CEN/TS 17135:2020
(Main)Conservation of cultural heritage - General terms for describing the alterations of objects
Conservation of cultural heritage - General terms for describing the alterations of objects
This document defines terms used in the field of conservation of cultural heritage for the description of alteration of objects with particular attention to those terms which are applied to many types of objects.
This document applies to all types of material changes that can be observed.
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe zur Beschreibung von Veränderungen an Objekten
This document defines terms used in the field of conservation of cultural heritage for the description of alteration of objects with particular attention to those terms which are applied to many types of objects.
This document applies to all types of material changes that can be observed.
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes généraux pour décrire les changements d’état des biens
Le présent document définit des termes utilisés dans le domaine de la conservation des biens relevant du patrimoine culturel pour la description du changement de l'état des biens, en accordant une attention particulière aux termes appliqués à différents types de biens.
Le présent document s'applique à tous les types de changements matériels pouvant être observés.
Ohranjanje kulturne dediščine - Splošni izrazi za opisovanje sprememb predmetov
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-januar-2021
Ohranjanje kulturne dediščine - Splošni izrazi za opisovanje sprememb predmetov
Conservation of cultural heritage - Generale terms for describing the alterations of
objects
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
Veränderungen an Objekten
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes généraux pour décrire l'altération des
objets
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 17135:2020
ICS:
97.195 Umetniški in obrtniški izdelki. Items of art and handicrafts.
Kulturne dobrine in kulturna Cultural property and
dediščina heritage
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
CEN/TS 17135
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
November 2020
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
ICS 97.195
English Version
Conservation of cultural heritage - General terms for
describing the alterations of objects
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe
généraux pour décrire les changements d'état des zur Beschreibung von Veränderungen an Objekten
biens
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 10 August 2020 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to
submit their comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS
available promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in
parallel to the CEN/TS) until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway,
Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2020 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 17135:2020 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
CEN/TS 17135
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
Novembre 2020
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
ICS 97.195
Version Française
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes généraux
pour décrire les changements d'état des biens
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe Conservation of cultural heritage - General terms for
zur Beschreibung von Veränderungen an Objekten describing the alterations of objects
La présente Spécification technique (CEN/TS) a été adoptée par le CEN le 10 août 2020 pour application provisoire.
La période de validité de cette CEN/TS est limitée initialement à trois ans. Après deux ans, les membres du CEN seront invités à
soumettre leurs commentaires, en particulier sur l'éventualité de la conversion de la CEN/TS en Norme européenne.
Il est demandé aux membres du CEN d'annoncer l'existence de cette CEN/TS de la même façon que pour une EN et de rendre
cette CEN/TS rapidement disponible. Il est admis de maintenir (en parallèle avec la CEN/TS) des normes nationales en
contradiction avec la CEN/TS en application jusqu'à la décision finale de conversion possible de la CEN/TS en EN.
Les membres du CEN sont les organismes nationaux de normalisation des pays suivants: Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Bulgarie,
Chypre, Croatie, Danemark, Espagne, Estonie, Finlande, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Islande, Italie, Lettonie, Lituanie,
Luxembourg, Malte, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, République de Macédoine du Nord, République de Serbie, République
Tchèque, Roumanie, Royaume-Uni, Slovaquie, Slovénie, Suède, Suisse et Turquie.
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Bruxelles
© 2020 CEN Tous droits d'exploitation sous quelque forme et de quelque manière Réf. n° CEN/TS 17135:2020 F
que ce soit réservés dans le monde entier aux membres nationaux du
CEN.
CEN/TS 17135
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
November 2020
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
ICS 97.195
Deutsche Fassung
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe zur
Beschreibung von Veränderungen an Objekten
Conservation of cultural heritage - General terms for Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes généraux
describing the alterations of objects pour décrire les changements d'état des biens
Diese Technische Spezifikation (CEN/TS) wurde vom CEN am 10. August 2020 als eine künftige Norm zur vorläufigen
Anwendung angenommen.
Die Gültigkeitsdauer dieser CEN/TS ist zunächst auf drei Jahre begrenzt. Nach zwei Jahren werden die Mitglieder des CEN
gebeten, ihre Stellungnahmen abzugeben, insbesondere über die Frage, ob die CEN/TS in eine Europäische Norm umgewandelt
werden kann.
Die CEN Mitglieder sind verpflichtet, das Vorhandensein dieser CEN/TS in der gleichen Weise wie bei einer EN anzukündigen
und die CEN/TS verfügbar zu machen. Es ist zulässig, entgegenstehende nationale Normen bis zur Entscheidung über eine
mögliche Umwandlung der CEN/TS in eine EN (parallel zur CEN/TS) beizubehalten.
CEN-Mitglieder sind die nationalen Normungsinstitute von Belgien, Bulgarien, Dänemark, Deutschland, Estland, Finnland,
Frankreich, Griechenland, Irland, Island, Italien, Kroatien, Lettland, Litauen, Luxemburg, Malta, den Niederlanden, Norwegen,
Österreich, Polen, Portugal, der Republik Nordmazedonien, Rumänien, Schweden, der Schweiz, Serbien, der Slowakei, Slowenien,
Spanien, der Tschechischen Republik, der Türkei, Ungarn, dem Vereinigten Königreich und Zypern.
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
CEN-CENELEC Management-Zentrum: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brüssel
© 2020 CEN Alle Rechte der Verwertung, gleich in welcher Form und in welchem Ref. Nr. CEN/TS 17135:2020 D
Verfahren, sind weltweit den nationalen Mitgliedern von CEN
vorbehalten.
Contents Page Sommaire Page Inhalt Seite
European foreword . 3 Avant-propos européen . 3 Europäisches Vorwort . 3
Introduction . 4 Introduction . 4 Einleitung. 4
1 Scope . 9 1 Domaine d’application . 9 1 Anwendungsbereich . 9
2 Normative references . 9 2 Références normatives . 9 2 Normative Verweisungen . 9
3 Terms and definitions . 9 3 Termes généraux . 9 3 Begriffe und Definitionen . 9
3.1 General terms . 10 3.1 Termes généraux . 10 3.1 Allgemeine Begriffe . 10
3.2 Terms for describing optical 3.2 Termes pour décrire une 3.2 Begriffe zur Beschreibung der
alteration . 12 modification optique . 12 optischen Veränderung . 12
3.3 Terms for describing 3.3 Termes pour décrire un 3.3 Begriffe zur Beschreibung der
alteration of form . 14 changement de forme . 14 Formänderung . 14
3.4 Terms for describing the 3.4 Termes pour décrire un ajout 3.4 Begriffe zur Beschreibung der
addition of material . 16 de matériau . 16 Materialhinzufügung . 16
3.5 Terms for describing the loss 3.5 Termes pour décrire une perte 3.5 Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
of material . 18 de matériau . 18 Substanzverlust . 18
3.6 Terms for describing the loss 3.6 Termes pour décrire une perte 3.6 Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
of structural integrity . 19 d'intégrité structurelle . 19 Kohäsionsverlust . 19
3.7 Terms for describing 3.7 Termes pour décrire une 3.7 Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
biodeterioration . 22 biodétérioration . 22 biologischer Zerstörung . 22
3.8 Terms for describing chemical 3.8 Termes pour décrire une 3.8 Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
alteration . 23 modification chimique . 23 chemischer Veränderung . 23
Bibliography . 25 Bibliographie . 25 Literaturhinweise . 25
Index . 31 Index . 33 Stichwortverzeichnis . 35
European foreword Avant-propos européen Europäisches Vorwort
This document (CEN/TS 17135:2020) has Le présent document (CEN/TS 17135:2020) a Dieses Dokument (CEN/TS 17135:2020)
been prepared by Technical Committee été élaboré par le Comité Technique wurde vom Technischen Komitee CEN/TC 346
CEN/TC 346 “Conservation of Cultural CEN/TC 346 « Conservation des biens „Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes“ erarbeitet,
Heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by culturels », dont le secrétariat est tenu par dessen Sekretariat von UNI gehalten wird.
UNI. UNI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some L'attention est attirée sur le fait que certains Es wird auf die Möglichkeit hingewiesen, dass
of the elements of this document may be the des éléments du présent document peuvent einige Elemente dieses Dokuments
subject of patent rights. CEN shall not be held faire l'objet de droits de propriété Patentrechte berühren können. CEN ist nicht
responsible for identifying any or all such intellectuelle ou de droits analogues. Le CEN dafür verantwortlich, einige oder alle
patent rights. ne saurait être tenu pour responsable de ne diesbezüglichen Patentrechte zu
pas avoir identifié de tels droits de propriété identifizieren.
et averti de leur existence.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Selon le Règlement Intérieur du CEN- Entsprechend der CEN-CENELEC-
Regulations, the national standards CENELEC, les instituts de normalisation Geschäftsordnung sind die nationalen
organizations of the following countries are nationaux des pays suivants sont tenus Normungsinstitute der folgenden Länder
bound to announce this Technical d'annoncer cette Spécification technique : gehalten, diese Europäische Norm zu
Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Allemagne, Autriche, Belgique, Bulgarie, übernehmen: Belgien, Bulgarien, Dänemark,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Chypre, Croatie, Danemark, Espagne, Estonie, Deutschland, die Republik Nordmazedonien,
Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Finlande, France, Grèce, Hongrie, Irlande, Estland, Finnland, Frankreich, Griechenland,
Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Islande, Italie, Lettonie, Lituanie, Luxembourg, Irland, Island, Italien, Kroatien, Lettland,
Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Malte, Norvège, Pays-Bas, Pologne, Portugal, Litauen, Luxemburg, Malta, Niederlande,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of North République de Macédoine du Nord, Norwegen, Österreich, Polen, Portugal,
Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, République Tchèque, Roumanie, Royaume- Rumänien, Schweden, Schweiz, Serbien,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey Uni, Serbie, Slovaquie, Slovénie, Suède, Suisse Slowakei, Slowenien, Spanien, Tschechische
and the United Kingdom. et Turquie. Republik, Türkei, Ungarn, Vereinigtes
Königreich und Zypern.
Introduction Introduction Einleitung
The aim of conservation is to manage La conservation-restauration du patrimoine Das Ziel von Konservierung ist es, den
change in cultural heritage objects while culturel a pour objectif la gestion du Veränderungsprozess an Objekten des
respecting their significance for present and changement de l'état des biens tout en Kulturerbes unter Berücksichtigung seiner
future generations. The aim of this respectant leur intérêt patrimonial pour les Bedeutung für heutige und zukünftige
document is to provide terminological tools générations présentes et futures. Le présent Generationen zu steuern. Ziel dieses
for the description of alterations (“change document vise à fournir des outils Dokuments ist die Bereitstellung von
in condition, beneficial or not, intentional or terminologiques pour la description des terminologischen Werkzeugen zur
not”, see EN 15898:2019, 3.2.4) to the modifications de l'état (« changement de l'état, Beschreibung solcher Veränderungen (s.
appearance of objects. This document is bénéfique ou non, intentionnel ou non », voir Definition in EN 15898:2019, 3.2.4. „Änderung
part of a developing suite of tools aiming EN 15898:2019, 3.2.4) apparent des biens. Le des Erhaltungs¬zustands, vorteilhaft oder
both to clarify the concepts used and to présent document fait partie d'une gamme nicht, beabsichtigt oder nicht“). Dieses
improve communication between those d'outils en cours de développement qui visent à Dokument ist Teil einer aufeinander
with responsibility for the heritage. It draws la fois à clarifier les concepts utilisés et à aufbauenden Reihe von Normen, die dazu
upon “EN 15898:2019 Conservation of améliorer la communication entre les personnes dienen sollen, sowohl die angewandten
cultural heritage – Main general te
...
SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
01-september-2017
2KUDQMDQMHNXOWXUQHGHGLãþLQH6SORãQLL]UD]L]DRSLVRYDQMHVSUHPHPESUHGPHWRY
Conservation of cultural heritage - Generale terms for describing the alterations of
objects
Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe zur Beschreibung von
Veränderungen an Objekten
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes généraux pour décrire l'altération des
objets
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN 17135
ICS:
97.195 8PHWQLãNLLQREUWQLãNLL]GHONL Items of art and handicrafts.
.XOWXUQHGREULQHLQNXOWXUQD Cultural property and
GHGLãþLQD heritage
oSIST prEN 17135:2017 en,fr,de
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
DRAFT
EUROPEAN STANDARD
prEN 17135
NORME EUROPÉENNE
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
June 2017
ICS 97.195
English Version
Conservation of cultural heritage - Generale terms for
describing the alterations of objects
Conservation du patrimoine culturel - Termes Erhaltung des kulturellen Erbes - Allgemeine Begriffe
généraux pour décrire l'altération des objets zur Beschreibung von Veränderungen an Objekten
This draft European Standard is submitted to CEN members for enquiry. It has been drawn up by the Technical Committee
CEN/TC 346.
If this draft becomes a European Standard, CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations
which stipulate the conditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration.
This draft European Standard was established by CEN in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other
language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC
Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
Recipients of this draft are invited to submit, with their comments, notification of any relevant patent rights of which they are
aware and to provide supporting documentation.
Warning : This document is not a European Standard. It is distributed for review and comments. It is subject to change without
notice and shall not be referred to as a European Standard.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2017 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. prEN 17135:2017 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
prEN 17135:2017 (E)
Contents Page
European foreword . 3
Introduction . 4
1 Scope . 6
2 Normative references . 6
3 General terms . 6
4 Optical alteration . 7
5 Deformation . 17
6 Addition of a substance . 22
7 Loss of material . 35
8 Loss of cohesion . 48
9 Biological alteration . 62
10 Chemical alteration . 66
Annex A (informative) Diagrammatic record and visual codes . 73
Bibliography . 74
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European foreword
This document (prEN 17135:2017) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 346
“Conservation of cultural heritage”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
This document is currently submitted to the CEN Enquiry.
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
prEN 17135:2017 (E)
Introduction
The aim of conservation is to manage alteration in cultural heritage objects in order to optimize the
preservation of their significance. The aim of this document is to provide terminological tools for the
description of such alteration. This document is part of a developing suite of tools that both clarify the
concepts used and improve communication between those dealing with the objects. It draws upon
“EN 15898:2011 Conservation of cultural property - Main general terms and definitions”. Especially
when preparing condition reports according to the “EN 16095:2012 conservation of cultural property –
Condition report of movable heritage” and “EN 16096:2012 conservation of cultural property –
Condition survey of immovable heritage”, the terminology drawn up in this standard should be used.
Objects that are deemed worth of preservation require conservation, if necessary, with respect to the
materials including their structure and their significance. Although changes in either aspect are
significant, this document does not take into account the immaterial aspects of alterations. It covers
only the material aspects of alterations.
A change is assessed as the difference between a previous state and the current state.
The material state of an object can be assessed by many methods, including instrumentally intensive
operations. This document concentrates on those methods that can be readily appreciated by a person’s
senses with limited additional instrumental assistance. Visual inspection is only the first stage of the
conservation process. Although visual observation is the commonly recorded assessment, people
routinely perceive properties by touch, smell, hearing and even sometimes taste. The validity of the
assessment relies upon the accuracy, skills, knowledge and experience of the individual carrying it out.
It is sometimes possible to build upon documentation, previous records of inspections, condition
reports, condition surveys, photographs etc. However in the majority of cases, one should postulate and
establish a supposed previous state, extrapolated from the observation of the present state. This
extrapolation requires considerable knowledge and experience of the materials, the object types, their
production, ageing and damaging processes.
The terms selected in this standard describe the result of alteration, not the cause/causes or defects,
except when the causes can be identified unambiguously (chemical alteration, biological alteration). Be
aware that there can be more than one cause to an observed change. The photos supplied with the
definitions in this standard are meant as examples only. They are not intended to determine alterations
in actual examination cases. Be aware that some alterations cannot be recognized only by visual
observation.
The terms for alteration have been chosen in order to describe the current state of the object, not the
process that produced the alteration. For instance, since “corrosion” describes a process it is not
included in this document. Consequently, “corroded” is the term to be used to describe observed
objects.
The terms are chosen to understand and describe changes which have occurred after the initial making
of the materials. Therefore terms describing defects in the manufacture of the object are not included.
The standard was developed upon collected contributions from professionals working in the field of
moveable and immoveable heritage objects. From this long initial list, those alteration terms common
across many materials or object types (at least 3) were chosen for inclusion. Common terms mentioned
in general language dictionaries are not included in this document.
The conventions used are those recommended in the documents CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations –
Part 3, ISO 704 and ISO 10241:1992. Each definition aims to be succinct summary of the concept as
used across the field of conservation. Where it is necessary, some notes and examples are added. As far
as possible each definition should be able to replace its term when inserted into a relevant sentence.
There are many ways to organize the terms in a structure. This standard proposes a structure based on
initial visual observation.
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Inside each category terms are organized from general to more specific, except for biological and
chemical alterations where an alphabetical order is used.
4 Optical alteration: 7 terms
5 Deformation: 10 terms
6 Addition of a substance: 9 terms
7 Loss of material: 12 terms
8 Loss of cohesion: 15 terms
9 Biological alteration: 2 terms
10 Chemical alteration: 7 terms
oSIST prEN 17135:2017
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1 Scope
This European Standard defines terms used in the field of conservation of cultural heritage for the
description of alteration of objects with particular attention to those terms which are applied to many
types of objects.
This standard applies to all types of material changes that can be observed.
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purpose of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
alteration
change in condition, beneficial or not, intentional or not
[SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, 3.2.4]
3.2
damage
alteration that reduces significance or stability
Note 1 to entry: Stability can be physical, chemical, biological, etc.
Note 2 to entry: Although damage has negative connotations, it may sometimes be viewed as broadening
significance.
[SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, 3.2.7]
3.3
deterioration
gradual change in condition that reduces significance or stability
Note 1 to entry: This term can also refer to the process itself.
Note 2 to entry: The term “decay” is sometimes used as a synonym.
Note 3 to entry: For movable heritage the French term “détérioration” is also used to describe a complete and
sudden worsening of condition.
[SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, 3.2.8]
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3.4
object
single manifestation of tangible cultural heritage
Note 1 to entry: The term “object” is used in this standard for cultural heritage, both immovable and movable.
In specific professional contexts, other terms are used: e.g. “artefact”, “cultural property”, “item”, “ensemble”,
“site”, ”building”, “fabric”.
[SOURCE: EN 15898:2011, 3.1.3]
4 Optical alteration
4.1
chromatic alteration (en) change of colour
modification chromatique (fr)
Farbveränderung, Farbverschiebung (de)
DEPRECATED: discoloration
Mural painting
Figure 1
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4.2
darkened, adj (en) having had reduction of light reflection
foncé (fr)
verdunkelt (de)
Material
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4.3
faded, adj (en) having had reduction of colour intensity
pâli (fr)
verblasst (de)
Textile
Figure 2
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4.4
yellowed, adj (en) having had a change of colour to yellow or
yellow-brown
jauni (fr)
vergilbt (de)
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Textile
Figure 3
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4.5
bloom (en) haze on a surface due to microscopic particles
foisonnement, inflorescence, blanchiment (fr)
Schleierbildung (de)
Easel painting
Figure 4
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4.6
stain (en) area of change of colour resulting from
extraneous materials
tache (fr)
Note 1 to entry: Usually of irregular shape
Fleck (de)
Stone
Figure 5
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Textile
Figure 6
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4.7
spot (en) small localized change of colour
macule, moucheture, point, souillure, tache Note 1 to entry: Usually small round.
(fr)
Punkt (de)
Textile
Figure 7
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Painting
Figure 8
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5 Deformation
5.1
deformation (en) change without a break of form, shape or
dimensions of an object
déformation (fr)
Note 1 to entry: Referring to buildings, for a
Deformation, Verformung (de)
deformation due to structural weakness, the term
sagging c
...
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