Nuclear energy - Determination of Gd2O3 content in pellets containing uranium oxide by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ISO 16795:2024)

This document specifies a method which covers the determination of Gd2O3 content in UO2 fuel pellets, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry.
Either wave dispersion X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) or energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) is applicable, however, this document states a method by using WD-XRF using Gd Lα-line.
This method has been tested for mass fractions of from 2 % to 10 % Gd2O3.

Kerntechnik - Bestimmung des Gadoliniumoxidgehalts in Gadolinium-Brennstofftabletten mittels Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrie (ISO 16795:2024)

Énergie nucléaire - Détermination de la teneur de Gd2O3 par spectrométrie à fluorescence X dans des pastilles combustibles contenant de l'oxyde d'uranium (ISO 16795:2024)

Le présent document spécifie une méthode applicable à la détermination de la teneur en Gd2O3 dans les pastilles de UO2 par spectrométrie à fluorescence X.
La méthode de fluorescence X à dispersion de longueur d’onde (WD-XRF) ou la méthode de fluorescence X à dispersion d’énergie (ED-XRF) est applicable. Dans le présent document, la méthode appliquée est la technique WD-XRF utilisant la raie Lα du Gd.
Cette méthode a été testée pour des fractions massiques en Gd2O3 allant de 2 % à 10 %.

Jedrska energija - Ugotavljanje vsebnosti Gd2O3 v peletih, ki vsebujejo uranov oksid, z rentgensko fluorescenčno spektrometrijo (ISO 16795:2024)

Ta dokument določa metodo, ki zajema ugotavljanje vsebnosti Gd2O3 v gorivnih peletih UO2 z rentgensko fluorescenčno spektrometrijo. Uporablja se valovno disperzijska rentgenska fluorescenčna spektrometrija (WD-XRF) oziroma energijsko disperzijska rentgenska fluorescenčna spektrometrija (ED-XRF), vendar ta dokument navaja metodo z valovno disperzijsko rentgensko fluorescenčno spektrometrijo z uporabo Gd Lα-linije. Ta metoda je bila preskušena za masne deleže od 2 % do 10 % Gd2O3.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
19-Aug-2025
Current Stage
6060 - Definitive text made available (DAV) - Publishing
Start Date
20-Aug-2025
Due Date
20-Jul-2026
Completion Date
20-Aug-2025

Overview

EN ISO 16795:2025 (adopted from ISO 16795:2024) specifies a validated method for the determination of Gd2O3 (gadolinium oxide) mass fraction in UO2 fuel pellets by X‑ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF). The document defines a procedure using wavelength-dispersive XRF (WD‑XRF)-measuring the Gd Lα line-as the stated method, while also noting that energy‑dispersive XRF (ED‑XRF) is applicable. The method has been tested for Gd2O3 mass fractions from 2% to 10% and covers sample preparation, calibration, measurement and reporting requirements.

Key Topics

  • Scope and principle
    • Determination of Gd2O3 content in sintered (U,Gd)O2 pellets by XRF; signal intensity of the selected L X‑ray line is proportional to Gd concentration.
  • Apparatus and instrumentation
    • Sequential X‑ray spectrometer with precision goniometer, LiF 200 analyzer crystal, scintillation/flow detectors, multi‑channel analyser, ~3 kW X‑ray generator.
    • Supporting equipment: pellet press, analytical balance (±0.1 mg), powder blender/shaker, sintering furnace (≈1 800 °C).
  • Standards and calibration
    • Preparation of standard pellets (UO2 + Gd2O3) sintered and fabricated under controlled conditions; calibration curve established across 2–10% Gd2O3.
    • Requirements for metrological traceability of reference materials per ISO 17034 or ASTM C1128 for working standards.
  • Sample preparation
    • Blending dried powders, pressing and sintering pellets under the same conditions as fuel production, polishing the pellet face (e.g., 800‑grit SiC), and cleaning prior to analysis.
  • Measurement controls
    • Angle calibration (example 2θ ≈ 61.115°), pulse‑height distribution, background correction and stability/sensitivity checks; automatic data acquisition and evaluation.
  • Precision, accuracy and reporting
    • Clauses include precision/accuracy evaluation and required content of the test report.

Applications

  • Quality control in nuclear fuel fabrication for verifying Gd2O3 loading in UO2 pellets.
  • Production process control for laboratories performing acceptance testing of doped fuel pellets.
  • Metrology and accreditation labs establishing calibration curves and traceable reference materials for fuel analysis. Who uses this standard: nuclear fuel manufacturers, analytical laboratories in the nuclear industry, regulatory bodies, and metrology institutes involved in nuclear material characterization.

Related Standards

  • ISO 16795:2024 (original ISO text)
  • ISO 17034 - competence of reference material producers
  • ASTM C1128 - guide for preparation of working reference materials for nuclear fuel cycle analyses

Keywords: EN ISO 16795:2025, ISO 16795:2024, Gd2O3 determination, UO2 fuel pellets, X‑ray fluorescence spectrometry, WD‑XRF, Gd Lα line, calibration curve, nuclear fuel quality control.

Frequently Asked Questions

EN ISO 16795:2025 is a standard published by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN). Its full title is "Nuclear energy - Determination of Gd2O3 content in pellets containing uranium oxide by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ISO 16795:2024)". This standard covers: This document specifies a method which covers the determination of Gd2O3 content in UO2 fuel pellets, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Either wave dispersion X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) or energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) is applicable, however, this document states a method by using WD-XRF using Gd Lα-line. This method has been tested for mass fractions of from 2 % to 10 % Gd2O3.

This document specifies a method which covers the determination of Gd2O3 content in UO2 fuel pellets, by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Either wave dispersion X-ray fluorescence (WD-XRF) or energy dispersion X-ray fluorescence (ED-XRF) is applicable, however, this document states a method by using WD-XRF using Gd Lα-line. This method has been tested for mass fractions of from 2 % to 10 % Gd2O3.

EN ISO 16795:2025 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 27.120.30 - Fissile materials and nuclear fuel technology. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

You can purchase EN ISO 16795:2025 directly from iTeh Standards. The document is available in PDF format and is delivered instantly after payment. Add the standard to your cart and complete the secure checkout process. iTeh Standards is an authorized distributor of CEN standards.

Standards Content (Sample)


SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-november-2025
Jedrska energija - Ugotavljanje vsebnosti Gd2O3 v peletih, ki vsebujejo uranov
oksid, z rentgensko fluorescenčno spektrometrijo (ISO 16795:2024)
Nuclear energy - Determination of Gd2O3 content in pellets containing uranium oxide by
X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (ISO 16795:2024)
Kerntechnik - Bestimmung des Gadoliniumoxidgehalts in Gadolinium-Brennstofftabletten
mittels Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrie (ISO 16795:2024)
Énergie nucléaire - Détermination de la teneur de Gd2O3 par spectrométrie à
fluorescence X dans des pastilles combustibles contenant de l'oxyde d'uranium (ISO
16795:2024)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 16795:2025
ICS:
27.120.30 Cepljivi materiali in jedrska Fissile materials and nuclear
gorivna tehnologija fuel technology
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 16795
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
August 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 27.120.30
English Version
Nuclear energy - Determination of Gd O content in pellets
2 3
containing uranium oxide by X-ray fluorescence
spectrometry (ISO 16795:2024)
Énergie nucléaire - Détermination de la teneur de Kerntechnik - Bestimmung des Gadoliniumoxidgehalts
Gd2O3 par spectrométrie à fluorescence X dans des in Gadolinium-Brennstofftabletten mittels
pastilles combustibles contenant de l'oxyde d'uranium Röntgenfluoreszenzspektrometrie (ISO 16795:2024)
(ISO 16795:2024)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 August 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATIO N

E U R OP ÄI S C H E S KOMITEE FÜR NORMUN G

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 16795:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
The text of ISO 16795:2024 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 85 "Nuclear energy,
nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” of the International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) and has been taken over as EN ISO 16795:2025 by Technical Committee CEN/TC 430 “Nuclear
energy, nuclear technologies, and radiological protection” the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by February 2026, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by February 2026.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 16795:2024 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 16795:2025 without any modification.

International
Standard
ISO 16795
Second edition
Nuclear energy — Determination
2024-04
of Gd O content in pellets
2 3
containing uranium oxide by X-ray
fluorescence spectrometry
Énergie nucléaire — Détermination de la teneur de Gd O par
2 3
spectrométrie à fluorescence X dans des pastilles combustibles
contenant de l'oxyde d'uranium
Reference number
ISO 16795:2024(en) © ISO 2024
ISO 16795:2024(en)
© ISO 2024
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 16795:2024(en)
Contents Page
Foreword .iv
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 1
5 Apparatus . 1
6 Reagents . 2
7 Preparation of standards . 2
8 Polishing . 3
9 Equipment calibration . 3
9.1 Angle calibration.3
9.2 Pulse-height distribution .3
9.3 Background correction .3
9.4 Stability (sensitivity) check .3
10 Calibration curve . 4
11 Measurements . 4
12 Precision and accuracy . 4
13 Test report . 4
Annex A (informative) Angle calibration and background correction. 6
Annex B (informative) Precision and accuracy . 7
Bibliography . 8

iii
ISO 16795:2024(en)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out through
ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical committee
has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International organizations,
governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely
with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are described
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the different types
of ISO document should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the editorial rules of the
ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
ISO draws attention to the possibility that the implementation of this document may involve the use of (a)
patent(s). ISO takes no position concerning the evidence, validity or applicability of any claimed
...

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