CEN/TS 14243:2010

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-junij-2010
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Materials produced from end of life tyres - Specification of categories based on their
dimension(s) and impurities and methods for determining their dimension(s) and
impurities
Materialen aus Altreifen - Festlegung von Klassen anhand ihrer Abmessung(en) und
Verunreinigungen und Verfahren zur Bestimmung ihrer Abmessung(en) und
Verunreinigungen
Matériaux produits à partir de pneumatiques en fin de vie - Spécification de catégories
basées sur leur(s) dimension(s) et impuretés et méthodes pour déterminer leur(s)
dimension(s) et impuretés
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14243:2010
ICS:
13.030.50 Recikliranje Recycling
83.160.01 Avtomobilske pnevmatike na Tyres in general
splošno
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14243
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
April 2010
ICS 13.030.50; 83.160.01 Supersedes CWA 14243:2002
English Version
Materials produced from end of life tyres - Specification of
categories based on their dimension(s) and impurities and
methods for determining their dimension(s) and impurities
Matériaux produits à partir de pneumatiques en fin de vie - Materialen aus Altreifen - Festlegung von Klassen anhand
Spécification de catégories basées sur leur(s) dimension(s) ihrer Abmessung(en) und Verunreinigungen und Verfahren
et impuretés et méthodes pour déterminer leur(s) zur Bestimmung ihrer Abmessung(en) und
dimension(s) et impuretés Verunreinigungen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 4 January 2010 for provisional application.

The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.

CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.

CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.

EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

Management Centre: Avenue Marnix 17, B-1000 Brussels
© 2010 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14243:2010: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
Foreword .5
Introduction .6
1 Scope .8
2 Normative references .8
3 Terms and definitions .8
4 Categories of products, based mainly on their dimensions, produced from end-of-life
tyres . 11
4.1 Categories . 11
4.2 Testing programme . 12
5 Determination of dimensions for granulates and powders and for chips considered as
very large granulates . 12
5.1 General . 12
5.2 Preparation of the sampling plan . 12
5.2.1 Principles of correct sampling . 12
5.2.2 General . 13
5.2.3 Sampling plan . 13
5.2.4 Definition of lot size . 13
5.2.5 Sampling point and apparatus . 13
5.2.6 Size of a sample increment . 14
5.2.7 Number of increments . 14
5.2.8 Metrological characteristics of sampling . 14
5.2.9 Visual assessment . 14
5.3 Storage and transport of sample(s) . 15
5.4 Preparation of the laboratory sample(s) and test portion(s) . 15
5.4.1 Principles of correct sample preparation and sample division . 15
5.4.2 Test portion preparation . 15
5.4.3 Apparatus for sample division . 15
5.4.4 Procedure . 16
5.5 Particle size analysis . 16
5.5.1 General principles. 16
5.5.2 Sieves . 16
5.5.3 Flat brush . 17
5.5.4 Mechanical vibrating equipment . 17
5.5.5 Scales . 17
5.5.6 Procedure . 17
5.5.7 Calculation . 17
5.6 Metrological characteristics . 18
5.7 Test Report . 18
6 Determination of dimensions for shreds and cuts and for chips considered as very small
shreds . 18
6.1 Definition of shreds . 18
6.2 Principles of sampling . 19
6.3 Preparation of the sampling plan for determining dimensions . 19
6.4 Procedure for taking the field sample and producing the laboratory sample(s) . 20
6.5 List of symbols and abbreviations . 20
6.6 Principle of determining the dimension(s) . 21
6.7 Equipment . 22
6.8 Procedure for quantification of maximum projected length (manual) . 22
6.9 Metrological characteristics . 23
6.10 Measurement report . 23
7 Determination of characteristics of the separated fractions steel and textiles . 24
7.1 General . 24
7.2 Preparation of sampling plan for steel and textiles and method for sampling . 24
7.2.1 Principle of sampling . 24
7.2.2 Sampling plan . 24
7.2.3 Definition of a lot and determining lot size . 25
7.2.4 Determination of the number of increments . 25
7.2.5 Determination of minimum sample size . 25
7.2.6 Determination of the minimum increment size . 25
7.3 Handling and storage of samples . 26
7.4 Determination of characteristic of the separated fractions steel and textiles by manual
sorting of all components. 26
7.4.1 General principles . 26
7.4.2 Equipment . 26
7.4.3 Procedure . 26
7.5 Calculation . 27
7.6 Metrological characteristics . 27
7.7 Report . 27
Annex A (normative) Evaluation of protruding filaments for shreds and cuts and chips
considered as very small shreds . 28
A.1 General . 28
A.2 Principle of the evaluation . 28
A.3 Sampling. 28
A.4 List of symbols and abbreviations . 28
A.5 Principle for determining dimension(s) by image analysis . 29
A.6 Equipment . 29
A.7 Procedure . 29
A.8 Metrological characteristics . 30
A.9 Measurement report . 30
Annex B (normative) Determination of free steel content for granulates and powders and chips
considered as very large granulates by the method of magnetic separation . 32
B.1 General . 32
B.2 Principle of the determination . 32
B.3 Sampling. 32
B.4 Equipment . 32
B.5 Procedure . 32
B.6 Calculation . 33
B.7 Metrological characteristics . 33
B.8 Measurement report . 33
Annex C (normative) Determination of free textile content for granulates and powders and chips
considered as very large granulates by the method of the "small ball" agglomeration . 35
C.1 General . 35
C.2 Principle of the determination . 35
C.3 Sampling. 35
C.4 Equipment . 35
C.5 Procedure . 35
C.6 Calculations . 36
C.7 Metrological characteristics . 36
C.8 Measurement report . 36
Annex D (normative) Determination of other impurities content for granulates and powders and
chips considered as very large granulates by the method of a saline solution . 38
D.1 General . 38
D.2 Principle of the determination . 38
D.3 Sampling. 38
D.4 Equipment . 38
D.5 Procedure . 39
D.6 Calculations . 39
D.7 Metrological characteristics . 39
D.8 Measurement report . 40
Annex E (informative) Example of applications of Clause 7 to steel and textiles . 41
E.1 Example for textiles . 41
E.1.1 Sampling . 41
E.1.2 Sample . 41
E.1.3 Separation of fractions textile, steel, rubber . 41
E.1.4 Separation of steel using hand magnet . 42
E.1.5 Sorted fractions . 42
E.1.6 Results . 42
E.2 Example on steel. 42
E.2.1 Sampling . 42
E.2.2 Sample . 42
E.2.3 Separation of fractions . 43
E.2.4 Separation of steel using hand magnet . 43
E.2.5 Sorted fractions . 43
E.2.6 Results . 44
Annex F (informative) Example of scoop . 45
Annex G (informative) Sieving . 46
Bibliography . 48

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14243:2010) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 366 “Project
Committee - Tyre recycling”, the secretariat of which is held by UNI.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of patent
rights. CEN [and/or CENELEC] shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
This document supersedes CEN/CWA 14243:2002.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus,
Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia,
Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.
Introduction
This Technical Specification is the first in a foreseen series of Technical Specifications. Such series would
cover the testing programmes needed to characterise each product category as shown on the figure below.
Clustomer and/or manufacturer defines the Testing Programme
Typical scheme for a testing programme
and its objectives, which are the Term of Reference
concerning several characteristics
for the testing laboratory(ies)
with testing steps in the field (1-2-3)
and in the laboratory (3-4-5-6-7)
Testing Programme on characteristics A, B, C, D
A = Characteristic of the "dimension" type
B, C = Characteristic of the "content" type
"in the field" D = Characteristic of the "apparent density" type "in the field"
Define the Sampling Plan
for Properties A, B, C,D
Take a field sample for characteristic D
Take a field sample for characteristics A, B, C
in accordance with the Sampling Plan
in accordance with the Sampling Plan
WORK FILE
WORK FILE
Laboratory sample and record Laboratory sample and record
for characteristics A, B, C for characteristic D
Storage, Transport, Storage, Transport,
storage storage
WORK FILE WORK FILE
Test sample and test portion Test sample and test portion Test sample and test portion
preparation for characteristic A preparation for characteristics B, C 4 preparation for characteristic D
WORK FILE WORK FILE WORK FILE
Extraction for characteristics B, C
WORK FILE
Quantification for characteristic A Analysis for characteristics B, C Quantification for characteristic D
WORK FILE WORK FILE WORK FILE
WORK FILES collection - Production
of the overall Measurements - 7
Testing Report for characteristics A, B, C, D
"in the laboratory" "in the laboratory"
Overall Report of Measurements -
Testing for Properties A, B, C, D
Customer and/or manufacturer evaluates the data
and report against the
Testing Programme Objectives
Figure 1 — Typical scheme for a testing programme concerning several characteristics with testing
steps in the field and in the laboratory
End-of-life tyres consist mainly of passenger and commercial vehicle tyres, and truck tyres manufactured for
distribution in the European market. Products from end-of-life tyres are used as a secondary raw material
finding a wide range of applications. The principal categories of materials from end-of-life tyres are defined on
the basis of their dimension(s) according to this Technical Specification. Determination of additional
dimensions/impurities according to the test methods specified in normative Annexes A, B, C and D may be
performed if required by agreement between the producer and the customer or at the producer's own will.
European Standards are needed for the production, trade and use of the materials from end-of-life tyres. They
are also useful for buyers of materials, regulators, controllers and laboratories.
The materials produced at different stages of the treatment processes, primarily by size reduction, of end-of-
life tyres are as follows:
 cuts: typically 300 mm and above;
 shreds: typically 20 mm – 400 mm;
 chips: typically 10 mm – 50 mm;
 granulates: typically 0,8 mm – 20 mm;
 powders: typically under 0,8 mm;
 steel;
 textiles.
They may be distinguished mainly according to their dimension(s).
1 Scope
This Technical Specification provides definitions for the categories of materials produced from end-of-life tyres
based on their dimension(s) or impurities. It also provides test methods for the determination of the
dimension(s) of the materials produced from all categories of end-of-life tyres at all steps of the treatment
process as well as for the determination of impurities.
The test methods described in this Technical Specification include sample collection and the preparation of a
representative sample based on a sampling plan for the purpose of determining dimensions and impurities.
This Technical Specification does not cover the operational performance or fitness for use of the materials
which are deemed to be a function of agreement between the producer and the customer.
NOTE This Technical Specification does not cover downstream products prepared from the materials, including
reclaimed or devulcanized rubber, surface-modified powders and pyrolytic output.
This Technical Specification does not purport to address safety concerns associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this Technical Specification to establish appropriate safety and health practices
and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For dated
references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the referenced
document (including any amendments) applies.
EN 933-1, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates ― Part 1: Determination of particle size distribution
― Sieving method
EN 933-2, Tests for geometrical properties of aggregates ― Part 2: Determination of particle size distribution
― Test sieves, nominal size of apertures
ISO 565, Test sieves ― Metal wire cloth, perforated metal plate and electroformed sheet ― Nominal sizes of
openings
ISO 3310-1:2000, Test sieves ― Technical requirements and testing ― Part 1: Test sieves of metal wire cloth
ISO 3310-2:1999, Test sieves ― Technical requirements and testing ― Part 2: Test sieves of perforated
metal plate
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
sample
amount of material taken from a population and intended to provide information on the population
3.2
sub-sample
portion of a sample
3.3
increment
portion of material extracted in a single operation of the sampling device
[Adapted from ISO 13909:2001 (all parts)]
3.4
characteristic
property which helps to identify or differentiate items of a given population
[ISO 3534-1:2006]
NOTE The characteristic may be either quantitative (by variables) or qualitative (by attributes).
3.5
lot
defined quantity of material for which a characteristic is to be determined
NOTE In sampling standards the lot is also designated as the "scale" as the stated size or volume that is considered
appropriate for assessing the material. It follows that variations occurring in the material on any finer scale than this are
deemed not to be of relevance.
3.6
combined sample
sample consisting of all the increments taken from a lot
NOTE A combined sample is a quantity of material, representative of the lot for which the quality is to be determined.
3.7
field sample
sample taken in the field and from which laboratory samples are produced
3.8
laboratory sample
sample or sub-sample sent to or received by the laboratory
[IUPAC definition [1]]
NOTE 1 When the laboratory sample has been prepared (reduced) by subdivision, mixing, or crushing, or by a
combination of these processes, it becomes the test sample. A laboratory sample that requires no preparation can be
used directly as the test sample. A test portion is removed from the test sample for testing or analysis purposes. The
laboratory sample is the final sample from the point of view of sample collection, but it is the initial sample from the point of
view of the laboratory.
NOTE 2 Several laboratory samples can be prepared and sent to different laboratories, or they can be sent to the
same laboratory for different purposes. In the latter case, they are generally considered to be a single laboratory sample
and documented as such.
3.9
test sample
sample prepared from the laboratory sample, from which the test portions are removed for testing or for
analysis
[IUPAC definition]
3.10
test portion
quantity or volume removed from the test sample for analysis purposes, generally of known weight or volume
[IUPAC definition[1]]
3.11
population
totality of items, or total volume of material, to be investigated by sampling
NOTE The population will generally be a convenient, well-defined subset of the overall population (e.g. a year's
production of material) that is believed to be typical of that wider population.
3.12
representative sample
sample in which the characteristic(s) of interest is (are) present with a reliability appropriate for the purposes
of the testing programme
3.13
representative
sample resulting from a sampling plan that can be expected to reflect adequately the properties of interest in
the parent population
[ISO 11074:2005]
3.14
probabilistic sampling
sampling conducted according to the statistical principles of sampling
3.15
judgemental sampling
sampling undertaken from a practically convenient (perhaps relatively small) sub-population, not conducted
fully in accordance with the statistical principles of sampling
3.16
sample division
reduction of the mass of a sample or sub-sample
3.17
nominal top size
aperture size of the sieve used in the determination of the particle size distribution through which at least 95 %
by mass of the material passes
[Adapted from ISO 13909:2001 (all parts)]
3.18
cuts
result of mechanical processes by which end-of-life tyres are fragmented, ripped or torn into irregularly formed
pieces typically larger than 300 mm in size
3.19
shreds
result of mechanical processes by which end-of-life tyres are fragmented, ripped or torn into irregular pieces of
typically 20 mm to 400 mm in any dimension
3.20
format
format specified in this Technical Specification based on the distribution of the maximum
projected length of shreds produced from end-of-life tyres
3.21
chips
result of mechanical processes by which end-of-life tyres are fragmented, ripped or torn into irregularly shaped
pieces of typically 10 mm to 50 mm in size
3.22
granulates
result of processing rubber to reduce it in size into finely dispersed particles between typically 0,8 mm and
20 mm
3.23
powder
result of processing rubber to reduce it in size to achieve finely dispersed particles of typically under 0,8 mm
3.24
steel
result of processing end-of-life tyres by which steel wires are separated from textile and rubber fractions
3.25
textiles
result of processing end-of-life tyres by which textile fibres are separated from steel and rubber fractions
3.26
filaments
filiform metallic and/or textile parts protruding from pieces of shreds, cuts and chips considered as very small
shreds
3.27
free steel
fraction of the steel not embedded in granulates or powders or chips considered as large granulates which
can be separated with a magnetic process
3.28
free textile
fraction of the textile content in granulates or powders or chips considered as large granulates which can be
separated as small ball during sieving
4 Categories of products, based mainly on their dimensions, produced from end-of-
life tyres
4.1 Categories
The materials produced at different stages of the treatment processes primarily by size reduction of end-of-life
tyres may be distinguished mainly according to their dimension(s):
 cuts: typically 300 mm and above;
 shreds: typically 20 mm – 400 mm;
 chips: typically 10 mm – 50 mm;
 granulates: typically 0,8 mm – 20 mm;
 powders: typically under 0,8 mm;
 steel;
 textiles.
The actual range of dimensions (including lower and higher dimensions and associated percentage) is to be
determined in the contract between producer and customer, according to the measurement method specified
in this Technical Specification.
The dimensions of cuts, shreds, chips, granulates and powders, as well as the impurities content of other
materials, i.e. steel and textile, are to be measured according to the test methods specified in this Technical
Specification. Determination of additional dimensions/impurities according to the test methods specified in
normative Annexes A, B, C and D may be performed if required by agreement between the producer and the
customer or at the producer's own will.
NOTE The term dimension(s) is used since several materials cannot be considered as a collection of spherical
particles characterised by a diameter but are rather characterised by several dimensions.
4.2 Testing programme
When performing a testing programme for determining product dimensions, all the different
measurement/testing steps are to be considered and specified by means of standards dealing each with one
or several of those steps, thus securing the needed coherence-coordination between these different testing
steps. The different steps are:
 sampling plan;
 taking field sample(s) to obtain laboratory sample(s);
 storage, transport, storage of the sample(s);
 preparation of test portion(s) from the laboratory sample(s);
 pre-treatment, e.g. drying (if needed);
 quantification, analysis, calculations;
 overall test report.
When undertaking some or all of these measurement steps, a testing laboratory shall operate with appropriate
equipment and competent personnel so as to fulfil the applicable requirements specified in the present
Technical Specification. This includes calibration of equipment, e.g. of scales.
5 Determination of dimensions for granulates and powders and for chips
considered as very large granulates
5.1 General
Particle size and related parameters are key measurements for product classification of size-reduced
materials such as granulates, powders and chips considered as very large granulates. Particle size analysis is
the first measurement of consistency and forms the basis for material grading. Before being able to obtain an
accurate particle size distribution, a representative sample of the material to be tested must be taken.
Depending on the agreed test programme between the producer and the customer, or on the producer's own
will, the determination of dimensions specified in this clause for granulates and powders and for chips
considered as very large granulates may be followed by the additional determination(s) of the free steel
content and/or the free textile content and/or the other impurities as specified in normative Annexes B, C and
D.
5.2 Preparation of the sampling plan
5.2.1 Principles of correct sampling
The main principle of sampling is to obtain a representative sample(s) from a lot of material from which a
characteristic is to be determined. If the lot is to be represented by a sample then every particle in the lot must
have an equal probability of being included in the sample. When these principles cannot be applied in
practice, the sampler shall note the limitations in the sampling plan and sampling report.
5.2.2 General
In general, it is difficult to take samples in a way that ensues truly representative sampling when material is
stationary (for example in a stockpile, big bag or silo). It is easier when the material is moving (for example on
a conveyor belt). Therefore, sampling from moving material is to be preferred wherever possible.
NOTE The determination of other properties than dimension may result in different sampling requirements. This is
the case for the determination of physical properties such as apparent density or chemical composition.
5.2.3 Sampling plan
A written sampling plan shall be prepared before samples are taken according to 5.2.4 to 5.2.7. The number
of increments shall be not less than the minimum number of increments specified in 5.2.6.
A form for the sampling plan shall be prepared containing the following minimum information:
 the name of the producer;
 a unique identification number of the sample;
 the name of the sampler;
 the location(s), date and time of sampling;
 the nominal top size;
 the lot identification number which is to be tested (based on 5.2.3);
 reference to this Technical Specification;
 any deviation from this Technical Specification.
Once completed, this form becomes the sampling certificate.
5.2.4 Definition of lot size
The lot size shall be defined by the producer in accordance with requested specifications and is a fixed
quantity for which a characteristic is to be determined. The lot size (M ) may be defined by the producer as:
lot
 a fixed quantity produced between machine settings;
 a fixed quantity in a production day/shift;
 a fixed quantity minimum of 100 t (10 t for powders).
The lot size is based on production quality management decisions or specific customer requirements.
5.2.5 Sampling point and apparatus
Based on health and safety assessments and producer equipment, a fixed sampling point for the collection of
sample increments shall be chosen for each material fraction to be monitored. Sampling shall be carried out
using a sample box or other suitable equipment. The sampling box is passed through the stream of falling
material so that it uniformly cuts the full flow of falling material. The box shall be large enough so that it does
not become overloaded. Automatic systems fulfilling these criteria may also be used.
5.2.6 Size of a sample increment
The sampling box shall have a capacity of not less than:
V = 0,5 for d < 10;
min
V = 0,05 × d for 10 ≤ d ≤ 20;
min
V = 5 dm (chips considered as very large granulates)
min
where
V in cubic decimetres is the minimum capacity of the sampling box; and
min
d  is the nominal top size in millimetres.
The sampler shall record the approximate capacity of the sampling device V in cubic decimetres.
increment
5.2.7 Number of increments
The minimum number of increments to be taken from a lot depends on the nominal top size of the granulate
material to be sampled. The granulate shall be assigned by the sampler to one of two groups in Table 1.
Table 1 — Classification of material according to size
Group 1 Group 2
nominal top size < 10 mm nominal top size is between 10 mm and 20 mm

For sampling from moving material:
Group 1: n = 3 + 0,025 × M size of granulates from 0,8 mm to 10 mm and powders under 0,8 mm
lot
Group 2: n = 5 + 0,040 × M size of granulates from 10 mm to 20 mm and chips considered as
lot
very large granulates
where
n is the minimum permitted number of increments rounded off to the higher nearest whole number;
M  is the mass of the lot in tonnes.
lot
Sample collection is carried out according to the sample plan and the increments are collected manually using
the sampling box. Each increment is placed in a separate container and sent to the testing laboratory.
Increments shall be taken at regular intervals during the discharge of the lot. The time of increment collection
is recorded in the sampling plan.
5.2.8 Metrological characteristics of sampling
When this Technical Specification was adopted by CEN, the test specified in this clause had not been
validated and no data on robustness, repeatability and reproducibility was available.
5.2.9 Visual assessment
The increments are to be assessed visually and observations on the quality should be noted as additional
information and recorded according to quality management, best practice policies or specific customer
requirements.
5.3 Storage and transport of sample(s)
Samples are to be stored in such a way that material will not be lost during transportation. The samples are to
be stored dry and in a sealed sample box. The sampling certificate is to be attached.
5.4 Preparation of the laboratory sample(s) and test portion(s)
5.4.1 Principles of correct sample preparation and sample division
The main purpose of sample preparation is that the increment samples collected from the whole lot are
reduced to one or more test samples that are in general smaller than the original sample based on sample
division. The aim of sample division is therefore to reduce the mass of the sub-samples or to make several
duplicate sub-samples out of the original sample.
Each test sample shall be a representative of the original sample based on the principle that the composition
of the sample as taken on site shall not be changed during the steps of sample preparation for testing.
5.4.2 Test portion preparation
The increments that have been collected are mixed together in a container of suitable size to form a combined
sample. In this case the combined sample is the laboratory sample.
As regards the method of particle size anal
...