EN ISO 3405:2019

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2019
Nadomešča:
SIST EN ISO 3405:2011
Naftni in sorodni proizvodi iz naravnih ali sintetičnih virov - Določevanje
destilacijskih značilnosti pri atmosferskem tlaku (ISO 3405:2019)
Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic sources - Determination of
distillation characteristics at atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)
Mineralölerzeugnisse und verwandte Produkte mit natürlichem oder synthetischem
Ursprung - Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes bei Atmosphärendruck (ISO
3405:2019)
Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou synthétique - Détermination des
caractéristiques de distillation à pression atmosphérique (ISO 3405:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 3405:2019
ICS:
75.080 Naftni proizvodi na splošno Petroleum products in
general
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 3405
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2019
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 75.080 Supersedes EN ISO 3405:2011
English Version
Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic
sources - Determination of distillation characteristics at
atmospheric pressure (ISO 3405:2019)
Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou Mineralölerzeugnisse und verwandte Produkte mit
synthétique - Détermination des caractéristiques de natürlichem oder synthetischem Ursprung -
distillation à pression atmosphérique (ISO 3405:2019) Bestimmung des Destillationsverlaufes bei
Atmosphärendruck (ISO 3405:2019)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 7 March 2019.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2019 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 3405:2019 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
This document (EN ISO 3405:2019) has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28 "Petroleum
and related products, fuels and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources" in collaboration with
Technical Committee CEN/TC 19 “Gaseous and liquid fuels, lubricants and related products of
petroleum, synthetic and biological origin.” the secretariat of which is held by NEN.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2019, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2019.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes EN ISO 3405:2011.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia,
France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta,
Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland,
Turkey and the United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 3405:2019 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 3405:2019 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 3405
Fifth edition
2019-03
Petroleum and related products
from natural or synthetic sources —
Determination of distillation
characteristics at atmospheric
pressure
Produits pétroliers et connexes d'origine naturelle ou synthétique —
Détermination des caractéristiques de distillation à pression
atmosphérique
Reference number
ISO 3405:2019(E)
©
ISO 2019
ISO 3405:2019(E)
© ISO 2019
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting
on the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address
below or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Fax: +41 22 749 09 47
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

ISO 3405:2019(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms and definitions . 1
4 Principle . 3
5 Apparatus . 3
5.1 General . 3
5.2 Distillation flasks . 4
5.3 Condenser tube and cooling bath . 4
5.4 Metal shield or enclosure for flask (manual apparatus only) . 4
5.5 Heat source(s) . 8
5.6 Flask-support . 8
5.7 Graduated cylinders . 9
5.8 Temperature measurement system .10
5.9 Centring device .10
5.10 Barometer .10
6 Samples and sampling .12
6.1 Sample grouping .12
6.2 Sample maintenance prior to testing .12
6.2.1 General.12
6.2.2 Groups 1 and 2 .13
6.2.3 Groups 3 and 4 .13
6.3 Removing water from sample .13
6.3.1 General.13
6.3.2 Groups 1 and 2 .14
6.3.3 Groups 3 and 4 .14
7 Preparation of apparatus .14
8 Apparatus verification .16
8.1 Level follower .16
8.2 Electronic temperature-measurement devices .16
8.3 Electronic pressure measuring device .17
9 Procedure — Manual apparatus .17
10 Procedure — Automated apparatus .20
11 Calculations.21
12 Expression of results .24
13 Precision (Manual Apparatus) .25
13.1 General .25
13.2 Repeatability .26
13.3 Reproducibility .26
14 Precision (automated apparatus).27
14.1 General .27
14.2 Repeatability .27
14.3 Reproducibility .27
14.4 Bias .28
14.4.1 Bias .28
14.4.2 Relative bias .29
15 Test report .29
Annex A (normative) Thermometer specifications .30
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Annex B (normative) Determination of temperature-sensor lag times .31
Annex C (normative) Determination of specified distillation data .32
Annex D (informative) Examples of data calculations .34
Annex E (informative) Emulation of emergent-stem errors .37
Annex F (informative) Examples of a test report .38
Bibliography .40
iv © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

ISO 3405:2019(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.
ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/patents).
Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not
constitute an endorsement.
For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the
World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) see www .iso
.org/iso/foreword .html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 28, Petroleum and related products, fuels
and lubricants from natural or synthetic sources.
This fifth edition cancels and replaces the fourth edition (ISO 3405:2011), which has been technically
revised. The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— extension of the scope to include synthetic and biological products in general and automotive petrol-
ethanol blends and to diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME specifically;
[1]
— the procedure has been aligned with ASTM D86 and ASTM International has granted usage of its
precision data on 5 July 2017;
— update of the precision (for automated apparatus) for groups 1, 2, and 3, with the slope-based
[2]
precision obtained from a 2010 Interlaboratory Study ;
— for T95, group 4 now has a valid range of 260 °C to 360 °C and an updated precision, as a review of
a 2006 Interlaboratory Study revealed the absence of some group 4 samples having a final boiling
point near 360 °C, as well final boiling points above;
— the test report example in Annex F has been updated as group 0 is not addressed since the fourth
edition of this document;
— introduction of a solution for the replacement of mercury-in-glass thermometers.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/members .html.
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 3405:2019(E)
Petroleum and related products from natural or synthetic
sources — Determination of distillation characteristics at
atmospheric pressure
WARNING — The use of this document can involve hazardous materials, operations and
equipment. This document does not purport to address all the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of users of this document to take appropriate measures to ensure
the safety and health of personnel prior to the application of the standard, and to determine the
applicability of any other restrictions for this purpose.
1 Scope
This document specifies a laboratory method for the determination of the distillation characteristics
of light and middle distillates derived from petroleum and related products of synthetic or biological
origin with initial boiling points above 0 °C and end-points below approximately 400 °C, utilizing either
manual or automated equipment. Light distillates are typically automotive engine petrol, automotive
engine ethanol fuel blends with up to 85 % (V/V) ethanol, and aviation petrol. Middle distillates are
typically aviation turbine fuel, kerosene, diesel, diesel with up to 30 % (V/V) FAME, burner fuel, and
marine fuels that have no appreciable quantities of residua.
NOTE For the purposes of this document, the term “% (V/V)” is used to represent the volume fraction of a
material.
The distillation (volatility) characteristics of hydrocarbons and related products of synthetic or
biological origin have an important effect on their safety and performance, especially in the case of
fuels and solvents. The boiling range gives important information on composition and behaviour during
storage and use, and the rate of evaporation is an important factor in the application of many solvents.
Limiting values to specified distillation characteristics are applied to most distillate petroleum product
and liquid fuel specifications in order to control end-use performance and to regulate the formation
of vapours which may form explosive mixtures with air, or otherwise escape into the atmosphere as
emissions (VOC).
2 Normative references
The following documents are referred to in the text in such a way that some or all of their content
constitutes requirements of this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.
ISO 918, Volatile organic liquids for industrial use — Determination of distillation characteristics
ISO 3170, Petroleum liquids — Manual sampling
ISO 3171, Petroleum liquids — Automatic pipeline sampling
ISO 4788, Laboratory glassware — Graduated measuring cylinders
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https: //www .iso .org/obp
ISO 3405:2019(E)
— IEC Electropedia: available at https: //www .electropedia .org/
3.1
decomposition point
thermometer reading (corrected) which coincides with the first indications of thermal decomposition
of the liquid in the flask
Note 1 to entry: Characteristic indications of thermal decomposition are an evolution of fumes and erratic
thermometer readings which usually show a decided decrease after any attempt has been made to adjust the heat.
3.2
dry point
thermometer reading (corrected) that is observed at the instant the last drop of liquid evaporates from
the lowest point in the flask, any drops or film of liquid on the side of the flask or on the thermometer
being disregarded
Note 1 to entry: The end-point (final boiling point), rather than the dry point is intended for general use. The dry
point can be reported in connection with special purpose naphthas, such as those used in the paint industry.
Also, it is substituted for the end-point (final boiling point) whenever the sample is of such a nature that the
precision of the end-point cannot consistently meet the precision requirements given in Clauses 13 or 14.
3.3
final boiling point
end-point maximum thermometer reading (corrected) obtained during the test
Note 1 to entry: This usually occurs after evaporation of all liquid from the bottom of the flask.
3.4
initial boiling point
thermometer reading (corrected) that is observed at the instant that the first drop of condensate falls
from the lower end of the condenser tube
3.5
percent evaporated
sum of the percent recovered and the percent loss
3.6
percent loss
calculated amount of uncondensed material
Note 1 to entry: Sometimes called “front-end loss”; this is the amount of uncondensed material lost in the initial
stages of the distillation.
3.7
corrected loss
percent loss corrected for barometric pressure
3.8
percent recovered
volume of condensate observed in the receiving cylinder at any point in the distillation, expressed as a
percentage of the charge volume, in connection with a simultaneous temperature reading
3.9
percent recovery
maximum percent recovered, as observed in accordance with 9.10 or 10.10
3.10
percent residue
volume of residue measured in accordance with 9.11 or 10.11, and expressed as a percentage of the
charge volume
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ISO 3405:2019(E)
3.11
percent total recovery
combined percent recovery and residue in the flask, as determined in accordance with 11.1
3.12
thermometer reading
temperature recorded by the sensor of the saturated vapour measured in the neck of the flask below
the vapour tube, under the specified conditions of this test
3.13
temperature reading
thermometer or temperature-measurement device reading (3.12) which is corrected to 101,3 kPa
standard pressure
3.14
emergent stem effect
offset in temperature reading caused by the use of a total immersion mercury-in-glass thermometer in
the partial immersion mode
Note 1 to entry: The emergent part of the mercury column is at a lower temperature than the immersed portion,
resulting in a lower temperature reading than that obtained when the thermometer was completely immersed
for calibration.
3.15
temperature lag
offset in temperature reading between a mercury-in-glass thermometer and an electronic temperature-
measurement device, caused by the different response time of the systems involved
4 Principle
The sample is assigned into one of four groups based on its composition and expected volatility
characteristics, each group defining the apparatus arrangement, condenser temperature and
operational variables. A 100 ml test portion is distilled under the specified conditions appropriate
to the group into which the sample falls, and systematic observations of thermometer readings and
volumes of condensate recovered are made. The volume of the residue in the flask is measured, and the
loss on distillation recorded. The thermometer readings are corrected for barometric pressure, and
the data are then used for calculations appropriate to the nature of the sample and the specification
requirements.
5 Apparatus
5.1 General
Typical assemblies of the manual apparatus are shown in Figures 1 and 2. In addition to the basic
components described in Clause 5, automated apparatus are equipped with a system to measure and
automatically record the vapour temperature and the associated recovered volume in the receiving
cylinder.
Automated equipment manufactured from 1999 onwards shall be equipped with a device to
automatically shut down power to the unit and to spray an inert gas or vapour in the chamber where
the distillation flask is mounted in the event of fire.
NOTE Some causes of fires are breakage of the distillation flask, electrical shorts, and foaming and spilling
of liquid sample through the top opening of the flask.
ISO 3405:2019(E)
5.2 Distillation flasks
The distillation flasks shall have a capacity of 125 ml and be constructed of heat-resistant glass,
according to the dimensions and tolerances shown in Figure 3.
For tests specifying the dry point, especially selected flasks with bottoms and walls of uniform
thickness are recommended.
5.3 Condenser tube and cooling bath
5.3.1 Typical types of condenser and cooling bath are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2.
Other types of apparatus may be used, provided that the test results obtained by their use are such as
to correlate with the results obtained with those illustrated, and to satisfy the precision criteria given
in Clauses 13 or 14.
5.3.2 The condenser shall be made of seamless non-corrosive metal tubing, 560 mm ± 5 mm in length,
with an outside diameter of 14 mm and a wall thickness of 0,8 mm to 0,9 mm.
NOTE Brass or stainless steel are suitable materials.
5.3.3 The condenser shall be set so that 393 mm ± 3 mm of the tube is in contact with the cooling
medium, with 50 mm ± 3 mm outside the cooling bath at the upper end, and 114 mm ± 3 mm outside
at the lower end. The portion of tube projecting at the upper end shall be set at an angle of 75° ± 3°
to the vertical. The portion of the tube inside the cooling bath shall be either straight or bent in any
suitable continuous smooth curve. The average gradient shall be 15° ± 1° with respect to the horizontal,
and no 100 mm section shall have a gradient outside a 15° ± 3° range. The projecting lower portion of
the condenser tube shall be curved downward for a length of 76 mm and the lower end cut off at an
acute angle. Provisions shall be made to enable the flow of distillate to run down the side of the receiving
cylinder. Figure 4 gives an illustration of the lower end of the condenser tube.
The flow of distillate down the side of the graduated cylinder can be accomplished either by using a
drip-deflector which is inserted in the receiver, or by having the downward length of the condenser
tube curve slightly backwards so as to ensure contact with the wall of the receiving cylinder at a point
25 mm to 32 mm below the top of the receiving cylinder when it is in position to receive distillate.
5.3.4 The volume and design of the cooling bath will depend on the cooling medium employed. The
cooling capacity of the bath shall be adequate to maintain the required temperature for the desired
condenser performance. A single cooling bath may be used for several condenser tubes.
5.4 Metal shield or enclosure for flask (manual apparatus only)
Shields shall be provided to protect the operator from damage from the unit during operation, and
to protect the distillation flask from draughts. They shall allow easy access to the distillation during
operation, and be provided with at least one window to observe the dry point at the end of the
distillation.
NOTE 1 A typical shield for a unit fitted with a gas burner would be 480 mm high, 280 mm long and 200 mm
wide, made of sheet metal approximately 0,8 mm in thickness (see Figure 1).
NOTE 2 A typical shield for a unit fitted with an electric heater would be 440 mm high, 200 mm long and
200 mm wide, made of sheet metal approximately 0,8 mm in thickness (see Figure 2).
4 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

ISO 3405:2019(E)
Key
1 cooling bath 7 thermometer
2 air vents 8 bath cover
3 burner 9 blotting paper
4 shield 10 support
5 heat-resistant boards 11 graduated cylinder
6 distillation flask 12 gas line
Figure 1 — Apparatus assembly using a gas burner
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Key
1 receiving cylinder 8 flask-adjusting knob
2 blotting paper 9 indicating dial
3 thermometer 10 switch
4 distillation flask 11 open bottom shield
5 flask-support board 12 cooling bath
6 electric heating element 13 condenser tube
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ISO 3405:2019(E)
7 flask-support platform 14 shield
Figure 2 — Apparatus assembly using an electric heater
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 19/22 neck or 19/26 neck
a
Reinforcing bead.
b
Fire polished.
Figure 3 — 125 ml flasks — Alternative neck designs
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Dimensions in millimetres
Figure 4 — Lower end of condenser tube
5.5 Heat source(s)
5.5.1 Gas burner (see Figure 1), capable of bringing over the first drop from a cold start within the
time specified, and continuing the distillation at the specified rate. A sensitive regulating valve and gas
pressure governor to give complete control of heating shall be provided.
5.5.2 Electric heater (see Figure 2), of low heat retention and adjustable from 0 W to 1 000 W.
5.6 Flask-support
5.6.1 Type 1 for use with gas burner (see Figure 1). Either a ring support of the ordinary laboratory
type, 100 mm or larger in diameter, supported on a stand inside the shield, or a platform adjustable from
the outside of the shield shall be used.
The flask support board shall be constructed of ceramic or other heat-resistant material, 3 mm to 6 mm
in thickness and shall have a central opening conforming to the dimensions given in Table 2. The flask
support board shall be of sufficient dimension to ensure that thermal heat to the flask only comes from
the central opening and that extraneous heat to the flask other than through the central opening is
minimized. The flask-support board may be moved slightly in accordance with the directions for
positioning the distillation flask so that direct heat is applied to the flask only through the opening
in this board. The position of the flask is set by adjusting the length of the side-arm inserted into the
condenser.
5.6.2 Type 2 for use with an electric heater (see Figure 2). The flask-support is a platform on top of
the electric heater and adjustable from the outside of the shield. The flask support board described in
5.6.1 is mounted on this support. Provision shall be made for moving the upper (flask-support) board
slightly in the horizontal plane to ensure that direct heat is applied only through the specified opening
in this board. The flask-support assembly shall be able to move vertically to ensure contact of the flask-
support board with the bottom of the distillation flask during the distillation, and to allow for easy
mounting and removal of the distillation flask from the unit.
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ISO 3405:2019(E)
5.7 Graduated cylinders
5.7.1 Receiving cylinder, of 100 ml ± 1,0 ml capacity, nominally in accordance with ISO 4788. It shall
be graduated at intervals of 1 ml beginning at least at the 5 ml mark and have a graduation at the 100 ml
mark. The shape of the base shall be such that the receiver does not topple when placed empty on a
surface inclined at an angle of 13° to the horizontal. Construction details and tolerances for the graduated
cylinder are shown in Figure 5.
Dimensions in millimetres
Key
1 fire polished top end
Figure 5 — 100 ml receiving cylinder (tolerance ± 1,0 ml)
For automated apparatus, the cylinder shall conform to the physical specifications described in this
subclause, with the exception of all graduations but that at 100 ml. Receiving cylinders for use in
automated units may also have a metal base.
If required, the receiving cylinder shall be either immersed in a cooling bath containing cooling liquid,
such as a tall-form beaker of clear glass or transparent plastic, up to above the 100 ml graduation line,
or placed in a thermostatically controlled air-circulation chamber.
5.7.2 Residue cylinder, of 5 ml capacity, generally in accordance with ISO 4788.
ISO 3405:2019(E)
5.8 Temperature measurement system
5.8.1 Thermometers, if used, shall be of the mercury-in-glass type, nitrogen filled, graduated on the
stem and enamel backed, and shall conform to the specifications given in Annex A.
CAUTION — Under certain test conditions, the bulb of the thermometer can be 28 °C above the
temperature indicated, and at an indicated temperature of 370 °C, the temperature of the bulb
is approaching a critical range in the glass. It is thus strongly recommended that distillation
temperature readings above 370 °C are avoided, but in those cases where thermometers have
been exposed to observed temperature readings above 370 °C, they shall not be re-used without
checking their ice point to verify calibration.
5.8.2 Electronic temperature-measurement devices, if used, shall exhibit the same temperature
lag, emergent stem effect and accuracy as the equivalent mercury-in-glass thermometer.
To simulate the temperature lag of a mercury-in-glass thermometer, the circuitry and/or the algorithms
used for the electronic system shall take this fact into account.
Alternatively, place the sensor in a casing with the tip covered, so that the assembly, because of its
adjusted thermal mass and conductivity, has a temperature lag time similar to that of mercury-in-glass
thermometers.
In case of dispute, unless otherwise agreed, the referee test shall be carried out using the specified
mercury-in-glass thermometers.
When it is required to determine the difference in lag time between an electronic measurement system
and mercury-in-glass thermometers Annex B shall be used.
NOTE The lag time difference determination is more applicable for equipment manufacturers.
5.9 Centring device
The temperature sensor shall be fitted through a snug-fitting device designed for mechanically centring
the sensor in the neck of the distillation flask without vapour leakage. The use of a cork or silicone
rubber stopper with a hole drilled through the centre is not acceptable for this purpose. Examples of
acceptable centring devices are shown in Figures 6 and 7.
When running tests by the manual method, products with a low initial boiling point can have one or
more temperature readings obscured by the centring device.
Centring devices not shown in Figures 6 and 7 are also acceptable provided they position and hold the
temperature sensor in the middle of the neck of the distillation flask.
5.10 Barometer
The barometer shall be capable of measuring atmospheric pressure with an accuracy of 0,1 kPa or
better, at the same elevation relative to sea level as the apparatus in the laboratory. Do not take readings
from aneroid barometers that are pre-corrected to give sea level pressures.
The barometer should ideally be located in the room in which the distillation is carried out.
10 © ISO 2019 – All rights reserved

ISO 3405:2019(E)
Key
1 O-ring
a
Screwcap.
b
Knurled knob.
c
Cone male NS 19/26.
Figure 6 — PTFE centring device for ground-glass joint
ISO 3405:2019(E)
Key
a
1 single O-ring Viton or perfluoro elastomer Cone-shaped for perfect centring in neck of
distillation flask.
2 compression nut (PTFE)
b
3 PTFE body Drilled out to fit Pt 100 probe.
c
4 double O-rings Viton or perfluoro elastomer Compression without O-ring.
d
5 compression O-ring Threads.
e
6 compression nut Internal diameter of flask to be precision bore.
7 thermometer or Pt 100 probe
8 neck of distilling flask
Figure 7 — Two illustrative centring device designs for straight-bore neck
6 Samples and sampling
6.1 Sample grouping
Determine the nature of the product to be sampled and place it in the appropriate group according to
Table 1, which also gives general guidance on sampling conditions.
6.2 Sample maintenance prior to testing
6.2.1 General
Unless otherwise specified, sampling shall be carried out by the procedures described in ISO 3170 or
ISO 3171, bearing in mind the special conditions described in Table 1. Maintain samples prior to testing
at the specified temperatures given in Table 1, away from sources of direct heat or sunlight.
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ISO 3405:2019(E)
6.2.2 Groups 1 and 2
Collect the sample in a container previously cooled to below 10 °C, when necessary. Condition the
container preferably by immersing it in the liquid, where possible, and discarding the first sample.
Where immersion is not possible, the sample shall be drawn off into the previously cooled container in
such a manner that agitation is kept at a minimum. Close the container immediately with a tight-fitting
stopper, and place the sample in an ice bath or refrigerator to maintain the sample below the specified
temperature. Maintain the sample below 10 °C prior to testing, and preferably store at or below this
temperature. Where maintenance and/or storage at below 10 °C is not possible or practicable, a
temperature up to 20 °C is acceptable provided that the sample is always conditioned to a temperature
below 10 °C before the container is opened.
6.2.3 Groups 3 and 4
Maintain the sample at ambient temperature. If the sample is not fluid at ambient temperature,
maintain it at a temperature of 9 °C to 21 °C above its pour point. Shake the sample vigorously prior
to subsampling to ensure homogeneity, and disregard the temperature range shown in Table 2 for the
receiving cylinder. Prior to analysis, heat the receiving cylinder to approximately the same temperature
as the sample, and pour the heated test portion precisely to the 100 ml mark. Transfer the test portion
as rapidly and completely as possible to the distillation flask.
CAUTION — A tightly-sealed, full, cold container of sample is likely to break if heated.
Table 1 — Sample groups and sampling conditions
Group number 1 2 3 4
Typical sample type Gasoline Gasoline Wide-cut Kerosene/
aviation fuel gas oil
Vapour pressure ≥65,5 <65,5 <65,5 <65,5
(DVPE), kPa
Initial boiling point — — ≤100 >100
(IBP), °C
Final boiling point ≤250 ≤250 >250 >250
(FBP), °C
Temperature of sample <10 — — —
bottle, °C
a a
Temperature of sample ≤10 ≤10 Ambient Ambient
at sampling, °C
b b
Temperature of stored <10 <10 Ambient Ambient
sample, °C
If sample is wet Resample or dry Resample or dry Dry Dry
(Reference) (6.3.2) (6.3.2) (6.3.3) (6.3.3)
a
Samples shall always be at 9 °C to 21 °C above their pour point if not fluid at ambient temperature.
b
When no facilities available for storage below 10 °C, the sample may be stored below 20 °C provided the container is
tightly sealed. See 6.2.2.
6.3 Removing water from sample
6.3.1 General
Samples of materials that are visibly hazy (suspended water) or are suspected of containing water are
not suitable for testing.
ISO 3405:2019(E)
6.3.2 Groups 1 and 2
If the sample is not dry, obtain another sample for testing that is free from suspended water. If such
a sample cannot be obtained, add a sufficient amount of anhydrous sodium sulfate or other suitable
drying agent to the sample maintained at 0 °C to 10 °C, and physically remove the water by shaking.
Once the sample shows no visible signs of water, use a decanted portion of the sample, maintained at
0 °C to 10 °C, for the analysis. Record th
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