpoint is above the relevant maximum
temperature of the flammable liquid. The lower the flashpoint, the greater may be the
extent of the zone. If a flammable material is released in a way that forms a mist (for
example, by spraying) an explosive atmosphere may be formed below the flashpoint of the
material, for example.
NOTE 1 Flashpoints of flammable liquids are not precise physical quantities, particularly where mixtures are
involved.
NOTE 2 Some liquids (for example, certain halogenated hydrocarbons) do not possess a flashpoint although
they are capable of producing an explosive gas atmosphere. In these cases, the equilibrium liquid temperature
which corresponds to the saturated concentration at the lower explosive limit should be compared with the
relevant maximum liquid temperature.
e) Liquid temperature
The vapour pressure increases with temperature, thus increasing the release rate due to
evaporation.
NOTE The temperature of the liquid after it has been released may be increased, for example, by a hot
surface or by a high ambient temperature.
4.4.2 Lower explosive limit (LEL)
For a given release volume, the lower the LEL the greater will be the extent of the zone.
Experience has shown that a release of ammonia, with an LEL of 15 % by volume, will
dissipate rapidly in the open air, so an explosive gas atmosphere will normally be of negligible
extent.
4.4.3 Ventilation
With increased ventilation, the extent of the zone will normally be reduced. Obstacles which
impede the ventilation may increase the extent of the zone. On the other hand, some
obstacles, for example, dykes, walls or ceilings, may limit the extent. A compressor shelter
with a large roof-ventilator and with the sides open sufficient, to allow free passage of air
through all parts of the building is considered well ventilated and should be treated as an
outdoor area (i.e. "medium" degree and "good" availability).
4.4.4 Relative density of the gas or vapour when it is released
If the gas or vapour is significantly lighter than air, it will tend to move upwards. If significantly
heavier, it will tend to accumulate at ground level. The horizontal extent of the zone at ground
level will increase with increasing relative density and the vertical extent above the source will
increase with decreasing relative density.
NOTE 1 For practical applications, a gas or vapour which has a relative density below 0,8 is regarded as being
lighter than air. If the relative density is above 1,2, it is regarded as being heavier than air. Between these values,
both of these possibilities should be considered.
NOTE 2 With gases or vapours lighter than air, an escape at low velocity will disperse fairly rapidly upwards; the
presence of a roof will, however, inevitably increase the area of spread under it. If the escape is at high velocity in
a free jet the action of the jet, although entraining air which dilutes the gas or vapour, may increase the distance
over which the gas/air mixture remains above its lower flammable limit.
NOTE 3 With gases or vapours heavier than air, an escape at low velocity will tend to flow downward and may
travel long distances over the ground before it is safely dispersed by atmospheric diffusion. Special regard
therefore needs to be paid to the topography of any site under consideration and also to surrounding areas in order
to determine where gases or vapours might collect in hollows or run down inclines to lower levels. If the escape is
at high velocity in a free jet the jet-mixing action by entraining air may well reduce the gas/air mixture to below its
lower flammable limit in a much shorter distance than in the case of a low-velocity escape.
NOTE 4 Care needs to be taken when classifying areas containing cryogenic flammable gases such as liquefied
natural gas. Vapours emitted can be heavier than air at low temperatures and become lighter than air on
approaching ambient temperature.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 29 –
4.4.5 Other parameters to be considered
a) Climatic conditions
The rate of gas or vapour dispersion in the atmosphere increases with wind speed but
there is a minimum speed of 2 m/s – 3 m/s required to initiate turbulent diffusion; below
this, layering of the gas or vapour occurs and the distance for safe dispersal is greatly
increased. In plant areas sheltered by large vessels and structures, the speed of air
movement may be substantially below that of the wind; however, obstruction of air
movement by items of equipment tends to maintain turbulence even at low wind speeds.
NOTE 1 In annex B (clause B.4), 0,5 m/s wind speed is considered to be appropriate for determining the
rates at which ventilation in an outdoor situation dilutes a flammable release. This lower value of wind speed is
appropriate for that purpose, in order to maintain a conservative approach, even though it is recognized that
the tendency of layering may compromise the calculation.
NOTE 2 In normal practice the tendency of layering is not taken into account in area classification because
the conditions which give rise to this tendency are rare and occur for short periods only. However, if prolonged
periods of low wind speed are expected for the specific circumstance then the extent of the zone should take
account of the additional distance required to achieve dispersion.
b) Topography
Some liquids are less dense than water and do not readily mix with water: such liquids can
spread on the surface of water (whether it be on the ground, in plant drains or in pipe
trenches) and then be ignited at a point remote from the original spillage, therefore putting
at risk a large area of plant.
The layout of the plant, where possible, should be designed to aid the rapid dispersal of
explosive gas atmospheres. An area with restricted ventilation (for example, in pits or
trenches) that would otherwise be Zone 2 may require Zone 1 classification; on the other
hand, wide shallow depressions used for pumping complexes or pipe reservations may not
require such rigorous treatment.
4.4.6 Illustrative examples
Some ways in which the above-mentioned parameters affect the vapour or gas release rate
and hence the extent of the zone are demonstrated in the examples in annex C.
a) Source of release: open surface of liquid
In most cases, the liquid temperature will be below the boiling point and the vapour
release rate will depend principally on the following parameters:
− liquid temperature;
− vapour pressure of the liquid at its surface temperature;
− dimensions of the evaporation surface;
− ventilation.
b) Source of release: virtually instantaneous evaporation of a liquid (for example, from a jet
or spray)
Since the discharged liquid vaporizes virtually instantaneously, the vapour release rate is
equal to the liquid flow rate and this depends on the following parameters:
− liquid pressure;
− geometry of the source of release.
Where the liquid is not instantaneously vaporized, the situation is complex because
droplets, liquid jets and pools may create separate sources of release.
60079-10 IEC:2002 – 31 –
c) Source of release: leakage of a gas mixture
The gas release rate is affected by the following parameters:
− pressure within the equipment which contains the gas;
− geometry of the source of release;
− concentration of flammable gas in the released mixture.
For examples, of sources of release, see clause A.2.
5 Ventilation
5.1 General
Gas or vapour released into the atmosphere can be diluted by dispersion or diffusion into the
air until its concentration is below the lower explosive limit. Ventilation, i.e. air movement
leading to replacement of the atmosphere in a (hypothetical) volume around the source of
release by fresh air, will promote dispersion. Suitable ventilation rates can also avoid
persistence of an explosive gas atmosphere thus influencing the type of zone.
5.2 Main types of ventilation
Ventilation can be accomplished by the movement of air due to the wind and/or by
temperature gradients or by artificial means such as fans. So two main types of ventilation are
thus recognized:
a) natural ventilation;
b) artificial ventilation, general or local.
5.3 Degree of ventilation
The most important factor is that the degree or amount of ventilation is directly related to the
types of sources of release and their corresponding release rates. This is irrespective of the
type of ventilation, whether it be wind speed or the number of air changes per time unit. Thus
optimal ventilation conditions in the hazardous area can be achieved, and the higher the
amount of ventilation in respect of the possible release rates, the smaller will be the extent of
the zones (hazardous areas), in some cases reducing them to a negligible extent (non-
hazardous area).
Practical examples for guidance on the degree of ventilation which may used are given in
annex B.
5.4 Availability of ventilation
The availability of ventilation has an influence on the presence or formation of an explosive
gas atmosphere and thus also on the type of zone. Guidance on availability is given in
annex B.
NOTE Combining the concepts of degree of ventilation and level of availability results in a quantitative method
...
NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
60079-10
Quatrième édition
2002-06
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères
explosives gazeuses –
Partie 10:
Classement des emplacements dangereux
Cette version française découle de la publication d’origine
bilingue dont les pages anglaises ont été supprimées.
Les numéros de page manquants sont ceux des pages
supprimées.
Numéro de référence
CEI 60079-10:2002(F)
Numérotation des publications
Depuis le 1er janvier 1997, les publications de la CEI sont numérotées à partir de
60000. Ainsi, la CEI 34-1 devient la CEI 60034-1.
Editions consolidées
Les versions consolidées de certaines publications de la CEI incorporant les
amendements sont disponibles. Par exemple, les numéros d’édition 1.0, 1.1 et 1.2
indiquent respectivement la publication de base, la publication de base incorporant
l’amendement 1, et la publication de base incorporant les amendements 1 et 2
Informations supplémentaires sur les publications de la CEI
Le contenu technique des publications de la CEI est constamment revu par la CEI
afin qu'il reflète l'état actuel de la technique. Des renseignements relatifs à cette
publication, y compris sa validité, sont disponibles dans le Catalogue des
publications de la CEI (voir ci-dessous) en plus des nouvelles éditions, amende-
ments et corrigenda. Des informations sur les sujets à l’étude et l’avancement des
travaux entrepris par le comité d’études qui a élaboré cette publication, ainsi que la
liste des publications parues, sont également disponibles par l’intermédiaire de:
• Site web de la CEI (www.iec.ch)
• Catalogue des publications de la CEI
Le catalogue en ligne sur le site web de la CEI (www.iec.ch/searchpub) vous permet
de faire des recherches en utilisant de nombreux critères, comprenant des
recherches textuelles, par comité d’études ou date de publication. Des informations
en ligne sont également disponibles sur les nouvelles publications, les publications
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NORME CEI
INTERNATIONALE
60079-10
Quatrième édition
2002-06
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères
explosives gazeuses –
Partie 10:
Classement des emplacements dangereux
IEC 2002 Droits de reproduction réservés
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CODE PRIX
XA
Commission Electrotechnique Internationale
International Electrotechnical Commission
Международная Электротехническая Комиссия
Pour prix, voir catalogue en vigueur
– 2 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
SOMMAIRE
AVANT-PROPOS .4
INTRODUCTION.6
1 Généralités.8
1.1 Domaine d'application.8
1.2 Références normatives .10
2 Définitions et terminologie.10
3 Sécurité et classement des emplacements dangereux.18
3.1 Principes de sécurité .18
3.2 Objectifs du classement des emplacements dangereux.18
4 Procédure de classement des emplacements dangereux.20
4.1 Généralités.20
4.2 Sources de dégagement .22
4.3 Type de la zone .22
4.4 Etendue de la zone.24
4.4.1 Taux de dégagement de gaz ou vapeur.24
4.4.2 Limite inférieure d'explosivité (LIE).26
4.4.3 Ventilation .26
4.4.4 Densité relative du gaz ou de la vapeur au moment de son
dégagement.26
4.4.5 Autres paramètres à considérer .28
4.4.6 Exemples.28
5 Ventilation .30
5.1 Généralités.30
5.2 Principaux types de ventilation.30
5.3 Degré de ventilation.30
5.4 Disponibilité de la ventilation.30
6 Documentation .32
6.1 Généralités.32
6.2 Plans, feuilles de données et tableaux .32
Annexe A (informative) Exemples de sources de dégagement .34
Annexe B (informative) Ventilation.38
Annexe C (informative) Exemples de classement des emplacements dangereux.70
Figure C.1 – Symboles préférés pour les zones des emplacements dangereux . 112
Figure C.2 – Approche schématique pour le classement des emplacements dangereux .114
– 4 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
COMMISSION ÉLECTROTECHNIQUE INTERNATIONALE
____________
MATÉRIEL ÉLECTRIQUE POUR ATMOSPHÈRES EXPLOSIVES GAZEUSES –
Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux
AVANT-PROPOS
1) La CEI (Commission Electrotechnique Internationale) est une organisation mondiale de normalisation composée
de l'ensemble des comités électrotechniques nationaux (Comités nationaux de la CEI). La CEI a pour objet de
favoriser la coopération internationale pour toutes les questions de normalisation dans les domaines de
l'électricité et de l'électronique. A cet effet, la CEI, entre autres activités, publie des Normes internationales.
Leur élaboration est confiée à des comités d'études, aux travaux desquels tout Comité national intéressé par le
sujet traité peut participer. Les organisations internationales, gouvernementales et non gouvernementales, en
liaison avec la CEI, participent également aux travaux. La CEI collabore étroitement avec l'Organisation
Internationale de Normalisation (ISO), selon des conditions fixées par accord entre les deux organisations.
2) Les décisions ou accords officiels de la CEI concernant les questions techniques représentent, dans la mesure
du possible, un accord international sur les sujets étudiés, étant donné que les Comités nationaux intéressés
sont représentés dans chaque comité d’études.
3) Les documents produits se présentent sous la forme de recommandations internationales. Ils sont publiés
comme normes, spécifications techniques, rapports techniques ou guides et agréés comme tels par les Comités
nationaux.
4) Dans le but d'encourager l'unification internationale, les Comités nationaux de la CEI s'engagent à appliquer de
façon transparente, dans toute la mesure possible, les Normes internationales de la CEI dans leurs normes
nationales et régionales. Toute divergence entre la norme de la CEI et la norme nationale ou régionale
correspondante doit être indiquée en termes clairs dans cette dernière.
5) La CEI n’a fixé aucune procédure concernant le marquage comme indication d’approbation et sa responsabilité
n’est pas engagée quand un matériel est déclaré conforme à l’une de ses normes.
6) L’attention est attirée sur le fait que certains des éléments de la présente Norme internationale peuvent faire
l’objet de droits de propriété intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. La CEI ne saurait être tenue pour
responsable de ne pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété et de ne pas avoir signalé leur existence.
La Norme internationale CEI 60079-10 a été établie par le sous-comité 31J: Classification des
emplacements dangereux et règles d’installation, du comité d’études 31 de la CEI: Matériel
électrique pour atmosphères explosives.
Cette quatrième édition annule et remplace la troisième édition parue en 1995, et constitue une
révision technique.
Le texte de cette norme est issu des documents suivants:
FDIS Rapport de vote
31J/82/FDIS 31J/84/RVD
Le rapport de vote indiqué dans le tableau ci-dessus donne toute information sur le vote ayant
abouti à l'approbation de cette norme.
La présente publication a été rédigée conformément à la Partie 3 des Directives ISO/CEI.
Les annexes A, B, et C sont données uniquement à titre d’information.
Le comité a décidé que le contenu de cette publication ne sera pas modifié avant 2007. A cette
date, la publication sera
• reconduite;
• supprimée;
• remplacée par une édition révisée, ou
• amendée.
– 6 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
INTRODUCTION
Dans les emplacements où des quantités et concentrations dangereuses de gaz ou vapeurs
inflammables peuvent apparaître, on appliquera des mesures préventives pour réduire le
risque d'explosions. La présente partie de la CEI 60079 expose les critères essentiels par
rapport auxquels le risque d'inflammation peut être évalué et donne des conseils, relatifs aux
paramètres de conception et d'exploitation, que l'on peut utiliser pour réduire ce risque.
La présente norme peut servir de base pour le choix et l’installation corrects de matériel
utilisable dans un emplacement dangereux.
– 8 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
MATÉRIEL ÉLECTRIQUE POUR ATMOSPHÈRES EXPLOSIVES GAZEUSES –
Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux
1 Généralités
1.1 Domaine d'application
La présente partie de la CEI 60079 est relative au classement des emplacements dangereux
dans lesquels des risques dus à des gaz ou vapeurs inflammables peuvent apparaître, afin de
permettre le choix et l’installation corrects du matériel à utiliser dans de tels emplacements.
Elle est destinée à être appliquée là où il peut exister un risque d'inflammation du fait de la
présence de gaz ou vapeurs inflammables, en mélange avec l'air, dans les conditions
atmosphériques habituelles (voir note 2); mais elle ne s'applique pas
a) aux mines grisouteuses;
b) au traitement et à la fabrication des explosifs;
c) aux emplacements dans lesquels un risque dû à la présence de poussières ou fibres
inflammables peut apparaître;
d) aux défaillances catastrophiques, qui dépassent le concept d'anormalité traité dans la
présente norme (voir note 3);
e) aux salles utilisées à des fins médicales;
f) aux emplacements dans lesquels la présence de brouillard inflammable peut créer un
risque imprévisible et qui requièrent une attention particulière (voir note 5);
g) aux locaux à usage domestique.
La présente norme ne prend pas en compte les effets de sinistres en cascade.
Des définitions et explications de termes y sont données ainsi que les grands principes et
procédures relatifs au classement des emplacements dangereux.
On pourra se référer aux codes relatifs à des industries ou applications particulières pour
trouver des recommandations détaillées quant à l'étendue des emplacements dangereux dans
ces industries ou applications.
NOTE 1 Pour les besoins de la présente norme, un emplacement désigne un secteur ou un espace
tridimensionnel.
NOTE 2 Les conditions atmosphériques englobent les écarts au-dessus et au-dessous des niveaux de référence
de 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar) et 20 °C (293 K) à condition que cela ait un effet négligeable sur les propriétés
explosives des matières inflammables.
NOTE 3 Le terme «défaillance catastrophique» s'applique ici, par exemple, à l’éclatement d’une cuve ou d'une
canalisation et aux événements imprévisibles.
NOTE 4 Dans toute usine, quelle que soit son importance, il peut y avoir de nombreuses sources d'inflammation
en dehors de celles qui sont associées au matériel électrique. Il sera nécessaire dès lors de prendre les
précautions appropriées pour garantir la sécurité. On pourra utiliser avec prudence la présente norme pour ces
autres sources d'inflammation.
NOTE 5 Des brouillards peuvent se former à partir de vapeurs inflammables ou être présents en même temps que
de telles vapeurs. Cela peut affecter la façon dont les matières inflammables se dispersent et l'étendue de tout
emplacement dangereux. Par ailleurs, l'application stricte du classement d’emplacements pour les gaz et vapeurs
peut ne pas convenir, car les caractéristiques d'inflammabilité des brouillards ne sont pas toujours prévisibles.
Quoiqu'il soit difficile d'arrêter le type et l'étendue des zones, les critères applicables aux gaz et vapeurs donneront,
dans la plupart des cas, un résultat sans danger. Néanmoins, il convient toujours de porter une attention
particulière au danger d'inflammation des brouillards inflammables.
– 10 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
1.2 Références normatives
Les documents de référence suivants sont indispensables pour l'application du présent
document. Pour les références datées, seule l'édition citée s'applique. Pour les références non
datées, la dernière édition du document de référence s'applique (y compris les éventuels
amendements).
CEI 60050(426):1990, Vocabulaire Electrotechnique International (VEI) – Chapitre 426:
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives
CEI 60079-4:1975, Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses – Quatrième
partie: Méthode d’essai pour la détermination de la température d’inflammation
CEI 60079-4A:1970, Premier complément à la CEI 60079-4 (1966), Matériel électrique pour
atmosphères explosives gazeuses – Quatrième partie: Méthode d’essai pour la détermination
de la température d’inflammation
CEI 60079-20:1996, Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses – Partie 20:
Données pour gaz et vapeurs inflammables, en relation avec l'utilisation des matériels
électriques
2 Définitions et terminologie
Pour les besoins de la présente partie de la CEI 60079, les définitions et la terminologie
suivantes s’appliquent.
NOTE Lorsqu'une définition est donnée conjointement dans le présent article et dans la CEI 60050(426), c'est la
définition du présent article qui s'applique.
2.1
atmosphère explosive
mélange avec l'air, dans les conditions atmosphériques, de substances inflammables sous forme de
gaz, vapeur, brouillard ou poussière dans lequel, après inflammation, la combustion s'étend à
tout le mélange non brûlé
[VEI 426-02-02, modifié]
2.2
atmosphère explosive gazeuse
mélange avec l'air, dans les conditions atmosphériques, de substances inflammables sous
forme de gaz ou vapeur dans lequel, après inflammation, la combustion s'étend à tout le
mélange non brûlé
[VEI 426-02-03, modifié]
NOTE Bien qu'un mélange où la concentration est supérieure à la limite supérieure d'explosivité (LSE) ne soit pas
une atmosphère explosive gazeuse, il peut aisément le devenir et il est recommandé de le considérer comme tel
dans certains cas aux fins de classement des emplacements dangereux.
2.3
emplacement dangereux
emplacement dans lequel une atmosphère explosive gazeuse est présente, ou dans lequel on
peut s'attendre qu'elle soit présente, en quantités suffisantes pour nécessiter des précautions
particulières pour la construction, l'installation et l'utilisation de matériel
[VEI 426-03-01, modifié]
2.4
emplacement non dangereux
emplacement dans lequel on ne s'attend pas à ce qu'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse soit
présente en quantités suffisantes pour nécessiter des précautions particulières pour la
construction, l'installation et l'utilisation de matériel
[VEI 426-03-02, modifié]
– 12 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
2.5
zones
les emplacements dangereux sont classés en zones, d'après la fréquence et la durée de la
présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse, comme suit:
2.5.1
zone 0
emplacement dans lequel une atmosphère explosive constituée d'un mélange d'air de
substances inflammables sous forme de gaz, de vapeur ou de brouillard est présente en
permanence, ou pendant de longues périodes ou encore fréquemment
[VEI 426-03-03, modifié]
2.5.2
zone 1
emplacement dans lequel il est probable qu'une atmosphère explosive constituée d'un mélange
d'air de substances inflammables sous forme de gaz, de vapeur ou de brouillard, apparaîtra
occasionnellement en fonctionnement normal
[VEI 426-03-04, modifié]
2.5.3
zone 2
emplacement dans lequel il n'est pas probable qu'une atmosphère explosive constituée d'un
mélange d'air de substances inflammables sous forme de gaz, de vapeur ou de brouillard
apparaisse en fonctionnement normal mais où, si elle apparaît, il est probable qu'elle
persistera seulement pour une courte période
[VEI 426-03-05, modifié]
NOTE 1 Dans cette définition, le mot «persistera» fait référence à la durée totale pour laquelle l'atmosphère
inflammable existe. Cela comprend normalement la durée totale de dégagement à laquelle s'ajoute le temps
de dispersion de l'atmosphère inflammable après dégagement. (Le terme «durée de persistance» employé à
l'annexe B fait spécifiquement référence à une partie seulement de la durée totale pendant laquelle l'atmosphère
inflammable existe.)
NOTE 2 On peut tirer des indications intéressant la fréquence d’apparition et la durée des codes propres à
certaines industries ou applications.
2.6
source de dégagement
point ou endroit d'où un gaz, une vapeur ou un liquide inflammable peut être libéré dans
l'atmosphère, de telle sorte qu'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse soit créée
[VEI 426-03-06, modifié]
2.7
degrés de dégagement
il y a trois degrés de dégagement de base, énumérés ci-dessous par ordre décroissant de
probabilité de présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse:
a) degré continu;
b) premier degré;
c) deuxième degré.
Une source de dégagement peut donner lieu à n'importe lequel de ces degrés de dégagement
ou à une combinaison de plusieurs d'entre eux
2.7.1
dégagement de degré continu
dégagement qui se produit en permanence ou dont on s'attend à ce qu'il se produise pendant
de longues périodes
– 14 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
2.7.2
dégagement de premier degré
dégagement dont on peut s'attendre à ce qu'il se produise de façon périodique ou occasion-
nelle en fonctionnement normal
2.7.3
dégagement de deuxième degré
dégagement dont on ne s'attend pas à ce qu'il se produise en fonctionnement normal et dont il
est probable que, s'il se produit, ce sera seulement à une faible fréquence et pour de courtes
périodes
2.8
taux de dégagement
quantité de gaz ou vapeur inflammable émise par unité de temps par la source de dégagement
2.9
fonctionnement normal
situation dans laquelle l'installation fonctionne selon ses paramètres nominaux
NOTE 1 De petits dégagements de matière inflammable peuvent faire partie du fonctionnement normal. Par
exemple, des fuites des garnitures d'étanchéité lubrifiées par le liquide pompé sont considérées comme de petits
dégagements.
NOTE 2 Des défaillances (telles que la rupture de garnitures d'étanchéité de pompe ou de joints de brides ou des
épandages provoqués par des accidents) qui entraînent une réparation ou un arrêt urgent, ne sont pas considérées
comme faisant partie du fonctionnement normal, ni comme étant catastrophiques.
NOTE 3 Un fonctionnement normal comprend des conditions de démarrage et de fermeture.
2.10
ventilation
mouvement de l'air et remplacement de cet air par de l'air frais sous l'action du vent et de
gradients de température ou de moyens artificiels (par exemple ventilateurs ou extracteurs)
2.11
limites d'explosivité
NOTE Les termes «limite d'explosivité» et «limite d'inflammabilité» sont équivalents. Le terme «limite
d'inflammabilité» est utilisé dans la CEI 60079-20 et la CEI 61779-1 alors que le terme «limite d'explosivité», plus
généralement accepté, est utilisé dans toutes les autres normes.
2.11.1
limite inférieure d'explosivité (LIE)
concentration dans l'air de gaz ou vapeur inflammable, au-dessous de laquelle l'atmosphère
gazeuse n'est pas explosive
[VEI 426-02-09, modifié]
2.11.2
limite supérieure d'explosivité (LSE)
concentration dans l'air de gaz ou vapeur inflammable, au-dessus de laquelle l'atmosphère
gazeuse n'est pas explosive
[VEI 426-02-10, modifié]
2.12
densité relative d'un gaz ou d'une vapeur
rapport de la densité d'un gaz ou d'une vapeur à la densité de l'air à la même pression et à la
même température (elle est égale à 1,0 pour l'air)
– 16 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
2.13
matière inflammable (substance inflammable)
matière inflammable par elle-même ou capable de produire un gaz, une vapeur, ou un
brouillard inflammable
2.14
liquide inflammable
liquide capable de produire une vapeur inflammable dans toutes les conditions d'exploitation
prévisibles
2.15
gaz ou vapeur inflammable
gaz ou vapeur, qui, mélangé à l'air dans certaines proportions, formera une atmosphère
explosive gazeuse
2.16
brouillard inflammable
gouttelettes de liquide inflammable dispersées dans l'air de façon à former une atmosphère
explosive gazeuse
2.17
point d'éclair
température la plus basse d'un liquide à laquelle, dans certaines conditions normalisées, ce
liquide libère des vapeurs en quantité telle qu’un mélange vapeur/air inflammable puisse se former
[VEI 426-02-14]
2.18
point d'ébullition
température à laquelle un liquide bout à la pression ambiante de 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar).
NOTE Le point d'ébullition initial qu'il convient d'utiliser dans les mélanges de liquides sert à indiquer la valeur la
plus basse du point d'ébullition de la gamme des liquides présents dans le mélange, telle que cette valeur est
déterminée par distillation en laboratoire normalisée sans fractionnement.
2.19
pression de vapeur
pression exercée quand un solide ou un liquide est en équilibre avec sa propre vapeur. Elle est
fonction de la substance et de la température
2.20
température d'inflammation d’une atmosphère explosive gazeuse
température la plus basse d'une surface chaude à laquelle, dans des conditions spécifiées,
l'inflammation d'une substance inflammable sous la forme d'un mélange de gaz ou de vapeur
avec l'air peut se produire
[VEI 426-02-01, modifié]
NOTE La CEI 60079-4 et la CEI 60079-4A normalisent une méthode de détermination de cette température.
2.21
étendue de zone
distance en tout sens de la source de dégagement au point où le mélange air/gaz a été dilué
par l'air à une valeur inférieure à la valeur au-dessous de la limite inférieure d'explosivité
2.22
gaz inflammable liquéfié
matériau inflammable qui est stocké et manipulé comme un liquide et qui, à température
ambiante et pression atmosphérique, est un gaz inflammable
– 18 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
3 Sécurité et classement des emplacements dangereux
3.1 Principes de sécurité
Il convient que les installations dans lesquelles des matières inflammables sont manipulées ou
stockées soient conçues, exploitées et entretenues de façon que tous les dégagements de
matières inflammables, et, par conséquent, l'étendue des emplacements dangereux soient
maintenus les plus réduits possibles, que ce soit en fonctionnement normal ou non, en ce qui
concerne la fréquence, la durée et l'importance de ces dégagements.
Il importe d'examiner les parties de l'équipement de production et les systèmes d'où peut
survenir le dégagement de matériau inflammable et d'envisager la modification de la concep-
tion pour minimiser à la fois la probabilité et la fréquence de tels dégagements ainsi que la
quantité et le taux de dégagement du matériau.
Il convient d'examiner ces considérations fondamentales à un stade précoce du développe-
ment de la conception de toute usine et il convient également de leur accorder une extrême
attention lors de la réalisation de l'étude du classement des emplacements dangereux.
Dans le cas des opérations de maintenance autres que celles qui sont relatives au fonctionne-
ment normal, elles peuvent avoir un effet sur l'étendue de la zone mais on a supposé que la
question serait réglée par un système de permis de travail.
Dans les situations où il peut y avoir une atmosphère explosive gazeuse, il convient de prendre
les mesures suivantes:
a) éliminer la probabilité d'apparition d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse à proximité de la
source d'inflammation, ou bien
b) éliminer la source d'inflammation.
Lorsque cela n'est pas possible, il convient de choisir et de préparer des mesures préventives,
des équipements de production, des systèmes et des procédures tels que la probabilité de la
simultanéité de a) et b) soit ramenée à un niveau suffisamment faible pour être acceptable. De
telles mesures peuvent être utilisées isolément, s'il est reconnu qu'elles ont une grande
fiabilité, ou en combinaison de façon à réaliser un niveau de sécurité équivalent.
3.2 Objectifs du classement des emplacements dangereux
Le classement des emplacements dangereux est une méthode d'analyse et de classement du
milieu dans lequel peuvent apparaître des atmosphères explosives gazeuses, de façon à
faciliter le choix et l’installation corrects du matériel électrique utilisable sans danger dans ce
milieu, compte tenu des groupes de gaz et des classes de température des gaz.
En pratique, dans la plupart des cas où l'on utilise des matières inflammables, il est difficile de
garantir qu'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse n'apparaîtra jamais. Il peut aussi être difficile
de garantir que le matériel électrique ne produira jamais de source d'inflammation. C'est pour-
quoi, lorsque la présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse est hautement probable, on
recourra à l'utilisation d'un matériel électrique ayant une faible probabilité de créer une source
d'inflammation. Inversement, si la probabilité de présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse
est faible, on pourra utiliser un matériel électrique répondant à des exigences moins sévères.
Il est rarement possible de déterminer par simple examen d'une usine ou de ses plans quelles
sont les parties de cette usine auxquelles peuvent s'appliquer les définitions des zones 0,
1 ou 2. Une étude plus détaillée est par conséquent nécessaire, ce qui implique une analyse
de la possibilité élémentaire d'apparition d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse.
– 20 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
La première étape consiste à évaluer la probabilité de cette apparition, conformément aux
définitions des zones 0, 1 et 2. Une fois que la fréquence et la durée probables de dégagement
(et, par suite, le degré de dégagement), le taux de dégagement, la concentration, la vitesse du
dégagement, la ventilation et les autres facteurs qui ont une influence sur le type et/ou
l'étendue de la zone ont été déterminés, on dispose d'une base solide pour décider si la
présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse dans les emplacements avoisinants est
probable.
Cette approche exige, par conséquent, qu'on examine de façon détaillée chaque équipement
de production qui contient une matière inflammable et qui, par conséquent, pourrait constituer
une source de dégagement.
Il convient, en particulier, de réduire au minimum, grâce à la conception ou au moyen de
procédures d'exploitation appropriées, le nombre et l'étendue des emplacements classés
zones 0 et 1. En d'autres termes, il convient que les usines ou installations soient
principalement de zone 2 ou zone non dangereuse. Là où le dégagement de matière
inflammable est inévitable, il convient que les équipements de production soient limités à ceux
qui donnent lieu à des dégagements de deuxième degré, ou, à défaut (c'est-à-dire lorsque les
dégagements de degré continu ou de premier degré sont inévitables), il convient que les
dégagements soient d'importance ou de taux de dégagement très limités. Lorsqu'on effectue le
classement des emplacements dangereux, il convient de prendre ces principes en
considération en priorité. Si nécessaire, il convient que la conception, l'exploitation ou
l'implantation de l'équipement de production garantissent que, même en cas de fonctionnement
anormal de cet équipement, la quantité de matière inflammable dégagée dans l'atmosphère
sera la plus faible possible, de façon à réduire l'étendue de l’emplacement dangereux.
Lorsqu'une usine a fait l'objet d'un classement des emplacements dangereux et que tous les
éléments nécessaires à ce titre ont été notés, il est important qu'aucune modification ne soit
apportée à l'équipement ou aux procédures d'exploitation sans en avoir discuté avec les
responsables du classement des emplacements dangereux. Une intervention non autorisée
peut invalider le classement. Avant remise en service d’un équipement de production sur
lequel on a effectué des opérations de maintenance, il est nécessaire de s'assurer, par un
contrôle attentif pendant et après le remontage, que sa conception d'origine a été
intégralement maintenue, pour autant qu’elle affecte la sécurité.
4 Procédure de classement des emplacements dangereux
4.1 Généralités
Il convient que le classement des emplacements dangereux soit effectué par des personnes
qui connaissent les propriétés des matières inflammables, les procédés et les équipements,
moyennant consultation chaque fois qu’il y a lieu, du personnel de sécurité, des
électriciens, des techniciens en mécanique et des autres spécialistes concernés.
Les paragraphes suivants donnent des conseils relatifs à la procédure pour le classement
des emplacements où il peut y avoir une atmosphère explosive et pour l'étendue des zones 0,
1 et 2. La figure C.1 donne une approche schématique du classement des emplacements
dangereux.
Il convient d'effectuer le classement des emplacements dangereux lorsque les schémas
initiaux de lignes de production et d'instrumentation et les plans initiaux d'implantation sont
disponibles et confirmés avant le démarrage d'usine. Il convient d'effectuer des examens au
cours de la durée de vie de l'usine.
– 22 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
4.2 Sources de dégagement
Les éléments de base pour identifier le type des zones dangereuses sont l'identification de la
source de dégagement et la détermination du degré de dégagement.
Etant donné qu'il ne peut y avoir d'atmosphère explosive gazeuse que s'il y a présence de gaz
ou de vapeur inflammable dans l'air, il faut répondre à la question de la possibilité de
l'existence de l'une quelconque de ces matières inflammables dans l’emplacement concerné.
En règle générale, de tels gaz et vapeurs (et les liquides et solides inflammables susceptibles
de les engendrer) sont contenus à l'intérieur de l'équipement de production, lequel peut être
entièrement fermé ou non. Il est nécessaire d'identifier les endroits où une atmosphère
inflammable peut exister à l'intérieur d'une usine ou les endroits où un dégagement de
matières inflammables peut engendrer une atmosphère inflammable à l'extérieur d'une usine.
Il convient que chaque équipement de production (par exemple réservoir, pompe, conduite, cuve,
etc.) soit considéré comme une source potentielle de dégagement de matière inflammable.
Si l'équipement ne peut contenir de matière inflammable, il va de soi qu'il ne peut engendrer
autour de lui un emplacement dangereux. Cela vaut aussi si l'équipement contient une matière
inflammable sans pouvoir la libérer dans l'atmosphère (par exemple une conduite entièrement
soudée n'est pas considérée comme une source de dégagement).
S'il est constaté que l'équipement peut libérer de la matière inflammable dans l'atmosphère, il
faut tout d'abord déterminer le degré de dégagement, conformément aux définitions, en
constatant la fréquence et la durée probables du dégagement. Il convient de noter que les
parties d'installations fermées que l'on ouvre (par exemple pendant un changement de filtre ou
un chargement de matière) sont aussi à considérer comme des sources de dégagement
lorsqu'on effectue le classement des emplacements dangereux. Par cette procédure, chaque
dégagement sera noté «de degré continu», «de premier degré», «de deuxième degré».
Après avoir constaté le degré de dégagement, il est nécessaire de déterminer le taux de dégage-
ment et les autres facteurs susceptibles d’avoir une influence sur le type et l'étendue de la zone.
Si la quantité totale de matériau inflammable disponible pour le dégagement est "faible", par
exemple s'il s'agit d'une utilisation en laboratoire, alors qu'un danger potentiel peut exister, il
peut ne pas être approprié d'utiliser cette procédure de classement de zones dangereuses.
Dans de tels cas, il est nécessaire de tenir compte des risques particuliers encourus.
Il convient que le classement des emplacements dangereux pour l'équipement de production
où brûlent des matières inflammables (par exemple postes de chauffage à alimentation, fours,
chaudières, turbines à gaz, etc.) prenne en compte le cycle de purge et les conditions de
démarrage et de fermeture.
4.3 Type de la zone
La probabilité de présence d'une atmosphère explosive gazeuse et, par conséquent, le type de
zone dépendent principalement du degré du dégagement et de la ventilation.
NOTE 1 Un dégagement de degré continu conduit normalement à une zone 0, un dégagement du premier degré à
une zone 1 et un dégagement du deuxième degré à une zone 2 (voir annexe B).
NOTE 2 Lorsque des zones créées par des sources adjacentes de dégagement se chevauchent et sont d'un
classement de zones différent, le classement de risque supérieur s'applique dans l’emplacement de
chevauchement. Lorsque les zones de chevauchement sont du même classement, ce classement commun
s'applique normalement.
Toutefois, il faut prendre des précautions lorsque les zones de chevauchement concernent des matières inflam-
mables qui appartiennent à des classes de température ou à des groupes d'appareils différents. Ainsi, par exemple,
si une zone 1 IIA T3 chevauche une zone 2 IIC T1, le fait de classer le chevauchement en zone 1 IIC T3 peut être
trop restrictif, mais le classer en zone 1 IIA T3 ou en zone 1 IIC T1 ne serait pas admissible. Dans ce cas, il
convient que la classification d’emplacement soit la zone 1 IIA T3 et la zone 2 IIC T1.
– 24 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
4.4 Etendue de la zone
L'étendue de la zone dépend de la distance estimée ou calculée sur laquelle existe une
atmosphère inflammable avant sa dispersion pour atteindre une concentration dans l'air au-
dessous de sa limite d'inflammabilité inférieure. Lors de l'évaluation de la zone d'extension de
gaz ou de vapeur avant sa dilution au-dessous de sa limite d'inflammabilité inférieure, il
convient de demander conseil à un expert.
Il convient de toujours prendre en considération la possibilité selon laquelle un gaz qui est plus
lourd que l'air peut se diffuser dans des emplacements souterrains (par exemple dans des
puits ou des dépressions) et que le gaz qui est plus léger que l'air peut être retenu à un niveau
élevé (par exemple, au niveau du toit).
Lorsque la source de dégagement est située à l'extérieur d'un emplacement ou dans un
emplacement avoisinant, la pénétration d'une quantité significative de gaz ou de vapeurs
inflammables dans l'emplacement peut être évitée par des moyens appropriés, tels que les
suivants:
a) des barrières physiques;
b) le maintien d'une surpression statique dans l’emplacement contigu aux emplacements
dangereux, empêchant ainsi la pénétration de l'atmosphère dangereuse.
c) la purge de l’emplacement au moyen d'un débit substantiel d'air, de façon à garantir que
l'air s'échappe par toutes les ouvertures où la vapeur ou le gaz dangereux peuvent entrer.
L'étendue de la zone dépend essentiellement des paramètres physiques et chimiques suivants
dont certains sont des propriétés intrinsèques de la matière inflammable et d'autres sont
propres au procédé. Pour simplifier, l'effet de chaque paramètre mentionné ci-après suppose
que les autres paramètres sont inchangés.
4.4.1 Taux de dégagement de gaz ou vapeur
L'étendue de la zone est une fonction croissante du taux de dégagement qui, lui-même,
dépend d'autres paramètres, à savoir
a) Géométrie de la source de dégagement
Cela est lié aux caractéristiques physiques de la source de dégagement, par exemple
surface libre, bride sur laquelle il y a une fuite, etc. (voir annexe A).
b) Vitesse de dégagement
Pour une source de dégagement donnée, le taux de dégagement est fonction croissante de
la vitesse de dégagement. Dans le cas d'un produit contenu dans un équipement de
production, la vitesse de dégagement est liée à la pression de travail et à la géométrie de
la source de dégagement. La dimension d'un nuage de gaz ou vapeur inflammable résulte
du taux de dégagement de vapeur inflammable et du taux de dispersion. Les gaz et
vapeurs s'échappant à grande vitesse par une fuite forment un jet conique qui entraîne l'air
et qui est auto-dispersant. L'étendue de l'atmosphère explosive est alors presque
indépendante de la vitesse du vent. Si le dégagement se fait à faible vitesse ou si des
objets solides cassent sa vitesse, il sera transporté par le vent; sa dilution et son étendue
dépendront de la vitesse du vent.
c) Concentration
Le taux de dégagement est une fonction croissante de la concentration du gaz ou de la
vapeur inflammable dans le mélange dégagé.
d) Volatilité d'un liquide inflammable
Cela est lié principalement à la pression de vapeur et à la chaleur de vaporisation. Si on ne
connaît pas la pression de vapeur, le point d'ébullition et le point d'éclair peuvent servir de
guide.
– 26 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
Une atmosphère explosive ne peut exister si le point d'éclair est supérieur à la température
maximale pertinente du liquide inflammable. Plus le point d'éclair est bas, plus grande peut
être l'étendue de la zone. Si une matière inflammable est dégagée de façon à former un
brouillard (par exemple par pulvérisation), une atmosphère explosive peut être produite à
une température inférieure au point d'éclair de cette matière.
NOTE 1 Les points d'éclair des liquides inflammables ne sont pas des grandeurs physiques précises,
spécialement quand on a affaire à des mélanges.
NOTE 2 Certains liquides (par exemple certains hydrocarbures halogénés) n'ont pas de point d'éclair bien
qu'ils soient capables de produire une atmosphère explosive gazeuse. Dans ces cas, il convient de comparer la
température d'équilibre du liquide, qui correspond à la concentration de saturation à la limite inférieure
d'explosivité, avec la température maximale pertinente du liquide.
e) Température du liquide
La pression de vapeur croît avec cette température, augmentant par là même le taux de
dégagement dû à l’évaporation.
NOTE La température du liquide après dégagement peut être augmentée par une surface chaude ou une
température ambiante élevée, par exemple.
4.4.2 Limite inférieure d'explosivité (LIE)
Pour un volume donné de dégagement, plus la LIE est basse, plus l'étendue de la zone est grande.
L'expérience a montré qu'un dégagement d'ammoniac ayant une LIE de 15 % par volume se
dissipe rapidement à l'air libre, si bien qu'une éventuelle atmosphère explosive gazeuse sera
d'étendue négligeable.
4.4.3 Ventilation
L'étendue de la zone s’accroît lorsque la ventilation est réduite. Les obstacles qui gênent la
ventilation peuvent augmenter l'étendue de la zone. Inversement, il se peut que certains
obstacles, comme des digues, des murs, des plafonds, limitent cette étendue. Un abri de
compresseur à grand ventilateur de toiture et aux côtés d'une ouverture suffisante pour
permettre le libre passage de l'air au travers de toutes les parties du bâtiment est considéré
comme bien ventilé et il convient qu'il soit normalement traité en tant qu’emplacement extérieur
(c'est-à-dire un degré «moyen» et une disponibilité « bonne»).
4.4.4 Densité relative du gaz ou de la vapeur au moment de son dégagement
Si le gaz ou la vapeur est sensiblement plus léger que l'air, il tendra à s'élever. S'il est
sensiblement plus lourd, il tendra à s'accumuler au niveau du sol. L'étendue horizontale de la
zone au niveau du sol s’accroît lorsque la densité relative s’accroît et l'étendue verticale au-
dessus de la source s’accroît lorsque la densité relative décroît.
NOTE 1 En pratique, on traite un gaz ou une vapeur dont la densité relative est inférieure à 0,8 comme étant plus
léger que l'air. Si sa densité relative est supérieure à 1,2, on le traite comme étant plus lourd que l'air. Entre les
deux, il convient de prendre en compte chacune de ces deux possibilités.
NOTE 2 Avec des gaz ou des vapeurs plus légers que l'air, un échappement de faible vitesse se disperse assez
rapidement vers le haut; la présence d'un toit, cependant, augmente inévitablement l’emplacement d'extension
sous ce dernier. Si l'échappement s'effectue rapidement dans un jet libre, l'action du jet, même s'il entraîne de l'air
qui dilue le gaz ou la vapeur, peut accroître la distance sur laquelle le mélange gaz/air demeure en deçà de sa
limite inférieure d'inflammabilité.
NOTE 3 Avec des gaz ou vapeurs plus lourds que l'air, un échappement à vitesse peu élevée tend à circuler vers
le bas et peut parcourir de longues distances au-dessus du sol avant d'être dispersé sans risques par la diffusion
atmosphérique. Il est de ce fait nécessaire de porter une attention particulière à la topographie de tout site à l'étude
et également aux emplacements environnants, afin de déterminer l'endroit où les gaz et vapeurs pourraient
s'amasser dans des creux ou descendre sur des déclivités à des niveaux inférieurs. Si l'échappement se fait à une
vitesse élevée dans un jet libre, l'action de mélange de jets en entraînant de l'air peut réduire le mélange gaz/air à
un niveau au-dessous de sa limite d'inflammabilité inférieure dans une distance plus courte que dans le cas d'un
échappement à vitesse faible.
NOTE 4 Il faut prêter une attention particulière à la classification des emplacements contenant des gaz
cryogéniques, inflammables comme le gaz naturel liquéfié. Les vapeurs émises peuvent être plus lourdes que l'air à
basses températures et devenir plus légères que l'air lorsqu'on approche la température ambiante.
– 28 – 60079-10 © CEI:2002
4.4.5 Autres paramètres à considérer
a) Conditions climatiques
...
IEC 60079-10
Edition 4.0 2002-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses –
Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux
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IEC 60079-10
Edition 4.0 2002-06
INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD
NORME
INTERNATIONALE
Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
Matériel électrique pour atmosphères explosives gazeuses –
Partie 10: Classement des emplacements dangereux
INTERNATIONAL
ELECTROTECHNICAL
COMMISSION
COMMISSION
ELECTROTECHNIQUE
PRICE CODE
INTERNATIONALE
XA
CODE PRIX
ICS 29.260.20 ISBN 2-8318-6379-1
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 2 – 3 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
CONTENTS
FOREWORD.3
INTRODUCTION.4
1 General .5
1.1 Scope.5
1.2 Normative references .6
2 Definitions and terms.6
3 Safety and area classification .10
3.1 Safety principles.10
3.2 Area classification objectives.10
4 Area classification procedure.11
4.1 General .11
4.2 Sources of release .12
4.3 Type of zone .12
4.4 Extent of zone .13
4.4.1 Release rate of gas or vapour.13
4.4.2 Lower explosive limit (LEL) .14
4.4.3 Ventilation .14
4.4.4 Relative density of the gas or vapour when it is released.14
4.4.5 Other parameters to be considered.15
4.4.6 Illustrative examples.15
5 Ventilation .16
5.1 General .16
5.2 Main types of ventilation.16
5.3 Degree of ventilation .16
5.4 Availability of ventilation.16
6 Documentation .17
6.1 General .17
6.2 Drawings, data sheets and tables.17
Annex A (informative) Examples of sources of release.18
Annex B (informative) Ventilation.20
Annex C (informative) Examples of hazardous area classification .36
Figure C.1 − Preferred symbols for hazardous area zones .57
Figure C.2 – Schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas.58
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 3 – 5 –
INTERNATIONAL ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION
____________
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
FOREWORD
1) The IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) is a worldwide organization for standardization comprising
all national electrotechnical committees (IEC National Committees). The object of the IEC is to promote
international co-operation on all questions concerning standardization in the electrical and electronic fields. To
this end and in addition to other activities, the IEC publishes International Standards. Their preparation is
entrusted to technical committees; any IEC National Committee interested in the subject dealt with may
participate in this preparatory work. International, governmental and non-governmental organizations liaising
with the IEC also participate in this preparation. The IEC collaborates closely with the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO) in accordance with conditions determined by agreement between the
two organizations.
2) The formal decisions or agreements of the IEC on technical matters express, as nearly as possible, an
international consensus of opinion on the relevant subjects since each technical committee has representation
from all interested National Committees.
3) The documents produced have the form of recommendations for international use and are published in the form
of standards, technical specifications, technical reports or guides and they are accepted by the National
Committees in that sense.
4) In order to promote international unification, IEC National Committees undertake to apply IEC International
Standards transparently to the maximum extent possible in their national and regional standards. Any
divergence between the IEC Standard and the corresponding national or regional standard shall be clearly
indicated in the latter.
5) The IEC provides no marking procedure to indicate its approval and cannot be rendered responsible for any
equipment declared to be in conformity with one of its standards.
6) Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this International Standard may be the subject
of patent rights. The IEC shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
International Standard IEC 60079-10 has been prepared by subcommittee 31J: Classification
of hazardous areas and installation requirements, of IEC technical committee 31: Electrical
apparatus for explosive atmospheres.
This fourth edition cancels and replaces the third edition published in 1995, and constitutes a
technical revision.
The text of this standard is based on the following documents:
FDIS Report on voting
31J/82/FDIS 31J/84/RVD
Full information on the voting for the approval of this standard can be found in the report on
voting indicated in the above table.
This publication has been drafted in accordance with the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 3.
Annexes A, B and C are for information only.
The committee has decided that the contents of this publication will remain unchanged
until 2007. At this date, the publication will be
• reconfirmed;
• withdrawn;
• replaced by a revised edition, or
• amended.
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 4 – 7 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
INTRODUCTION
In areas where dangerous quantities and concentrations of flammable gas or vapour may
arise, protective measures are to be applied in order to reduce the risk of explosions. This
part of IEC 60079 sets out the essential criteria against which the risk of ignition can be
assessed, and gives guidance on the design and control parameters which can be used in
order to reduce such a risk.
This standard can be used as a basis for the proper selection and installation of apparatus for
use in a hazardous area.
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 5 – 9 –
ELECTRICAL APPARATUS FOR EXPLOSIVE GAS ATMOSPHERES –
Part 10: Classification of hazardous areas
1 General
1.1 Scope
This part of IEC 60079 is concerned with the classification of hazardous areas where
flammable gas or vapour risks may arise, in order to permit the proper selection and
installation of apparatus for use in such hazardous areas.
It is intended to be applied where there may be a risk of ignition due to the presence of
flammable gas or vapour, mixed with air under normal atmospheric conditions (see note 2),
but it does not apply to
a) mines susceptible to firedamp;
b) the processing and manufacture of explosives;
c) areas where a risk may arise due to the presence of ignitable dusts or fibres;
d) catastrophic failures which are beyond the concept of abnormality dealt with in this
standard (see note 3);
e) rooms used for medical purposes;
f) areas where the presence of flammable mist may give rise to an unpredictable risk and
which require special consideration (see note 5);
g) domestic premises.
This standard does not take into account the effects of consequential damage.
Definitions and explanations of terms are given together with the main principles and
procedures relating to hazardous area classification.
For detailed recommendations regarding the extent of the hazardous areas in specific
industries or applications, reference may be made to the codes relating to those industries or
applications.
NOTE 1 For the purpose of this standard, an area is a three-dimensional region or space.
NOTE 2 Atmospheric conditions include variations above and below reference levels of 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar)
and 20 °C (293 K), provided that the variations have a negligible effect on the explosion properties of the
flammable materials.
NOTE 3 Catastrophic failure in this context is applied, for example, to the rupture of a process vessel or pipeline
and events that are not predictable.
NOTE 4 In any process plant, irrespective of size, there may be numerous sources of ignition apart from those
associated with electrical apparatus. Appropriate precautions will be necessary to ensure safety in this context.
This standard may be used with judgement for other ignition sources.
NOTE 5 Mists may form or be present at the same time as flammable vapours. This may affect the way flammable
material disperses and the extent of any hazardous areas. The strict application of area classification for gases
and vapours may not be appropriate because the flammability characteristics of mists are not always predictable.
Whilst it can be difficult to decide upon the type and extent of zones, the criteria applicable to gases and vapours
will, in most cases, give a safe result. However, special consideration should always be given to the danger of
ignition of flammable mists.
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 6 – 11 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
1.2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document.
For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition
of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
IEC 60050(426):1990, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) – Chapter 426:
Electrical apparatus for explosive atmospheres
IEC 60079-4:1975, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 4: Method of
test for ignition temperature
IEC 60079-4A:1970, First supplement to IEC 60079-4 (1966), Electrical apparatus for
explosive gas atmospheres – Part 4: Method of test for ignition temperature
IEC 60079-20:1996, Electrical apparatus for explosive gas atmospheres – Part 20: Data for
flammable gases and vapours, relating to the use of electrical apparatus
2 Definitions and terms
For the purpose of this part of IEC 60079, the following definitions and terms apply.
NOTE Where a definition appears in this clause and in IEC 60050(426), the definition given in this clause is
applicable.
2.1
explosive atmosphere
mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas,
vapour, mist or dust, in which after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed
mixture
[IEV 426-02-02, modified]
2.2
explosive gas atmosphere
mixture with air, under atmospheric conditions, of flammable substances in the form of gas or
vapour in which, after ignition, combustion spreads throughout the unconsumed mixture
[IEV 426-02-03, modified]
NOTE Although a mixture which has a concentration above the upper explosive limit (UEL) is not an explosive
gas atmosphere, it can readily become so and, in certain cases for area classification purposes, it is advisable to
consider it as an explosive gas atmosphere.
2.3
hazardous area
area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is present, or may be expected to be present, in
quantities such as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of
apparatus
[IEV 426-03-01, modified]
2.4
non-hazardous area
area in which an explosive gas atmosphere is not expected to be present in quantities such
as to require special precautions for the construction, installation and use of apparatus
[IEV 426-03-02, modified]
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 7 – 13 –
2.5
zones
hazardous areas are classified into zones based upon the frequency of the occurrence and
duration of an explosive gas atmosphere, as follows:
2.5.1
zone 0
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is present continuously or for long periods or
frequently
[IEV 426-03-03, modified]
2.5.2
zone 1
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is likely to occur in normal operation
occasionally
[IEV 426-03-04, modified]
2.5.3
zone 2
place in which an explosive atmosphere consisting of a mixture with air of flammable
substances in the form of gas, vapour or mist is not likely to occur in normal operation but, if it
does occur, will persist for a short period only
[IEV 426-03-05, modified]
NOTE 1 In this definition, the word "persist" means the total time for which the flammable atmosphere will exist.
This will normally comprise the total of the duration of the release, plus the time taken for the flammable
atmosphere to disperse after the release has stopped. (The term "persistence time" as used in annex B refers
specifically to only one part of the total time for which the flammable atmosphere will exist.)
NOTE 2 Indications of the frequency of the occurrence and duration may be taken from codes relating to specific
industries or applications.
2.6
source of release
point or location from which a flammable gas, vapour, or liquid may be released into the
atmosphere in such a way that an explosive gas atmosphere could be formed
[IEV 426-03-06, modified]
2.7
grades of release
there are three basic grades of release, as listed below in order of decreasing frequency and
likelihood of the explosive gas atmosphere being present:
a) continuous grade;
b) primary grade;
c) secondary grade.
A source of release may give rise to any one of these grades of release, or to a combination
of more than one
2.7.1
continuous grade of release
release which is continuous or is expected to occur frequently or for long periods
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 8 – 15 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
2.7.2
primary grade of release
release which can be expected to occur periodically or occasionally during normal operation
2.7.3
secondary grade of release
release which is not expected to occur in normal operation and, if it does occur, is likely to do
so only infrequently and for short periods
2.8
release rate
quantity of flammable gas or vapour emitted per unit time from the source of release
2.9
normal operation
situation when the equipment is operating within its design parameters
NOTE 1 Minor releases of flammable material may be part of normal operation. For example, releases from seals
which rely on wetting by the fluid which is being pumped are considered to be minor releases.
NOTE 2 Failures (such as the breakdown of pump seals, flange gaskets or spillages caused by accidents) which
involve urgent repair or shut-down are not considered to be part of normal operation nor are they considered to be
catastrophic.
NOTE 3 Normal operation includes start-up and shut-down conditions.
2.10
ventilation
movement of air and its replacement with fresh air due to the effects of wind, temperature
gradients, or artificial means (for example, fans or extractors)
2.11
explosive limits
NOTE The terms "explosive limit" and "flammable limit" are equivalent. IEC 60079-20 and IEC 61779-1 use the
term "flammable limit" whilst all the other standards use the more widely accepted term "explosive limit".
2.11.1
lower explosive limit (LEL)
concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, below which the gas atmosphere is not
explosive
[IEV 426-02-09, modified]
2.11.2
upper explosive limit (UEL)
concentration of flammable gas or vapour in air, above which the gas atmosphere is not
explosive
[IEV 426-02-10, modified]
2.12
relative density of a gas or a vapour
density of a gas or a vapour relative to the density of air at the same pressure and at the
same temperature (air is equal to 1,0)
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 9 – 17 –
2.13
flammable material (flammable substance)
material which is flammable of itself, or is capable of producing a flammable gas, vapour or
mist
2.14
flammable liquid
liquid capable of producing a flammable vapour under any foreseeable operating conditions
2.15
flammable gas or vapour
gas or vapour which, when mixed with air in certain proportions, will form an explosive gas
atmosphere
2.16
flammable mist
droplets of flammable liquid, dispersed in air so as to form an explosive atmosphere
2.17
flashpoint
lowest liquid temperature at which, under certain standardized conditions, a liquid gives off
vapours in a quantity such as to be capable of forming an ignitable vapour/air mixture
[IEV 426-02-14]
2.18
boiling point
temperature of a liquid boiling at an ambient pressure of 101,3 kPa (1 013 mbar)
NOTE The initial boiling point that should be used for liquid mixtures is to indicate the lowest value of the boiling
point for the range of liquids present, as determined in a standard laboratory distillation without fractionation.
2.19
vapour pressure
pressure exerted when a solid or liquid is in equilibrium with its own vapour. It is a function of
the substance and of the temperature
2.20
ignition temperature of an explosive gas atmosphere
lowest temperature of a heated surface at which, under specified conditions, the ignition of a
flammable substance in the form of a gas or vapour mixture with air will occur
[IEV 426-02-01, modified]
NOTE IEC 60079-4 and IEC 60079-4A standardize a method for the determination of this temperature.
2.21
extent of zone
distance in any direction from the source of release to the point where the gas/air mixture has
been diluted by air to a value below the lower explosive limit
2.22
liquefied flammable gas
flammable material which is stored or handled as a liquid and which at ambient temperature
and atmospheric pressure is a flammable gas
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 10 – 19 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
3 Safety and area classification
3.1 Safety principles
Installations in which flammable materials are handled or stored should be designed, operated
and maintained so that any releases of flammable material, and consequently the extent of
hazardous areas, are kept to a minimum, whether in normal operation or otherwise, with
regard to frequency, duration and quantity.
It is important to examine those parts of process equipment and systems from which release
of flammable material may arise and to consider modifying the design to minimize the
likelihood and frequency of such releases and the quantity and rate of release of material.
These fundamental considerations should be examined at an early stage of the design
development of any process plant and should also receive prime attention in carrying out the
area classification study.
In the case of maintenance activities other than those of normal operation, the extent of the
zone may be affected but it is expected that this would be dealt with by a permit-to-work
system.
In a situation in which there may be an explosive gas atmosphere, the following steps should
be taken:
a) eliminate the likelihood of an explosive gas atmosphere occurring around the source of
ignition, or
b) eliminate the source of ignition.
Where this is not possible, protective measures, process equipment, systems and procedures
should be selected and prepared so the likelihood of the coincidence of a) and b) is so small
as to be acceptable. Such measures may be used singly, if they are recognized as being
highly reliable, or in combination to achieve an equivalent level of safety.
3.2 Area classification objectives
Area classification is a method of analysing and classifying the environment where explosive
gas atmospheres may occur so as to facilitate the proper selection and installation of appa-
ratus to be used safely in that environment, taking into account gas groups and temperature
classes.
In most practical situations where flammable materials are used, it is difficult to ensure that an
explosive gas atmosphere will never occur. It may also be difficult to ensure that apparatus
will never give rise to a source of ignition. Therefore, in situations where an explosive gas
atmosphere has a high likelihood of occurring, reliance is placed on using apparatus which
has a low likelihood of creating a source of ignition. Conversely, where the likelihood of an
explosive gas atmosphere occurring is reduced, apparatus constructed to a less rigorous
standard may be used.
It is rarely possible by a simple examination of a plant or plant design to decide which parts of
the plant can be equated to the three zonal definitions (zones 0, 1 and 2). A more detailed
approach is therefore necessary and this involves the analysis of the basic possibility of an
explosive gas atmosphere occurring.
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 11 – 21 –
The first step is to assess the likelihood of this, in accordance with the definitions of zone 0,
zone 1 and zone 2. Once the likely frequency and duration of release (and hence the grade of
release), the release rate, concentration, velocity, ventilation and other factors which affect
the type and/or extent of the zone have been determined, there is then a firm basis on which
to determine the likely presence of an explosive gas atmosphere in the surrounding areas.
This approach therefore requires detailed consideration to be given to each item of process
equipment which contains a flammable material, and which could therefore be a source of
release.
In particular, zone 0 or zone 1 areas should be minimized in number and extent by design or
suitable operating procedures. In other words, plants and installations should be mainly
zone 2 or non-hazardous. Where release of flammable material is unavoidable, process
equipment items should be limited to those which give secondary grade releases or, failing
this (that is where primary or continuous grade releases are unavoidable), the releases should
be of very limited quantity and rate. In carrying out area classification, these principles should
receive prime consideration. Where necessary, the design, operation and location of process
equipment should ensure that, even when it is operating abnormally, the amount of flammable
material released into the atmosphere is minimized, so as to reduce the extent of the
hazardous area.
Once a plant has been classified and all necessary records made, it is important that no
modification to equipment or operating procedures is made without discussion with those
responsible for the area classification. Unauthorized action may invalidate the area
classification. It is necessary to ensure that all equipment affecting the area classification
which has been subjected to maintenance is carefully checked during and after re-assembly
to ensure that the integrity of the original design, as it affects safety, has been maintained
before it is returned to service.
4 Area classification procedure
4.1 General
The area classification should be carried out by those who have knowledge of the properties
of flammable materials, the process and the equipment, in consultation, as appropriate, with
safety, electrical, mechanical and other engineering personnel.
The following subclauses give guidance on the procedure for classifying areas in which there
may be an explosive gas atmosphere and on the extent of zones 0, 1 and 2. An example of a
schematic approach to the classification of hazardous areas is given in figure C.1.
The area classification should be carried out when the initial process and instrumentation line
diagrams and initial layout plans are available and confirmed before plant start-up. Reviews
should be carried out during the life of the plant.
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 12 – 23 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
4.2 Sources of release
The basic elements for establishing the hazardous zone types are the identification of the
source of release and the determination of the grade of release.
Since an explosive gas atmosphere can exist only if a flammable gas or vapour is present
with air, it is necessary to decide if any of these flammable materials can exist in the area
concerned. Generally speaking, such gases and vapours (and flammable liquids and solids
which may give rise to them) are contained within process equipment which may or may not
be totally enclosed. It is necessary to identify where a flammable atmosphere can exist inside
a process plant, or where a release of flammable materials can create a flammable
atmosphere outside a process plant.
Each item of process equipment (for example, tank, pump, pipeline, vessel, etc.) should be
considered as a potential source of release of flammable material. If the item cannot contain
flammable material, it will clearly not give rise to a hazardous area around it. The same will
apply if the item contains a flammable material but cannot release it into the atmosphere (for
example, an all-welded pipeline is not considered to be a source of release).
If it is established that the item may release flammable material into the atmosphere, it is
necessary, first of all, to determine the grade of release in accordance with the definitions, by
establishing the likely frequency and duration of the release. It should be recognized that the
opening-up of parts of enclosed process systems (for example, during filter changing or batch
filling) should also be considered as sources of release when developing the area
classification. By means of this procedure, each release will be graded either "continuous",
"primary" or "secondary".
Having established the grade of the release, it is necessary to determine the release rate and
other factors which may influence the type and extent of the zone.
If the total quantity of flammable material available for release is "small", for example, labo-
ratory use, whilst a potential hazard may exist, it may not be appropriate to use this area
classification procedure. In such cases, account shall be taken of the particular risks involved.
The area classification of process equipment in which flammable material is burned, for
example, fired heaters, furnaces, boilers, gas turbines etc., should take into account purge
cycle, start-up and shut-down conditions.
4.3 Type of zone
The likelihood of the presence of an explosive gas atmosphere and hence the type of zone
depends mainly on the grade of release and the ventilation.
NOTE 1 A continuous grade of release normally leads to a zone 0, a primary grade to zone 1 and a secondary
grade to zone 2 (see annex B).
NOTE 2 Where zones created by adjacent sources of release overlap and are of different zonal classification, the
higher risk classification will apply in the area of overlap. Where overlapping zones are of the same classification,
this common classification will normally apply.
However, care needs to be taken where the overlapping zones relate to flammable materials which have different
apparatus groups and/or temperature class. So, for example, if a zone 1 IIA T3 area overlapped a zone 2 IIC T1
area, then classifying the overlap as zone 1 IIC T3 may be over-restrictive but classifying it as zone 1 IIA T3 or
zone 1 IIC T1 would not be acceptable. In this situation, the area classification should be recorded as zone 1 IIA T3
and zone 2 IIC T1.
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 13 – 25 –
4.4 Extent of zone
The extent of the zone depends on the estimated or calculated distance over which an
explosive atmosphere exists before it disperses to a concentration in air below its lower
explosive limit. When assessing the area of spread of gas or vapour before dilution to below
its lower explosive limit, expert advice should be sought.
Consideration should always be given to the possibility that a gas which is heavier than air
may flow into areas below ground level (for example, pits or depressions) and that a gas
which is lighter than air may be retained at high level (for example, in a roof space).
Where the source of release is situated outside an area or in an adjoining area, the pene-
tration of a significant quantity of flammable gas or vapour into the area can be prevented by
suitable means such as:
a) physical barriers;
b) maintaining a sufficient overpressure in the area relative to the adjacent hazardous areas,
so preventing the ingress of the explosive gas atmosphere;
c) purging the area with sufficient flow of fresh air, so ensuring that the air escapes from all
openings where the flammable gas or vapour may enter.
The extent of the zone is mainly affected by the following chemical and physical parameters,
some of which are intrinsic properties of the flammable material; others are specific to the
process. For simplicity, the effect of each parameter listed below assumes that the other
parameters remain unchanged.
4.4.1 Release rate of gas or vapour
The greater the release rate, the larger the extent of the zone. The release rate depends itself
on other parameters, namely
a) Geometry of the source of release
This is related to the physical characteristics of the source of release, for example, an
open surface, leaking flange, etc. (see annex A).
b) Release velocity
For a given source of release, the release rate increases with the release velocity. In the
case of a product contained within process equipment, the release velocity is related to
the process pressure and the geometry of the source of release. The size of a cloud of
flammable gas or vapour is determined by the rate of flammable vapour release and the
rate of dispersion. Gas and vapour flowing from a leak at high velocity will develop a cone-
shaped jet which will entrain air and be self-diluting. The extent of the explosive gas
atmosphere will be almost independent of wind velocity. If the material is released at low
velocity or if its velocity is reduced by impingement on a solid object, it will be carried by
the wind and its dilution and extent will depend on wind velocity.
c) Concentration
The release rate increases with the concentration of flammable vapour or gas in the
released mixture.
d) Volatility of a flammable liquid
This is related principally to the vapour pressure, and the enthalpy ("heat") of vaporization.
If the vapour pressure is not known, the boiling point and flashpoint can be used as a
guide.
60079-10 IEC:2002 –– 14 – 27 – 60079-10 © IEC:2002
An explosive gas atmosphere cannot exist if the flashpoint is above the relevant maximum
temperature of the flammable liquid. The lower the flashpoint, the greater may be the
extent of the zone. If a flammable material is released in a way that forms a mist (for
example, by spraying) an explosive atmosphere may be formed below the flashpoint of the
material, for example.
NOTE 1 Flashpoints of flammable liquids are not precise physical quantities, particularly where mixtures are
involved.
NOTE 2 Some liquids (for example, certain halogenated hydrocarbons) do not possess a flashpoint although
they are capable of producing an explosive gas atmosphere. In these cases, the equilibrium liquid temperature
which corresponds to the saturated concentration at the lower explosive limit should be compared with the
relevant maximum liquid temperature.
e) Liquid temperature
The vapour pressure increases with temperature, thus increasing the release rate due to
evaporation.
NOTE The temperature of the liquid after it has been released may be increased, for example, by a hot
surface or by a high ambient temperature.
4.4.2 Lower explosive limit (LEL)
For a given release volume, the lower the LEL the greater will be the extent of the zone.
Experience has shown that a release of ammonia, with an LEL of 15 % by volume, will
dissipate rapidly in the open air, so an explosive gas atmosphere will normally be of negligible
extent.
4.4.3 Ventilation
With increased ventilation, the extent of the zone will normally be reduced. Obstacles which
impede the ventilation may increase the extent of the zone. On the other hand, some
obstacles, for example, dykes, walls or ceilings, may limit the extent. A compressor shelter
with a large roof-ventilator and with the sides open sufficient, to allow free passage of air
through all parts of the building is considered well ventilated and should be treated as an
outdoor area (i.e. "medium" degree and "good" availability).
4.4.4 Relative density of the gas or vapour when it is released
If the gas or vapour is significantly lighter than air, it will tend to move upwards. If significantly
heavier, it will tend to accumulate at ground level. The horizontal extent of the zone at ground
level will increase with increasing relative density and the vertical extent above the source will
increase with decreasing relative density.
NOTE 1 For practical applications, a gas or vapour which has a relative density below 0,8 is regarded as being
lighter than air. If the relative density is above 1,2, it is regarded as being heavier than air. Between these values,
both of these possibilities should be considered.
NOTE 2 With gases or vapours lighter than air, an escape at low velocity will disperse fairly rapidly upwards; the
presence of a roof will, however, inevitably increase the area of spread under it. If the escape is at high velocity in
a free jet the action of the jet, although entraining air which dilutes the gas or vapour, may increase the distance
over which the gas/air mixture remains above its lower flammable limit.
NOTE 3 With gases or vapours heavier than air, an escape at low velocity will tend to flow downward and may
travel long distances over the ground before it is safely dispersed by atmospheric diffusion. Special regard
therefore needs to be paid to the topography of any site under consideration and also to surrounding areas in order
to determine where gases or vapours might collect in hollows or run down inclines to lower levels. If the escape is
at high velocity in a free jet the jet-mixing action by entraining air may well reduce the gas/air mixture to below its
lower flammable limit in a much shorter distance than in the case of a low-velocity escape.
NOTE 4 Care needs to be taken when classifying areas containing cryogenic flammable gases such as liquefied
natural gas. Vapours emitted can be heavier than air at low temperatures and become lighter than air on
approaching ambient temperature.
60079-10 © IEC:200260079-10 IEC:2002 –– 15 – 29 –
4.4.5 Other parameters to be considered
a) Climatic conditions
The rate of gas or vapour dispersion in the atmosphere increases with wind speed but
there is a minimum speed of 2 m/s – 3 m/s required to initiate turbulent diffusion; below
this, layering of the gas or vapour occurs and the distance for safe dispersal is greatly
increased. In plant areas sheltered by large vessels and structures, the speed of air
movement may be substantially below that of the wind; however, obstruction of air
movement by items of equipment tends to maintain turbulence even at low wind speeds.
NOTE 1 In annex B (clause B.4), 0,5 m/s wind speed is considered to be appropriate for determining the
rates at which ventilation in an outdoor situation dilutes a flammable release. This lower value of wind speed is
appropriate for that purpose, in order to maintain a conservative approach, even though it is recognized that
the tendency of layering may compromise the calculation.
NOTE 2 In normal practice the tendency of layering is not taken into account in area classification because
the conditions which give rise to this tendency are rare and occur for short periods only. However, if prolonged
periods of low wind speed are expected for the specific circumstance then the extent of the zone should take
account of the additional distance required to achieve dispersion.
b) Topography
Some liquids are less dense than water and do not readily mix with water: such liquids can
spread on the surface of water (whether it be on the ground, in plant drains or in pipe
trenches) and then be ignited at a point remote from the original spillage, therefore putting
at risk a large area of plant.
The layout of the plant, where possible, should be designed to aid the rapid dispersal of
explosive gas atmospheres. An area with restricted ventilation (for example, in pits or
trenches) that would otherwise be Zone 2 may require Zone 1 classification; on the other
hand, wide shallow depressions used for pumping complexes or pipe reservations may not
require such rigorous treatment.
4.4.6 Illustrative examples
Some ways in which the above-mentioned parameters affect the vapour or gas release rate
and hence the extent of the zone are demonstrated in the examples in annex C.
a) Source of release: open surface of liquid
In most cases, the liquid temperature will be below the boiling point and the vapour
release rate will depend principally on the following parameters:
− liquid temperature;
− vapour pressure of the liquid at its surface temperature;
− dimensions of the evaporation surface;
− ventilation.
b) Source of release: virtually instantaneous evaporation of a liquid (for example, from a jet
or spray)
Since the discharged liquid vaporizes virtually instantaneously, the vapour release rate is
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