EN ISO 14093:2025

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
01-julij-2025
Mehanizem financiranja lokalnega prilagajanja podnebnim spremembam -
Nepovratna sredstva za odpornost na podnebne spremembe, določena na osnovi
uspešnosti - Zahteve in smernice (ISO 14093:2022)
Mechanism for financing local adaptation to climate change - Performance-based climate
resilience grants - Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14093:2022)
Mechanismus zur Finanzierung der lokalen Anpassung an den Klimawandel -
Leistungsabhängige Zuwendungen für die Klimaresilienz - Anforderungen und Leitlinien
(ISO 14093:2022)
Mécanisme pour le financement de l’adaptation au changement climatique à l’échelle
locale - Subventions pour la résilience climatique basées sur la performance - Exigences
et lignes directrices (ISO 14093:2022)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: EN ISO 14093:2025
ICS:
13.020.20 Okoljska ekonomija. Environmental economics.
Trajnostnost Sustainability
2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

EN ISO 14093
EUROPEAN STANDARD
NORME EUROPÉENNE
May 2025
EUROPÄISCHE NORM
ICS 13.020.20
English Version
Mechanism for financing local adaptation to climate
change - Performance-based climate resilience grants -
Requirements and guidelines (ISO 14093:2022)
Mécanisme pour le financement de l'adaptation au Mechanismus zur Finanzierung der lokalen Anpassung
changement climatique à l'échelle locale - Subventions an den Klimawandel - Leistungsabhängige
pour la résilience climatique basées sur la performance Zuwendungen für die Klimaresilienz - Anforderungen
- Exigences et lignes directrices (ISO 14093:2022) und Leitlinien (ISO 14093:2022)
This European Standard was approved by CEN on 11 May 2025.

CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate the conditions for giving this
European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references
concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the CEN-CENELEC Management Centre or to any CEN
member.
This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by
translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the CEN-CENELEC Management
Centre has the same status as the official versions.

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Poland, Portugal, Republic of North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and
United Kingdom.
EUROPEAN COMMITTEE FOR STANDARDIZATION
COMITÉ EUROPÉEN DE NORMALISATION

EUROPÄISCHES KOMITEE FÜR NORMUNG

CEN-CENELEC Management Centre: Rue de la Science 23, B-1040 Brussels
© 2025 CEN All rights of exploitation in any form and by any means reserved Ref. No. EN ISO 14093:2025 E
worldwide for CEN national Members.

Contents Page
European foreword . 3

European foreword
The text of ISO 14093:2022 has been prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207 "Environmental
management” of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) and has been taken over as
held by UNI.
This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an
identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by November 2025, and conflicting national standards
shall be withdrawn at the latest by November 2025.
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. CEN shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
Any feedback and questions on this document should be directed to the users’ national standards body.
A complete listing of these bodies can be found on the CEN website.
According to the CEN-CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the
following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria,
Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland,
Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Republic of
North Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Türkiye and the
United Kingdom.
Endorsement notice
The text of ISO 14093:2022 has been approved by CEN as EN ISO 14093:2025 without any modification.

INTERNATIONAL ISO
STANDARD 14093
First edition
2022-11
Mechanism for financing local
adaptation to climate change —
Performance-based climate resilience
grants — Requirements and
guidelines
Mécanisme pour le financement de l’adaptation au changement
climatique à l’échelle locale — Subventions pour la résilience
climatique basées sur la performance — Exigences et lignes
directrices
Reference number
ISO 14093:2022(E)
ISO 14093:2022(E)
© ISO 2022
All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may
be reproduced or utilized otherwise in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, or posting on
the internet or an intranet, without prior written permission. Permission can be requested from either ISO at the address below
or ISO’s member body in the country of the requester.
ISO copyright office
CP 401 • Ch. de Blandonnet 8
CH-1214 Vernier, Geneva
Phone: +41 22 749 01 11
Email: copyright@iso.org
Website: www.iso.org
Published in Switzerland
ii
ISO 14093:2022(E)
Contents Page
Foreword .v
Introduction . vi
1 Scope . 1
2 Normative references . 1
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms . 1
3.1 Terms and definitions . 1
3.1.1 Terms related to climate change and its impacts. 1
3.1.2 Terms related to parties . 2
3.1.3 Terms related to adaptation . 3
3.1.4 Terms related to monitoring . . 5
3.2 Abbreviated terms . 6
4 Financing and mainstreaming climate change adaptation at the local level.6
5 General description of the mechanism . 8
5.1 Overview . 8
5.2 Localizing adaptation action . 9
5.3 Good governance and public financial management . 10
6 Designing a national system for local adaptation financing .11
6.1 General . 11
6.2 Scoping analysis . 11
6.3 Assessing conditions for a successful launch — Key points and principles for
consideration .12
6.3.1 General .12
6.3.2 Alignment with government policies .12
6.3.3 Linking planning and budgeting . 13
7 Designing the PBCRG system .13
7.1 General .13
7.2 Minimum conditions and performance metrics . 13
7.2.1 General .13
7.2.2 Principles for defining indicators for minimum conditions and performance
metrics . 14
7.2.3 Performance metrics .15
7.3 Size of the grants and allocation formula . 16
7.4 Menu of eligible adaptation investments . 17
7.5 Institutional arrangements . 19
7.6 Flow of funds . 19
7.7 Capacity building and institutional strengthening. 20
7.8 Selection of (pilot) subnational authorities . 20
7.9 Outlining the rationale for the initiative — Output and outcomes. 21
7.10 Country design report . 21
8 Implementation and institutional arrangements .22
8.1 General .22
8.2 Conducting/reviewing climate risks, vulnerability and adaptation assessments .22
8.3 Integrating adaptation into local development planning and budgeting .23
8.3.1 General .23
8.3.2 Identifying local adaptation priorities . 23
8.3.3 Promoting diversity, social and environmental benefits . 24
8.3.4 Monitoring adaptation funding . 24
8.4 Selecting and implementing adaptation investments . 24
8.4.1 General . 24
8.4.2 Using the investment menu in a risk informed manner . 24
8.4.3 Developing an investment adaptation rationale . 25
iii
ISO 14093:2022(E)
8.4.4 Developing investment outcome indicators . 25
8.4.5 Selecting investment primary output indicators . 26
8.5 Appraising subnational authorities’ performance . 26
8.5.1 General . 26
8.5.2 Understanding annual performance assessments . 26
8.5.3 Selecting a performance assessment modality . 27
8.5.4 Coordinating with existing performance assessments and audits . 27
8.5.5 Validation and verification .28
8.5.6 Informing subsequent allocations .28
8.6 Capacity building .28
9 Evaluation of LoCAL . .29
Annex A (informative) LoCAL country case studies .30
Annex B (informative) Sample outcome indicators for adaptation investments.34
Annex C (informative) Sample output indicators .35
Annex D (informative) Categories of minimum conditions and performance metrics .37
Annex E (informative) Example of basic allocation .38
Annex F (informative) Types of local adaptation actions .39
Annex G (informative) Sample investment menu .40
Bibliography .42
iv
ISO 14093:2022(E)
Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards
bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out
through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical
committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International
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ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization.
The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are
described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the
different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the
editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www.iso.org/directives).
Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of
patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of
any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or
on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www.iso.org/patents).
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For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and
expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO’s adherence to
the World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see
www.iso.org/iso/foreword.html.
This document was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 207, Environmental management,
Subcommittee SC 7, Greenhouse gas and climate change management and related activities.
Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A
complete listing of these bodies can be found at www.iso.org/members.html.
v
ISO 14093:2022(E)
Introduction
Subnational authorities and local communities are most affected by climate change impacts, and this
is especially true in the Global South. However, subnational authorities can also hold the solutions
for climate change. Subnational authorities in least developed countries (LDCs) and other developing
countries are in a unique position to identify climate change adaptation responses that best meet local
needs, and typically have the mandate to undertake the small- to medium-sized adaptation investments
needed to build climate resilience. Yet they frequently lack the resources to do so, particularly in a
way which is aligned with established local decision-making processes and planning and budgeting
cycles. The local climate adaptive living (LoCAL) facility was designed by the United Nations Capital
Development Fund (UNCDF) to address this challenge.
LoCAL was developed by UNCDF to respond to budgetary and capacity building challenges faced by
subnational authorities in their contributions to adaptation.
This document is developed based on UNCDF’s LoCAL mechanism, which has been introduced and
tested in 17 countries since 2011 and, as of 2021, has mobilized over USD 125 million, mostly in the form
of grants to more than 300 subnational authorities, reaching over 12,5 million people, see Reference
[19]. Case studies of sample countries that have implemented LoCAL are given in Annex A.
The methodology and approach outlined in this document for a country-based system for financing
local adaptation is referred to as the “LoCAL mechanism”. LoCAL can be tailored to specific country
circumstances to increase awareness of and capacities to respond to climate change at the local level,
and mainstream climate change adaptation into local government planning and budgeting systems
and investments. The LoCAL mechanism supports local adaptation by channelling climate finance
to subnational authorities in LDCs and other developing countries. It thus aims to contribute to the
country’s achievement of the 2015 Paris Agreement of the United Nations Framework Convention on
Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs): particularly poverty
eradication (SDG 1), sustainable cities and communities (SDG 11), and climate action (SDG 13) at the
local level. LoCAL increases local level climate change awareness and capacities and integrates climate
change adaptation into local government planning and budgeting in a participatory and gender-
sensitive manner.
The main component of the LoCAL mechanism is the performance-based climate resilience grants
(PBCRGs), which ensures programming and verification of climate change expenditures at the local
level while offering strong incentives for performance improvements in enhanced resilience along with
technical and capacity-building support. PBCRGs provide financial support for subnational authorities
being delivered through the LoCAL mechanism. They can also be complemented with other financial
tools.
PBCRGs ensure that financial flows delivered under LoCAL include a performance element which
incentivizes subnational authorities to target adaptation actions, while increasing transparency and
accountability by enabling verification of climate change expenditures at the local level. By thus building
capacity and trust, the PBCRGs improve subnational authorities’ chances of accessing and effectively
using wider sources of climate funding.
This document outlines an internationally recognized country-based mechanism to channel climate
finance and increase local resilience through PBCRGs. The approach increases subnational authorities’
access to (international) climate finance to implement climate change adaptation investments. This
document aligns with the principles, requirements and guidelines outlined in ISO 14090. The design
of the country-based mechanism and PBCRG system along with its implementation includes all
elements identified in ISO 14090 including: pre-planning, assessing impacts, adaptation planning,
implementation, monitoring and evaluation (M&E), and reporting and communication.
The LoCAL mechanism ensures the following four outputs:
— Output 1: Awareness of and capacities to respond to climate change at the subnational level are
increased.
vi
ISO 14093:2022(E)
— Output 2: Mainstreaming climate change adaptation into government planning and budgeting
systems, and investments are implemented in line with the PBCRG system.
— Output 3: Improving subnational authorities’ chances of accessing and effectively using wider
sources of climate funding.
— Output 4: Increased recognition of the role of subnational authorities in addressing climate change
adaptation at the international level, through outreach, learning and quality assurance.
This document is structured around the following sections: Clause 5 describes the LoCAL mechanism,
Clause 6 is on the design of the country-based system, Clause 7 focuses on the PBCRG design, and
Clause 8 includes the requirements and guidance on the implementation of adaptation investments
under the PBCRG.
In this document, the following verbal forms are used:
— “shall” indicates a requirement;
— “should” indicates a recommendation;
— “may” indicates a permission;
— “can” indicates a possibility or a capability.
vii
INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO 14093:2022(E)
Mechanism for financing local adaptation to climate
change — Performance-based climate resilience grants —
Requirements and guidelines
1 Scope
This document establishes an approach and methodology for a country-based mechanism to channel
climate finance to subnational authorities to support climate change adaptation and to increase
local resilience thereby contributing to the achievement of the goals of the 2015 Paris Agreement of
the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the UN Sustainable
Development Goals (SDGs). The country-based mechanism uses performance-based climate resilience
grants (PBCRGs) which ensure programming and verification of climate change expenditures at the
local level, offering strong incentives for performance improvements in enhanced resilience.
This document provides requirements and guidelines and is applicable to organizations such as national
and subnational authorities, donors, companies, financial institutions and international organizations
that are involved in implementing a country-based mechanism for channelling climate finance to
subnational authorities to support climate change adaptation and resilience.
NOTE Another mechanism for supporting local adaptation is by direct support at the local level by donors
without any financial flows from national government.
2 Normative references
There are no normative references in this document.
3 Terms, definitions and abbreviated terms
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
ISO and IEC maintain terminology databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:
— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at https:// www .electropedia .org/
3.1 Terms and definitions
3.1.1 Terms related to climate change and its impacts
3.1.1.1
climate change
change in climate that persists for an extended period, typically decades or longer
Note 1 to entry: Climate change can be identified by such means as statistical tests (e.g. on changes in the mean
variability).
Note 2 to entry: Climate change might be due to natural processes, internal to the climate system, or external
forcings such as modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions, and persistent anthropogenic changes in the
composition of the atmosphere or in land use.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.5]
ISO 14093:2022(E)
3.1.1.2
impact
effect on natural and human systems
Note 1 to entry: In the context of climate change (3.1.1.1), the term “impact” is used primarily to refer to the
effects on natural and human systems of extreme weather and climate events and of climate change. Impacts
generally refer to effects on lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems, economies, societies, cultures, services and
infrastructure due to the interaction of climate change or hazardous climate events occurring within a specific
time period and the vulnerability of an exposed society or system. Impacts are also referred to as consequences
and outcomes (3.1.4.3). The impacts of climate change on geophysical systems, including floods, droughts and sea
level rise, are a subset of impacts called “physical impacts”.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.8]
3.1.1.3
hazard
potential source of injury or damage to the health of people, or damage to property or the environment
[SOURCE: ISO 14050:2020, 3.1.8]
3.1.1.4
risk
effect of uncertainty
Note 1 to entry: An effect is a deviation from the expected. It can be positive, negative or both. An effect can arise
as a result of a response, or failure to respond, to an opportunity or to a threat related to objectives.
Note 2 to entry: Uncertainty is the state, even partial, of deficiency of information related to, understanding or
knowledge of an event, its consequence, or likelihood.
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.2.10, modified — Note 1 to entry expanded. Notes 3 and 4 to entry deleted.]
3.1.1.5
exposure
presence of people, livelihoods, species or ecosystems, environmental functions, services, resources,
infrastructure, or economic, social or cultural assets in places and settings that can be affected
Note 1 to entry: Exposure can change over time, e.g. as a result of land use change.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.1.1.6
vulnerability
propensity or predisposition to be adversely affected by climate variability or climate
change (3.1.1.1)
Note 1 to entry: Vulnerability encompasses a variety of concepts and elements including sensitivity or
susceptibility to harm and lack of capacity to cope and adapt.
[SOURCE: ISO 14050:2020, 3.8.13]
3.1.2 Terms related to parties
3.1.2.1
interested party
person or organization that can affect, be affected by, or perceive itself to be affected by a decision or
activity
EXAMPLE Customers, communities, suppliers, regulators, non-governmental organizations, investors,
employees and academia.
Note 1 to entry: To “perceive itself to be affected” means the perception has been made known to the organization.
ISO 14093:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO 14001:2015, 3.1.6, modified — “academia” added to the example.]
3.1.2.2
subnational authority
level of government that is below national government
Note 1 to entry: This can include state, local, regional or community.
3.1.3 Terms related to adaptation
3.1.3.1
climate change adaptation
adaptation to climate change
process of adjustment to actual or expected climate and its effects
Note 1 to entry: In human systems, adaptation seeks to moderate or avoid harm or exploit beneficial opportunities.
Note 2 to entry: In some natural systems, human intervention can facilitate adjustment to expected climate and
its effects.
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.1]
3.1.3.2
national adaptation plan
NAP
national document containing adaptation priorities and planned activities (policies, projects and
programmes) including an implementation strategy for a given period (e.g. 3 to 5 years)
Note 1 to entry: The main output (3.1.4.4) of the process to formulate and implement NAPs established under the
UNFCCC in 2010 as a means to enable Parties to identify medium- and long-term adaptation needs and develop
and implement strategies and programmes to address those needs.
[SOURCE: ISO/TS 14092:2020, 3.16]
3.1.3.3
mitigation
human intervention to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or enhance GHG removals
[SOURCE: ISO 14030-3:2022, 3.1.4.6, modified — “mitigation” replaced “climate change mitigation” as
the preferred term.]
3.1.3.4
adaptive capacity
ability of systems, institutions, humans, and other organisms to adjust to potential damage, to take
advantage of opportunities, or to respond to consequences
[SOURCE: ISO 14090:2019, 3.2]
3.1.3.5
resilience
adaptive capacity (3.1.3.4) of an organization and communities in a complex and changing environment
Note 1 to entry: The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) defines resilience as “the ability of a
system and its component parts to anticipate, absorb, accommodate, or recover from the effects of a hazardous
event in a timely and efficient manner, including through ensuring the preservation, restoration, or improvement
of its essential basic structures and functions”.
Note 2 to entry: Resilience is the ability of an organization to resist being affected by an event or the ability to
return to an acceptable level of performance in an acceptable period of time after being affected by an event.
Note 3 to entry: Resilience is the capability of a system to maintain its functions and structure in the face of
internal and external change.
ISO 14093:2022(E)
[SOURCE: ISO Guide 73:2009, 3.8.1.7, modified — “and communities” added to the definition. Notes 1, 2
and 3 to entry added.]
3.1.3.6
local climate adaptive living
LoCAL
country-based mechanism to channel climate finance to subnational authorities (3.1.2.2) that combines
performance-based climate resilience grants (3.1.3.7) with technical assistance and capacity building
[SOURCE: Adapted from UNCDF, 2018]
3.1.3.7
performance-based climate resilience grant
PBCRG
earmarked cross-sectoral grant with conditions attached to the use of its funding for climate change
adaptation (3.1.3.1) beyond business as usual
Note 1 to entry: These grants complement regular allocations made by the national level to subnational authorities
(3.1.2.2) through the intergovernmental fiscal transfer system.
Note 2 to entry: There are also other financial modalities.
[SOURCE: Adapted from UNCDF, 2018]
3.1.3.8
investment menu
list of common types of actions within the mandate of subnational authorities (3.1.2.2) which can
promote climate resilience (3.1.3.5) and are eligible for performance-based climate resilience grant
financing
Note 1 to entry: The menu informs the planning process and ensures that proposed actions are relevant to
adaptation.
[SOURCE: Adapted from UNCDF, 2018]
3.1.3.9
maladaptation
actions intended to contribute to climate change adaptation (3.1.3.1), but which can lead to increased
risk (3.1.1.4) of adverse climate-related outcomes (3.1.4.3), increased vulnerability (3.1.1.6) to climate
change (3.1.1.1), or diminished welfare, now or in the future
[SOURCE: Adapted from IPCC, 2014]
3.1.3.10
minimum condition
basic requirements with which subnational authorities
(3.1.2.2) must comply to access performance-based climate resilience grants (3.1.3.7)
Note 1 to entry: These are formulated to ensure that a minimum absorptive capacity is in place to handle the
funds.
Note 2 to entry: The entire set of minimum conditions needs to be met before subnational authorities can access
their grants. In general, they involve good governance and public financial management indicators (3.1.4.2).
[SOURCE: Adapted from UNCDF, 2018]
3.1.3.11
vertical integration
process of creating intentional and strategic linkages between national and subnational adaptation
planning, implementation, and monitoring and evaluation (M&E)
[SOURCE: Adapted from NAP Global Network, 2022]
ISO 14093:2022(E)
3.1.4 Terms related to monitoring
3.1.4.1
monitoring
routine collection and analysis of information to track programmes against set plans and check
compliance with established standards
[SOURCE: Adapted from IFRC, 2011]
3.1.4.2
indicator
quantitative, qualitative or binary variable that can be measured, calculated or described, representing
the status of operations, management, conditions or impacts (3.1.1.2)
[SOURCE: ISO 14050:2020, 3.2.24]
3.1.4.3
outcome
primary results that lead to achievement of the objective
Note 1 to entry: The achievement of the objectives is most commonly in terms of the knowledge, attitudes or
practices of the target group.
[SOURCE: Adapted from IFRC, 2011]
3.1.4.3.1
outcome indicator
used to demonstrate that an objective of an investment has been achieved
Note 1 to entry: Refer to Annex B for some examples.
[SOURCE: Adapted from Spearman and McGray, 2011]
3.1.4.4
output
tangible products, goods and services and other immediate results that lead to achieving the outcomes
(3.1.4.3)
[SOURCE: Adapted from IFRC, 2011]
3.1.4.4.1
output indicator
indicator (3.1.4.2) to measure activities and resources that contribute to achieving the outcomes
(3.1.4.3)
Note 1 to entry: Refer to Annex C for some examples.
3.1.4.5
evaluation
systematic process that compares the result of measurement to recognised criteria to determine the
discrepancies between intended and actual performance
Note 1 to entry: The gaps are inputs into the continual improvement process.
[SOURCE: ISO 22398:2013, 3.4]
3.1.4.6
performance metrics
set of indicators (3.1.4.2) against which subnational authorities (3.1.2.2)
are assessed on an annual basis
Note 1 to entry: These are used to adjust the level of funds made available to subnational authorities the following
year in accordance with their compliance with the minimum conditions (3.1.3.10).
ISO 14093:2022(E)
[SOURCE: Adapted from UNCDF, 2018]
3.2 Abbreviated terms
GHG greenhouse gas
IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
LDC least developed country
LoCAL local climate adaptive living
M&E monitoring and evaluation
MoU memorandum of understanding
NAP national adaptation plan
NDC nationally determined contribution
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PBCRG performance-based climate resilience grant
SDG Sustainable Development Goal
SMART specific, measurable, achievable, relevant, time-related
UNCDF United Nations Capital Development Fund
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
4 Financing and mainstreaming climate change adaptation at the local level
Subnational authorities are increasingly seen as key actors in climate change adaptation and in building
[22][25][27]
resilience to climate change. SDG 13 on climate action indicates that subnational authorities
are critical to strengthening resilience and adaptive capacity to climate-related hazards and natural
[31]
hazards in all countries. The IPCC Special Report also emphasizes the important role subnational
governments play in developing and reinforcing actions for reducing weather- and climate-related
[17]
risks.
Subnational authorities are uniquely positioned to tackle these climate change-related challenges for
the following reasons:
— Climate change adaptation responses differ from place to place and are highly context sensitive.
Subnational authorities are well positioned to understand the diversity and complexity of local
ecosystems as well as the needs and priorities of local communities. Large-scale investments also
need local complementary actions to be fully effective.
— Climate change adaptation largely falls within the scope of the mandate and responsibilities of
subnational authorities. Although their mandates vary from country to country, subnational
authorities have historically been responsible for or engaged with land-use planning, environmental
and construction regulation, and investments in infrastructure including irrigation, drainage and
defence from natural hazards. These activities are fundamental to climate change adaptation and
to building community resilience.
— Subnational authorities have unique local-level opportunities and potential to work across sectors
and to bundle activities, which, given the appropriate funding and conditions, will ensure enhanced
resilience.
ISO 14093:2022(E)
— Climate change adaptation requires effective coordination between various interested parties with
different mandates and interests. Subnational authorities can have some legitimacy and convening
power to coordinate, co-finance and interact with interested parties including national-level
institutions, civil society bodies, the private sector and various local government departments.
The Paris Agreement highlights the need to integrate adaptation in policies and actions, particularly at
[27]
the subnational level:
— Parties to the UNFCCC acknowledge that adaptation action should follow a country-driven, gender-
responsive, participatory and fully transparent approach, taking into consideration vulnerable
groups, communities and ecosystems …with a view to integrating adaptation into relevant socio-
economic and environmental policies and actions… (from Article 7)
— Capacity building should be country-driven, based on and responsive to national needs, and foster
country ownership of Parties, in particular, for developing country Parties, including at the national,
subnational and local levels. (from Article 11)
Yet there is strong evidence that most subnational authorities in LDCs and other developing countries
are unable to contribute effectively to climate change adaptation and resilience building due to:
— a lack of appropriate budgetary allocations from the national level, leading to unfunded mandates
for climate-sensitive sectors;
— weak or lack of institutional capacities to deal with climate change issues;
— inability to absorb the incremental costs of climate change adaptation;
— main sources of climate finance are often only available and accessed through application to national
programmes that have specific, earmarked arrangements and which fall outside of established
decision-making processes and the public expenditure management cycle.
Subnational authorities in LDCs and other developing countries are uniquely positioned to identify
the climate change adaptation responses that best meet local needs, and typically have the mandate
to undertake the small to medium-sized adaptation investments that contribute to building climate
resilience. Yet they frequently lack the resources to do so particularly in a manner aligned with
established local decision-making processes and planning, budgeting and budget execution cycles.
Subnational authorities have a key role to play in delivering adaptation results as they are uniquely
positioned to know their vulnerabilities and needs, and because they have a stake in the outcome of any
adaptation action, and if appropriately empowered, have strong incentives to ensure that interventions
are efficient, effective and impactful. An Organisation for Economic Co-operation
...