CEN/TS 14961:2005

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-maj-2005
Trdna biogoriva – Specifikacije goriv in razredi
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes
Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -klassen
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des combustibles
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: CEN/TS 14961:2005
ICS:
75.160.10 Trda goriva Solid fuels
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

TECHNICAL SPECIFICATION
CEN/TS 14961
SPÉCIFICATION TECHNIQUE
TECHNISCHE SPEZIFIKATION
March 2005
ICS 75.160.10
English version
Solid biofuels - Fuel specifications and classes
Biocombustibles solides - Classes et spécifications des Feste Biobrennstoffe - Brennstoffspezifikationen und -
combustibles klassen
This Technical Specification (CEN/TS) was approved by CEN on 9 November 2004 for provisional application.
The period of validity of this CEN/TS is limited initially to three years. After two years the members of CEN will be requested to submit their
comments, particularly on the question whether the CEN/TS can be converted into a European Standard.
CEN members are required to announce the existence of this CEN/TS in the same way as for an EN and to make the CEN/TS available
promptly at national level in an appropriate form. It is permissible to keep conflicting national standards in force (in parallel to the CEN/TS)
until the final decision about the possible conversion of the CEN/TS into an EN is reached.
CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia,
Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION
EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG
Management Centre: rue de Stassart, 36  B-1050 Brussels
© 2005 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. CEN/TS 14961:2005: E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents
page
1 Scope .5
2 Normative references .5
3 Terms and definitions .5
4 Symbols and abbreviations .5
5 Principle.6
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels.7
6.1 General.7
6.2 Woody biomass .10
6.2.1 Forest and plantation wood.10
6.2.2 Wood processing industry by-products and residues .10
6.2.3 Used wood.10
6.2.4 Blends and mixtures .10
6.3 Herbaceous biomass.11
6.3.1 Agriculture and horticulture herb .11
6.3.2 Herb processing industry, by-products and residues.11
6.3.3 Blends and mixtures .11
6.4 Fruit biomass .11
6.4.1 Orchard and horticulture fruit .11
6.4.2 Fruit processing industry, by-products and residues .11
6.4.3 Blends and mixtures .11
6.5 Biomass blends and mixtures.11
7 Specification of solid biofuels based on traded forms and properties.11
7.1 Traded forms of solid biofuels .11
7.2 Specification of properties of solid biofuels.12
Annex A (informative) Examples of specifications for high quality classes of solid biofuels
recommended for household usage.25
Annex B (informative)  Illustrations of typical forms of wood fuels.27
B.1 Classification of wood fuels based on a typical particle size .27
B.2 Difference between wood chips (left) and hog fuel (right). Source: Swedish University of
Agricultural Sciences .27
Annex C (informative)  Typical values of solid biomass fuels.28
D.1 Examples of possible causes for deviant levels for different properties, woody biomass.38
D.2 Examples of consequences of handling and treatments for the properties of woody
biomass .39

Foreword
This document (CEN/TS 14961:2005) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 335 “Solid
Biofuels”, the secretariat of which is held by SIS.
According to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following
countries are bound to announce this CEN Technical Specification: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic,
Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania,
Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and United Kingdom.
Introduction
This is a Technical Specification of "Fuel Specifications and Classes" of the TC335 Solid Biofuels Working
group "Fuel Specifications, Classes and Quality Assurance".
The objective of this Technical Specification is to provide unambiguous and clear classification principles for
solid biofuels and to serve as a tool to enable efficient trading of biofuels and to enable good understanding
between seller and buyer as well as a tool for communication with equipment manufacturers. It will also
facilitate authority permission procedures and reporting.
This Technical Specification is made for all user groups.
Figure 1 describes the bioenergy utilisation chain from sources of biomass, to biofuel production to final use of
bioenergy. Although biomass can be used for energy generation it has many other primary uses (non-fuels) as
a raw material for construction, furniture, packaging, paper products etc. The classifications given in this
Technical Specification are provided with the objective of using biomass as a biofuel, and therefore do not
deal with all other uses.
Biofuel
Biomass
Bioenergy
Solid biofuel
CEN TC 335
Liquid and gaseous
biofuel
Non-fuels
Figure 1 — CEN TC 335 within the biomass – biofuel – bioenergy field
production
conversion
1 Scope
This Technical Specification determines the fuel quality classes and specifications for solid biofuels. According
to the mandate given for the standardisation work, the scope of the Technical Specification (TC335) only
includes solid biofuels originating from the following sources:
- products from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from agriculture and forestry;
- vegetable waste from the food processing industry;
- wood waste, with the exception of wood waste which may contain halogenated organic compounds or
heavy metals as a result of treatment with wood preservatives or coating, and which includes in particular
such wood waste originated from construction and demolition waste;
- fibrous vegetable waste from virgin pulp production and from production of paper from pulp, if it is co-
incinerated at the place of production and heat generated is recovered;
- cork waste.
NOTE For the avoidance of doubt, demolition wood is not included in the scope of this Technical Specification.
Demolition wood is “used wood arising from demolition of buildings or civil engineering installations” (CEN/TS 14588).
2 Normative references
Not applicable.
3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this Technical Specification, the terms and definitions given in CEN/TS 14588 and the
following apply.
3.1
chemical treatment
chemical treatment is in this Technical Specification defined as any treatment with chemicals other than air or
water (e.g. glue and paint). Examples of chemical treatment are listed in informative annex D.
4 Symbols and abbreviations
The symbols and abbreviations used in this Technical Specification comply with the SI system of units as far
as possible.
d dry (dry basis)
daf dry, ash-free, see informative annex C
ar as received
A Designation for ash content (w-%, dry basis) *
ρ Density [kg/m ]
BD Designation for bulk density *
DE Designation for particle density as received [kg/dm ]
D Designation for diameter *
DU Designation for mechanical durability *
E Energy density as received [MWh/m loose, solid or stacked volume (amount of energy/volume unit)
ar
E Designation for energy density as received [kWh/m or kWh/kg, unit is to be stated in brackets]*
F Designation for amount of fines (< 3,15 mm, w-%)
L Designation for length *
M Total moisture content as received [w-%] on wet basis
ar
M Designation for moisture content as received*
P Designation for particle size distribution*
q Gross calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant volume
V,gr
q Net calorific value [MJ/kg] at constant pressure
p,net
*Designation symbols are used in combination with a number to specify property levels in the Tables 4 to 13
and in informative annex A. For designation of chemical properties chemical symbols like S (sulphur),
Cl (chlorine), N (nitrogen) are used and the value is added at the end of the symbol.
5 Principle
Solid biofuels are specified by:
� origin and source, clause 6;
� major traded forms and properties, clause 7.
For specification of origin and source, see Table 1. For major traded forms, see Table 2.
For specification of properties see Tables 4 to 13. The major traded forms of solid biofuels are covered by
Tables 4 to 12. Table 13 is a general master table to be used for solid biofuels not covered by Tables 4 to 12.
Tables 4 to 13 list the normative properties, which have to be specified and informative properties, which are
voluntary. Normative properties vary depending on both origin and traded form.
Example of specification:
Origin:   Logging residues (1.1.3)
Traded form: Wood chips
Properties: Particle size distribution P45, Moisture M40, Ash A1.5
In the case of wood chips (Table 7) the properties of dimensions, moisture and ash are normative in the
specification. Other properties are informative.
Specifications for special high quality classes for solid biofuels recommended for household usage in each of
the traded forms of wood pellets, wood briquettes, wood chips and log woods, are given in annex A.
6 Classification of origin and sources of solid biofuels
6.1 General
The classification is based on the biofuel origin and source. In the hierarchical classification system (Table 1)
the main origin-based solid biofuel groups are:
• woody biomass;
• herbaceous biomass;
• fruit biomass; and
• blends and mixtures.
Woody biomass is biomass from trees, bushes and shrubs.
Herbaceous biomass is from plants that have a non-woody stem and which die back at the end of the growing
season.
Fruit biomass is the biomass from the parts of a plant which hold seeds.
The term “Blends and mixtures” in Table 1 refers to material of various origin within the given box in the
classification table and appears on four levels. Blends are intentionally mixed biofuels, whereas mixtures are
unintentionally mixed biofuels. The origin of the mixture or blend has to be described using Table 1. If solid
biofuel blend or mixture may contain chemically treated material it has to be stated. A blend or a mixture of e.g.
chemically treated wood and chemically untreated wood has to be classified as chemically treated wood.
The second level of classification in Table 1 describes fuels from different sources within the main groups,
primarily stating whether the biomass is a by-product or a re
...