CR 13686:2001

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2002
Embalaža - Optimizacija energijske predelave odpadne embalaže
Packaging - Optimization of energy recovery from packaging waste
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CR 13686:2001
ICS:
13.030.99 Drugi standardi v zvezi z Other standards related to
odpadki wastes
55.020 Pakiranje in distribucija blaga Packaging and distribution of
na splošno goods in general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

CEN REPORT
CR 13686
RAPPORT CEN
CEN BERICHT
April 2001
ICS
English version
Packaging - Optimization of energy recovery from packaging
waste
Emballage - Optimisation de la valorisation énergétique des Verpackung - Optimierung der energetischen Verwertung
déchets d'emballages von Verpackungsabfällen
This CEN Report was approved by CEN on 2 June 1999. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee CEN/TC 261.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece,
Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2001 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CR 13686:2001 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Page 2
Contents
Foreword.3
Introduction .4
1 Scope .5
2 Terminology.5
3 Packaging and packaging waste.5
4 Optimization of energy recovery.6
5 Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy.8
6 Theoretical determination of calorific gain .9
7 Identification of the minimum inferior calorific value .10
8 Theoretical and practical implementation.10
9 Determination of calorific gain .14
10 Conclusions.15
Annex A (normative)  The Calorific Gain and Method of Calculation.17
Bibliography .25

Page 3
Foreword
This document has been prepared by CEN /TC 261, "Emballage".
This document is actually submitted to the publication.

Page 4
Introduction
The Directive on Packaging and Packaging Waste, Annex II, 3(b) states that Packaging waste processed for the
purpose of energy recovery shall have a minimum inferior calorific value to allow optimization of energy recovery
(Ref. 1).
The Commission’s Mandate M 200 Rev. 3 asks CEN to propose a standard on Requirements for packaging
recoverable in the form of energy recovery, including specification of minimum inferior calorific value
(EN 13 431).
Energy recovery is defined in Article 3.8 of the Directive : ‘energy recovery’ shall mean the use of combustible
packaging waste as a means to generate energy through direct incineration with or without other waste but with
recovery of the heat.
EN 13431 shall apply to packaging placed on the market in order to allow optimization of energy recovery of
packaging waste by specifying minimum inferior calorific value and other supplementary requirements. It cannot
and does not consider conditions or contaminants of packaging waste at arrival to furnace at the energy recovery
plant.
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1 Scope
The objective of this report is to identify and define properties of packaging and packaging waste to allow
optimization of energy recovery.
This report takes a wide approach to the process of energy recovery in order to identify the items to be
standardised according to the Directive and the Mandate.
2 Terminology
Net calorific value (inferior calorific value), Q : defined in ISO 1928 :1995 (Ref. 3).
net
Required energy H : energy necessary to adiabatically heat the post combustion substances of a material and
a
excess air from ambient temperature to the specified final temperature.
Calorific gain : the positive difference between the energy released on combustion of a material (the net calorific
value) and H .
a
Available calorific gain : recovered heat providing useful energy.
3 Packaging and packaging waste
The statement in Annex II of the Directive quoted above refers to packaging waste, whereas the Mandate wording
refers to packaging. Packaging waste can be used for energy recovery, but it is the packaging placed on the
market that has to meet the specific requirements for energy recovery and therefore is subject to meeting the
standard. The link between the Directive and the Mandate can be described in the following manner :
PACKAGING
recoverable
in the form of
no
energy
?
yes
PACKAGING WASTE has a minimum
inferior calorific value to allow
optimization of energy recovery
Figure 1
Page 6
As shown in Figure 2, packaging materials, packaging, used packaging and packaging waste form a sequence
from production and consumption to waste, without intrinsic change of the chemical material properties which are
essential for energy recovery.
Packaging
“Specification of Minimum Inferior Calorific Value” (Mandate M 200)
Material
Packaging
“Packaging Waste processed for Energy Recovery shall
Re-Use have a Minimum Inferior Calorific Value in order
Used
to allow optimization of Energy Recovery “ (Directive)
Packaging
Packaging
Waste
Incineration of waste
Collected with MSW ~ Power
with Energy Recovery
Boiler
Net
Separately
Calorific
Furnace
Collected
Prepara-
Gain
Storage
tion
Heat
Recovery as
Other
Other Fuel
Specified Fuel
Combustibles
Co-combustion of fuel
for
Energy Conversion
Preparation   Handling   Firing   Calorific Gain
Collection Heat and Power Utilisation
“Optimization of Energy Recovery”
Figure 2 - The Overall System of Optimization of Energy Recovery
4 Optimization of energy recovery
The objective of this report is to identify and define properties of packaging and packaging waste to allow
optimization of energy recovery. Optimization of Energy Recovery from packaging waste involves the overall
system including properties of packaging, waste collection systems, preparation, storage and energy conversion to
provide net calorific gain as shown in Figure 2. Some steps included in the overall system are not related to the
packaging itself, and therefore not considered influential to the requirements of the packaging. Combustion plants,
for example, are subject to specific regulation and the use of produced energy depends on local circumstances.
Figure 3 shows the relationship between packaging, packaging waste and their relevant requirement in the
framework of the overall system of optimization of recovery in the form of energy. These issues are discussed in
detail in the following.
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Packaging
Packaging
Material
Material
Criteria for Packaging Performance
- Suitability for use
- Content of Mercury, Cadmium,
Packaging
Article 11
Packaging
Lead and Hexavalent Chromium
Requirements for Recovery
Annex II, § 3(b)
- Provision of Calorific Gain
Criteria for Energy Recovery
~
- Allow optimization of Energy Recovery
.
Packaging .
Boiler
Power
- Obtain Calorific Gain in technically and
Packaging
Waste
environmentally adequate technology Furnace
Waste
- Safe disposal of residues Annex II, § 1 indent 2 and 3
Heat
Figure 3 - Relevant Issues of Directive of Packaging and Packaging Waste and Mandate M 200 Rev. 3
Collection system and preparation
In order to optimize energy recovery from used packaging, the waste collection system should be designed and
managed so that the energy content and other fuel properties of used combustible packaging are preserved. The
extent of preparation necessary to transform packaging waste into a fuel, depends on the requirements of the
actual energy conversion plant.
Today, two different methods of collection and preparation or pre-treatment are prevailing (Figure 2) :
1) packaging waste is collected with other Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) for direct incineration in MSW
incinerators. This type of incinerator is efficient, proven and requires little pre-treatment of the mixed waste ;
2) separation of combustible waste gives a combustible fraction, known as Refuse-Derived Fuel, RDF. Source
separation and preparation of combustible packaging waste allows for the production of an energy-rich solid
fuel with specific properties (Packaging-Derived Fuel, PDF).
These derived fuels can be used as a single fuel or used in co-combustion with other fuels in existing solid fuel
fired combustion systems.In all these processes, combustible packaging waste substitutes primary fuels.
Energy conversion and generation of net calorific gain
Energy conversion of chemically bound energy to generate net calorific gain consists of three main process steps :
- combustion of a fuel in a combustion chamber, resulting in hot flue gases and solid residues, such as ashes
and slag ;
- utilization of the heat content of the hot gases in a heat recovery system ;
- conversion of the recovered heat to provide end-use energy in the form of electricity and/or heat.
Combustion
Combustion efficiency is related to the degree of completeness of combustion. It is mainly affected by fuel particle
size, fuel-to-air ratio, temperature, residence time and turbulence (mixing of fuel and air) in the furnace. Products of
incomplete combustion are carbon monoxide, volatile organic compounds and soot particles in flue gas and
unburnt carbon in ashes and slag. In the combustion process, organic substances are decomposed and
transformed into gaseous components. Depending on the combustion conditions, inorganic compounds are either
unaffected or transformed into insoluble oxides, sulphides, or water-soluble chlorides and sulphates. High
combustion efficiency therefore means minimisation of these pollutants.

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In grate fired mass burn systems the dominant part of ash leaves the furnace in the form of bottom ash (slag). The
amount of organic carbon in bottom ash is low, and the slag may be used for construction applications. High
temperature and the presence of acid components volatilise certain heavy metals, e.g. cadmium and zinc, from the
bottom ash to fly ash and filter residues. This can be seen as a positive clean-up effect of the slag (Ref. 4). Fly ash
and filter residues always contain high concentrations of fuel pollutants and require special treatment. In
accordance with current regulations, modern Waste-to-Energy plants are well equipped to deal with these
pollutants in an environmentally sound way (Ref. 5).
Utilization of the heat content of combustion gases
The heat content of combustion gases is recovered in the boiler as steam or hot water. The heat exchange
efficiency is proportional to the temperature difference between the hot and cold sides of the system. General
aspects on generating net calorific gain are :
- the facility is designed for a specified type, quality and range of fuel. A fuel that is unsuitable for the actual
equipment may affect the energy recovery process negatively and cause fouling, slagging and corrosion in the
boiler. As a result, frequent soot blowing and shut downs for mechanical clean-up and repair work will be
necessary. This reduces the plant availability ;
- the internal energy consumption of blowers, pumps, extensive flue gas cleaning equipment etc. reduces
overall efficiency and the net calorific gain.
Overall efficiency and net calorific gain are optimized by minimising thermal losses, e.g. by :
- extensive cooling of the hot flue gases in the boiler ;
- utilization of the remaining heat in the flue gases after the boiler for drying and preheating of the fuel, or for
other process steps.
Conversion of thermal energy to electricity and/or useful heat
The efficiency of energy conversion to electricity and/or heat depends on temperature and pressure of generated
steam.
Combined generation of electricity and steam or hot water for heating purposes gives overall energy utilization of
more than 70 %. This combination is favourable to the optimization of energy recovery. Condensation of water
vapour in the flue gases may further increase energy utilization.
5 Requirements for packaging recoverable in the form of energy
Calorific Gain
The principal requirement for packaging to be recoverable in the form of energy is that it is combustible under
ordinary conditions (Ref. 6). and, in order to allow optimization, capable of providing calorific gain. This means that
the net heat of combustion, Q , of the packaging shall exceed the energy required, H , to raise the temperature of
net a
its combustion products, residues and excess air to the required temperature, as given in Ref. 5. This is evaluate
...