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ASTM C1161-02ce1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-¼ point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Oct-2002
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1161-02c - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Replaced By
ASTM C1161-02c(2008) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jan-2008
Referred By
ASTM F3495-23 - Standard Test Methods for Determining the Static Failure Load of Ceramic Knee Femoral Components
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM F603-12(2020) - Standard Specification for High-Purity Dense Aluminum Oxide for Medical Application
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1211-18(2023) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM F2094/F2094M-18a - Standard Specification for Silicon Nitride Bearing Balls
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM F2730/F2730M-18a - Standard Specification for Silicon Nitride Cylindrical Bearing Rollers
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7972-14(2020) - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Manufactured Carbon and Graphite Articles Using Three-Point Loading at Room Temperature
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1834-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Flexural Testing (Stress Rupture) at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1525-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Shock Resistance for Advanced Ceramics by Water Quenching
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C747-16 - Standard Test Method for Moduli of Elasticity and Fundamental Frequencies of Carbon and Graphite Materials by Sonic Resonance
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM F2393-12(2020) - Standard Specification for High-Purity Dense Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ) for Surgical Implant Applications
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7779-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Graphite at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1495-16(2023) - Standard Test Method for Effect of Surface Grinding on Flexure Strength of Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1259-21 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002

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ASTM C1161-02ce1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperatureASTM C1161-02ce1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
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ASTM C1161-02ce1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
e1
Designation: C 1161 – 02c
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1
e NOTE—Figure 4 was editorially corrected in June 2006.
1. Scope MIL-STD-1942 (MR) Flexural Strength of High Perfor-
3
mance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural
strengthofadvancedceramicmaterialsatambienttemperature.
3. Terminology
1
Four-point– ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed
3.1 Definitions:
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
cross-section sizes are used with specified features in pre-
between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
scribed specimen-fixture combinations.
three-point flexure fixtures.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
only. istwicethesizeoftheinnergagesection.Weibullstatisticalanalysisonly
includes portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
tensile stresses.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of a specified beam in bending.
1
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 3.1.3 four-point– ⁄4 point flexure—configuration of flexural
strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at
2. Referenced Documents
two locations that are situated one quarter of the overall span,
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
away from the outer two support bearings (see Fig. 1).
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3.1.4 Fully-articulating fixture, n—a flexure fixture de-
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
signedtobeusedeitherwithflatandparallelspecimensorwith
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
uneven or nonparallel specimens. The fixture allows full
Ceramics
independent articulation, or pivoting, of all rollers about the
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
specimenlongaxistomatchthespecimensurface.Inaddition,
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
the upper or lower pairs are free to pivot to distribute force
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
evenly to the bearing cylinders on either side.
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
NOTE 2—See Annex A1 for schematic illustrations of the required
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature
pivoting movements.
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
NOTE 3—A three-point fixture has the inner pair of bearing cylinders
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
replaced by a single bearing cylinder.
peratures)
3.1.5 inert flexural strength, n—ameasureofthestrengthof
2.2 Military Standard:
specifiedbeaminbendingasdeterminedinanappropriateinert
condition whereby no slow crack growth occurs.
1
NOTE 4—An inert condition may be obtained by using vacuum, low
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on temperatures, very fast test rates, or any inert media.
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
3.1.6 inherent flexural strength, n—theflexuralstrengthofa
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally
material in the absence of any effect of surface grinding or
published in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1161–02b.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Standardization Documents, Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,
the ASTM website. 700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
e1
C 1161 – 02c
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam
theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and
homogeneous,themoduliofelasticityintensionandco
...

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Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

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4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one-fiftieth of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.  
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
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5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
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1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
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5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the dynamic elastic modulus of materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (3).  
5.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic elastic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) rods (cylindrical), and flat disks. Flat plates may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not presented.  
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1.3 The use of mixed numerical-experimental techniques (MNET) is outside the scope of this standard.  
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1.4.1 The effect of the character of the reinforcement shall be considered in interpreting the test results for these types of materials.
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Standard Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mirror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

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ASTM
ASTM C872-10(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Release from Porcelain Enamel Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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