iTeh StandardsiTeh Standards
EURUSD
Your shopping cart is empty.
ASTM

ASTM C1161-02c

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2002
ICS
81.060.20 - Ceramic products
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM C1161-02ce1 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Oct-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1259-21 - Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young’s Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson’s Ratio for Advanced Ceramics by Impulse Excitation of Vibration
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1323-22 - Standard Test Method for Ultimate Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Diametrally Compressed C-Ring Specimens at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1469-22 - Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Joints of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1322-15(2019) - Standard Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1834-16 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Flexural Testing (Stress Rupture) at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1368-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1273-18 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1683-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1421-18 - Standard Test Methods for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1576-05(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Flexural Testing (Stress Rupture) at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1525-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Thermal Shock Resistance for Advanced Ceramics by Water Quenching
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM D7779-20 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Fracture Toughness of Graphite at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1674-23 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics with Engineered Porosity (Honeycomb Cellular Channels) at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1366-19 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Effective Date
10-Jun-2002

Buy Standard

ASTM C1161-02c - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperatureASTM C1161-02c - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
PreviousNext
Standard
ASTM C1161-02c - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
English language
15 pages
sale 15% off
Preview
sale 15% off
Preview

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 1161 – 02c
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient
1
Temperature
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1161; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural 3.1 Definitions:
strengthofadvancedceramicmaterialsatambienttemperature. 3.1.1 complete gage section, n—theportionofthespecimen
1
Four-point– ⁄4 point and three-point loadings with prescribed between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
spans are the standard. Rectangular specimens of prescribed three-point flexure fixtures.
cross-section sizes are used with specified features in pre-
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
scribed specimen-fixture combinations.
istwicethesizeoftheinnergagesection.Weibullstatisticalanalysisonly
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
includes portions of the specimen volume or surface which experience
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information tensile stresses.
only.
3.1.2 flexural strength—a measure of the ultimate strength
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of a specified beam in bending.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
3.1.3 four-point– ⁄4 point flexure—configuration of flexural
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
strength testing where a specimen is symmetrically loaded at
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
two locations that are situated one quarter of the overall span,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
away from the outer two support bearings (see Fig. 1).
3.1.4 Fully-articulating fixture, n—a flexure fixture de-
2. Referenced Documents
signedtobeusedeitherwithflatandparallelspecimensorwith
2.1 ASTM Standards:
uneven or nonparallel specimens. The fixture allows full
2
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
independent articulation, or pivoting, of all rollers about the
C 1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
specimen long axis to match the specimen surface. In addition,
Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
the upper or lower pairs are free to pivot to distribute force
3
Ceramics
evenly to the bearing cylinders on either side.
C 1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
3
NOTE 2—See Annex A1 for schematic illustrations of the required
Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
pivoting movements.
C 1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
NOTE 3—A three-point fixture has the inner pair of bearing cylinders
Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
replaced by a single bearing cylinder.
3
Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Ambient Temperature
3.1.5 inert flexural strength, n—ameasureofthestrengthof
E337 Test Method for Measured Humidity with a Psy-
specifiedbeaminbendingasdeterminedinanappropriateinert
chrometer (The Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
4 condition whereby no slow crack growth occurs.
peratures)
2.2 Military Standard:
NOTE 4—An inert condition may be obtained by using vacuum, low
MIL-STD-1942 (MR) Flexural Strength of High Perfor-
temperatures, very fast test rates, or any inert media.
5
mance Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
3.1.6 inherent flexural strength, n—theflexuralstrengthofa
material in the absence of any effect of surface grinding or
other surface finishing process, or of extraneous damage that
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
may be present.The measured inherent strength is in general a
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Properties and Performance.
function of the flexure test method, test conditions, and
Current edition approved October 10, 2002. Published January 2003. Originally
specimen size.
published in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1161–02b.
2 3.1.7 inner gage section, n—the portion of the specimen
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.01. between the inner two bearings in a four-point flexure fixture.
4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03.
5
Available from Standardization Documents, Order Desk, Bldg. 4, Section D,
700 Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C 1161 – 02c
the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous
fiber-reinforced ceramics.
4.3 Flexural
...

Questions, Comments and Discussion

Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.

This May Also Interest You

ASTM
ASTM C1161-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one-fiftieth of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.  
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures were chosen to provide a balance between practical configurations and resulting errors, as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (1, 2).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (2-5) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It uses sim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1678-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mirror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1863-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hoop Tensile Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composite Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature Using Direct Pressurization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method (also known as “tube burst test”) may be used for material development, material comparison, material screening, material down selection, and quality assurance. This test method can also be used for material characterization, design data generation, material model verification/validation, or combinations thereof.  
5.2 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) are composed of continuous ceramic-fiber directional (1D, 2D, and 3D) reinforcements in a fine grain-sized (50 µm) ceramic matrix with controlled porosity. Often these composites have an engineered thin (0.1 to 10 µm) interface coating on the fibers to produce crack deflection and fiber pull-out.  
5.3 CFCC components have distinctive and synergistic combinations of material properties, interface coatings, porosity control, composite architecture (1D, 2D, and 3D), and geometric shapes that are generally inseparable. Prediction of the mechanical performance of CFCC tubes (particularly with braid and 3D weave architectures) may not be possible by applying measured properties from flat CFCC plates to the design of tubes. This is because fabrication/processing methods may be unique to tubes and not replicable to flat plates, thereby producing compositionally similar but structurally and morphologically different CFCC materials. In particular, tubular components comprised of CFCC material form a unique synergistic combination of material, geometric shape, and reinforcement architecture that are generally inseparable. In other words, prediction of mechanical performance of CFCC tubes generally cannot be made by using properties measured from flat plates. Strength tests of internally pressurized CFCC tubes provide information on mechanical behavior and strength for a multiaxially stressed material.  
5.4 Unlike monolithic advanced ceramics that fracture catastrophically from a single dominant flaw, CMCs generally experience “graceful” fracture from a cumulative damage process. The...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the hoop tensile strength, including stress-strain response, of continuous fiber-reinforced advanced ceramic tubes subjected to direct internal pressurization that is applied monotonically at ambient temperature. This type of test configuration is sometimes referred to as “tube burst test.” This test method is specific to tube geometries, because flaw populations, fiber architecture, material fabrication, and test specimen geometry factors are often distinctly different in composite tubes, as compared to flat plates.  
1.2 In the test method, a composite tube/cylinder with a defined gage section and a known wall thickness is loaded via internal pressurization from a pressurized fluid applied either directly to the material or through a secondary bladder inserted into the tube. The monotonically applied uniform radial pressure on the inside of the tube results in hoop stress-strain response of the composite tube that is recorded until failure of the tube. The hoop tensile strength and the hoop fracture strength are determined from the resulting maximum pressure and the pressure at fracture, respectively. The hoop tensile strains, the hoop proportional limit stress, and the modulus of elasticity in the hoop direction are determined from the stress-strain data. Note that hoop tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength in the hoop direction from the introduction of a monotonically applied internal pressure where ‘monotonic’ refers to a continuous nonstop test rate without reversals from test initiation to final fracture.  
1.3 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramic matrix composite tubes with continuous fiber reinforcement: unidirectional (1D, filament wound and tape lay-up), bidirectional (2D, fabric/tape lay-up and weave), and tridirectional (3D, braid and weave). These types of ceramic matrix composites can be composed of a...

  • Standard
    18 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C373-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determination of Water Absorption and Associated Properties by Vacuum Method for Pressed Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles and Boil Method for Extruded Ceramic Tiles and Non-tile Fired Ceramic Whiteware Products

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Measurement of density, porosity, and specific gravity is a tool for determining the degree of maturation of a ceramic body, or for determining structural properties that may be required for a given application.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods covers procedures for determining water absorption, bulk density, apparent porosity, and apparent specific gravity of non-tile fired unglazed ceramic whiteware2 products, glazed or unglazed ceramic tiles, and glass tiles.  
1.2 The values stated in metric units are normative. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not normative.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C674-13(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Flexural Properties of Ceramic Whiteware Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 These test methods provide a means for determining the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity, which may be required in product specifications.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover determination of the modulus of rupture and the modulus of elasticity of fired ceramic whitewares bodies, formed by any fabrication method, and are applicable to both glazed and unglazed test specimens.  
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The metric equivalents of inch-pound units may be approximate.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1161-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose strength is 50 MPa (~7 ksi) or greater.  
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than one-fiftieth of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumption in the standard rule out the use of this test for continuous fiber-reinforced ceramics.  
4.3 Flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the loading rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen sizes and fixtures were chosen to provide a balance between practical configurations and resulting errors, as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (1, 2).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull-size scaling.  
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this standard, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in MIL-STD-1942(MR) and Refs (2-5) and Practices C1322 and C1239.  
4.5 The three-point test configuration exposes only a very small portion of the specimen to the maximum stress. Therefore, three-point flexural strengths are likely to be much greater than four-point flexural strengths. Three-point flexure has some advantages. It uses sim...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flexural strength of advanced ceramic materials at ambient temperature. Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section sizes are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedure, or a specified standard procedure. This method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM E1876-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Young's Modulus, Shear Modulus, and Poisson's Ratio by Impulse Excitation of Vibration

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method may be used for material development, characterization, design data generation, and quality control purposes.  
5.2 This test method is specifically appropriate for determining the dynamic elastic modulus of materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic (3).  
5.3 This test method addresses the room temperature determination of dynamic elastic moduli of elasticity of slender bars (rectangular cross section) rods (cylindrical), and flat disks. Flat plates may also be measured similarly, but the required equations for determining the moduli are not presented.  
5.4 This dynamic test method has several advantages and differences from static loading techniques and from resonant techniques requiring continuous excitation.  
5.4.1 The test method is nondestructive in nature and can be used for specimens prepared for other tests. The specimens are subjected to minute strains; hence, the moduli are measured at or near the origin of the stress-strain curve, with the minimum possibility of fracture.  
5.4.2 The impulse excitation test uses an impact tool and simple supports for the test specimen. There is no requirement for complex support systems that require elaborate setup or alignment.  
5.5 This technique can be used to measure resonant frequencies alone for the purposes of quality control and acceptance of test specimens of both regular and complex shapes. A range of acceptable resonant frequencies is determined for a specimen with a particular geometry and mass. The technique is particularly suitable for testing specimens with complex geometries (other than parallelepipeds, cylinders/rods, or disks) that would not be suitable for testing by other procedures. Any specimen with a frequency response falling outside the prescribed frequency range is rejected. The actual dynamic elastic modulus of each specimen need not be determined as long as the limits of the selected frequency range are known to include the resonant frequency that the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the dynamic elastic properties of elastic materials at ambient temperatures. Specimens of these materials possess specific mechanical resonant frequencies that are determined by the elastic modulus, mass, and geometry of the test specimen. The dynamic elastic properties of a material can therefore be computed if the geometry, mass, and mechanical resonant frequencies of a suitable (rectangular or cylindrical geometry) test specimen of that material can be measured. Dynamic Young's modulus is determined using the resonant frequency in either the flexural or longitudinal mode of vibration. The dynamic shear modulus, or modulus of rigidity, is found using torsional resonant vibrations. Dynamic Young's modulus and dynamic shear modulus are used to compute Poisson's ratio.  
1.2 Calculations are valid for materials that are elastic, homogeneous, and isotropic. Anisotropy can add additional calculation errors. See Appendix X1 for details.  
1.3 The use of mixed numerical-experimental techniques (MNET) is outside the scope of this standard.  
1.4 This test method may be used for determining dynamic Young’s modulus for materials of a composite character (particulate, whisker or fiber reinforced) or other anisotropic materials only after the effect of the reinforcement in the test specimen has been considered. Examples of the characteristics of the reinforcement that can affect the measured dynamic Young’s modulus are volume fraction, size, morphology, distribution, orientation, elastic properties, and interfacial bonding.  
1.4.1 The effect of the character of the reinforcement shall be considered in interpreting the test results for these types of materials.
Note 1: The properties of the reinforcement will directly affect measured elastic properties. Data shown in (1)2 indicates the possibility of underestimating the dynamic Young’s modulus by as much as 20 % due to anisotropy...

  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    19 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C242-21(Terminology)
Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whitewares and Related Products

SCOPE
1.1 This terminology pertains to the terminology used in ceramic whitewares and related products.  
1.2 Words adequately defined in standard dictionaries are not included. Included are words that are peculiar to this industry. Double words, hyphenated words, or phrases are listed alphabetically under the first word; additional important words are cross-referenced.  
1.3 For definitions of terms relating to surface imperfections on ceramics, refer to Terminology F109.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    12 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C1678-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Fractographic Analysis of Fracture Mirror Sizes in Ceramics and Glasses

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fracture mirror size analysis is a powerful tool for analyzing glass and ceramic fractures. Fracture mirrors are tell-tale fractographic markings in brittle materials that surround a fracture origin as discussed in Practices C1256 and C1322. Fig. 1 shows a schematic with key features identified. Fig. 2 shows an example in glass. The fracture mirror region is very smooth and highly reflective in glasses, hence the name “fracture mirror.” In fact, high magnification microscopy reveals that, even within the mirror region in glasses, there are very fine features and escalating roughness as the crack advances away from the origin. These are submicrometer in size and hence are not discernable with an optical microscope. Early investigators interpreted fracture mirrors as having discrete boundaries including a “mirror-mist” boundary and also a “mist-hackle” boundary in glasses. These were also termed “inner mirror” or “outer mirror” boundaries, respectively. It is now known that there are no discrete boundaries corresponding to specific changes in the fractographic features. Surface roughness increases gradually from well within the fracture mirror to beyond the apparent boundaries. The boundaries were a matter of interpretation, the resolving power of the microscope, and the mode of viewing. In very weak specimens, the mirror may be larger than the specimen or component and the boundaries will not be present. Eq 1 is hereafter referred to as the “empirical stress – fracture mirror size relationship,” or “stress-mirror size relationship” for short. A review of the history of Eq 1, and fracture mirror analysis in general, may be found in Refs (1)3 and (2).  
5.5 A, the “fracture mirror constant” (sometimes also known as the “mirror constant”) has units of stress intensity (MPa√m or ksi√in.) and is considered by many to be a material property. As shown in Figs. 1 and 2, it is possible to discern separate mist and hackle regions and the apparent boundaries between them i...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice pertains to the analysis and interpretation of fracture mirror sizes in brittle materials. Fracture mirrors (Fig. 1) are telltale fractographic markings that surround a fracture origin in brittle materials. The fracture mirror size may be used with known fracture mirror constants to estimate the stress in a fractured component. Alternatively, the fracture mirror size may be used in conjunction with known stresses in test specimens to calculate fracture mirror constants. The practice is applicable to glasses and polycrystalline ceramic laboratory test specimens as well as fractured components. The analysis and interpretation procedures for glasses and ceramics are similar, but they are not identical. Different optical microscopy examination techniques are listed and described, including observation angles, illumination methods, appropriate magnification, and measurement protocols. Guidance is given for calculating a fracture mirror constant and for interpreting the fracture mirror size and shape for both circular and noncircular mirrors including stress gradients, geometrical effects, residual stresses, or combinations thereof. The practice provides figures and micrographs illustrating the different types of features commonly observed in and measurement techniques used for the fracture mirrors of glasses and polycrystalline ceramics.
FIG. 1 Schematic of a Fracture Mirror Centered on a Surface Flaw of Initial Size (a)
Note 1: The initial flaw may grow stably to size ac prior to unstable fracture when the stress intensity reaches KIc. The mirror-mist radius is Ri, the mist-hackle radius is Ro, and the branching distance is Rb. These transitions correspond to the mirror constants, Ai, Ao, and Ab, respectively.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safet...

  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
  • Standard
    16 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off
ASTM
ASTM C872-10(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Lead and Cadmium Release from Porcelain Enamel Surfaces

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The determination of lead and cadmium release from porcelain enamel surfaces was formerly of interest only to manufacturers of porcelain enamel cookware and similar food service products. Food contact surfaces of these container-type products have been evaluated using a test procedure similar to Test Method C738. Recently, however, there has been a need to measure lead and cadmium release from flat or curved porcelain enamel surfaces that are not capable of being evaluated by a test similar to Test Method C738.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the precise determination of lead and cadmium extracted by acetic acid from porcelain enamel surfaces.  
1.2 Values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are given for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    4 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off