ASTM C985-22

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C985 − 19 C985 − 22
Standard Specification for
Nonreinforced Concrete Specified Strength Culvert, Storm
Drain, and Sewer Pipe
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C985; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers nonreinforced concrete pipe designed for specified strengths and intended to be used for the
conveyance of sewage, industrial wastes, and storm water and for the construction of culverts.
1.2 A complete companion to Specification C985 has been developed, C985M; therefore, no metric equivalents are presented in
this specification.
NOTE 1—This specification is a manufacturing and purchase specification only and does not include requirements for bedding, backfill, or the relationship
between field load conditions and the designated strength of the pipe. However, experience has shown that the successful performance of this product
depends upon the proper selection of the pipe strength, type of bedding and backfill, and care that the installation conforms to the construction
specifications. The owner of the concrete pipe specified herein is cautioned that he must correlate the field requirements with the pipe strength specified
and provide inspection at the construction site.
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A1064/A1064M Specification for Carbon-Steel Wire and Welded Wire Reinforcement, Plain and Deformed, for Concrete
A615/A615M Specification for Deformed and Plain Carbon-Steel Bars for Concrete Reinforcement
C33/C33M Specification for Concrete Aggregates
C150/C150M Specification for Portland Cement
C260/C260M Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete
C494/C494M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Concrete
C497 Test Methods for Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box Sections, Manhole Sections, or Tile
C595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic Cements
C618 Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products
C989/C989M Specification for Slag Cement for Use in Concrete and Mortars
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.01 on Non-Reinforced
Concrete Sewer, Drain and Irrigation Pipe.
Current edition approved July 15, 2019Sept. 1, 2022. Published August 2019September 2022. Originally approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 20152019
as C985 – 15.C985 – 19. DOI: 10.1520/C0985-19.10.1520/C0985-22.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C985 − 22
C1017/C1017M Specification for Chemical Admixtures for Use in Producing Flowing Concrete (Withdrawn 2022)
C1116/C1116M Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
C1602/C1602M Specification for Mixing Water Used in the Production of Hydraulic Cement Concrete
E105 Guide for Probability Sampling of Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.
4. Basis of Acceptance
4.1 The acceptability of the pipe design shall be determined in accordance with Section 9. After the pipe design has been accepted,
or if the pipe design has been accepted previously in accordance with Section 9, production pipe shall be accepted in accordance
with 4.2.
4.2 Acceptance on the Basis of Pipe Load and Material Tests and Inspection of Manufactured Pipe for Defects—Determine in
accordance with Sections 5, 6, 8, and 11.
NOTE 2—It is necessary that samples be selected at random. For guidance, see Practice E105.
4.3 Age for Acceptance—Pipe shall be considered ready for acceptance when it conforms to the requirements as indicated by the
specified tests.
5. Design and Manufacturing Data
5.1 The manufacturer shall provide the following information regarding the pipe unless waived by the owner:
5.1.1 Basis of acceptance and supporting data,
5.1.2 Designated pipe strength,
5.1.3 Physical Characteristics—Diameter, wall thickness, laying length, and joint details,
5.1.4 Admixtures,
5.1.5 Manufacturing and curing process, and
5.1.6 Handling Reinforcement:
5.1.6.1 Type of reinforcement, applicable reinforcement specification, and grade.
5.1.6.2 Placement, placement tolerance, diameter, spacing and cross-sectional area of circumferential, longitudinal, and special
reinforcement.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 Materials:
6.1.1 Concrete—The concrete shall consist of cementitious materials, mineral aggregates, admixtures, if used, and water.
6.1.2 Cementitious Materials:
6.1.2.1 Cement—Cement shall conform to the requirements for portland cement of Specification C150/C150M or shall be portland
blast-furnace slag cement, portland-limestone cement, or portland-pozzolan cement conforming to the requirements of
Specification C595/C595M, except that the pozzolan constituent in the Type IP portland pozzolan cement shall be fly ash.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
C985 − 22
6.1.2.2 Fly Ash—Fly ash shall conform to the requirements of Specification C618, Class F or Class C.
6.1.2.3 Slag Cement—Slag cement shall conform to the requirements of Grade 100 or 120 of Specification C989/C989M.
6.1.2.4 Allowable Combinations of Cementitious Materials—The combination of cementitious materials used in the cement shall
be one of the following:
(1) Portland cement only,
(2) Portland blast-furnace slag cement only,
(3) Portland-pozzolan cement only,
(4) Portland-limestone cement only,
(5) A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone cement and fly ash,
(6) A combination or portland cement or portland-limestone and slag cement,
(7) A combination of portland cement or portland-limestone, slag cement, and fly ash, or
(8) A combination of portland-pozzolan cement and fly ash.
6.1.3 Aggregates—Aggregates shall conform to the requirements of Specification C33/C33M, except that the requirement for
gradation shall not apply.
6.1.4 Admixtures—The following admixtures and blends are allowable:
6.1.4.1 Air-entraining admixture conforming to Specification C260/C260M;
6.1.4.2 Chemical admixture conforming to Specification C494/C494M;
6.1.4.3 Chemical admixture for use in producing flowing concrete conforming to Specification C1017/C1017M; and
6.1.4.4 Chemical admixture or blend approved by the owner.
6.1.5 Steel Reinforcement—Reinforcement shall consist of welded wire reinforcement conforming to Specification A1064/
A1064M for steel wire and welded wire reinforcement, plain and deformed, for concrete. If billet steel is used, it shall be used
conforming to Specification A615/A615M.
6.1.6 Fibers—Synthetic fibers and nonsynthetic fibers shall be allowed to be used, at the manufacturer’s option, in concrete pipe
as a nonstructural manufacturing material. Synthetic fibers (Type II and Type III) and nonsynthetic fiber (Type I) designed and
manufactured specifically for use in concrete and conforming to the requirements of Specification C1116/C1116M shall be
accepted.
6.1.7 Water—Water used in the production of concrete shall be potable or nonpotable water that meets the requirements of
Specification C1602/C1602M.
6.2 Manufacture:
6.2.1 Mixture—The aggregates shall be sized, graded, proportioned, and mixed with cementitious materials, water, and
admixtures, if any, to produce a thoroughly-mixed concrete mixture of such quality that the pipe will conform to the design and
test requirements of this specification.
6.2.2 Handling Reinforcement—Circumferential handling reinforcement shall be provided in all pipe larger than 36 in. in diameter.
6.2.2.1 Placement—Where one line of circular reinforcement is used, it shall be placed between 30 and 50 % of the wall thickness
from the inside surface. Where two lines of circular reinforcement are used, each line shall be so placed that the protective covering
over the circumferential reinforcement in the wall of the section shall be 1 in.
6.2.2.2 Splices—If the splices are not welded, the reinforcement shall be lapped not less than 20 diameters for deformed bars, and
bars and deformed cold-worked wire, and 40 diameters for plain bars and cold-drawn wire. cold-worked wire. The measurement
of this lap length shall be tip-to-tip from the ends of the circumferential wires. In addition, where lapped cages of welded wire
reinforcement are used without welding, the lap shall contain a longitudinal wire. When splices are welded and are not lapped to
C985 − 22
the minimum requirements above, there shall be a minimum lap of 2 in. and pull tests of representative specimens shall develop
at least 50 % of the minimum specified strength of the steel.
6.2.2.3 Spacing—Handling reinforcements shall be individual hoops or shall be formed into a cage or cages. It shall be distributed
along the length of the pipe section, or one half of the minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed in each of the extreme
quarters of the length of an 8-ft or less pipe section, or one third of the minimum reinforcement shall be allowed to be placed in
each third of the length of a longer than 8-ft pipe section. Additionally, at least 75 % of the minimum area shall be located not less
than one fifteenth of the length of the pipe section from any portion of the joint.
6.2.2.4 Area—The minimum area of circumferential handling reinforcement shall be equal to 0.00003 (D + t) in square in. per
ft of pipe, where “D” equals the designated diameter in inches and “t” equals the wall thickness in inches.
6.2.2.5 Special Designs—The manufacturer shall be allowed to submit special designs to the owner for approval. Approval shall
be based on structural calculations or on load tests. The minimum ultimate three-edge bearing load shall be equal to the weight
of the pipe and shall be sustained by the pipe after cracking at the top, bottom and sides the full length of the pipe. The pipe shall
also meet the strength requirements of Section 7, and Section 10 or 11, or both.
6.2.3 Joints—The joints shall be of such design and the ends of the concrete pipe sections so formed that when the sections are
laid together they will make a continuous line of pipe with a smooth interior free from appreciable irregularities in the flowline,
all compatible with the permissible variations given in Section 8.
6.2.4 Lift Holes—When agreed upon by the owner, lift eyes or holes shall be allowed to be provided in each pipe for the purpose
of handling.
7. Physical Properties
7.1 Pipe Strength—Pipe strength shall be either a designated strength or a cracking strength. The designated strength is that
specified as the minimum load required to produce the cracking strength when tested in three-edge bearing in accordance with Test
Methods C497. The cracking strength is the actual maximum load observed in the three-edge bearing test, and shall be assumed
to have been reached when any continuous visible crack caused by the test load exceeds 1 ft in length measured parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the pipe.
NOTE 3—For pipe made without handling steel, the designated strength is the minimum load required to produce the ordinary nonreinforced pipe load
at ultimate failure. For safety reasons, DO NOT look for a visible crack during a three-edge bearing test of pipe without reinforcing.
7.2 Test Equipment and Facilities—The manufacturer shall furnish, without charge, all samples, facilities, and personnel necessary
to carry out the tests required by this specification.
7.3 Test Methods—The tests for crushing strength shall be made in accordance with Test Methods C497. When alternative methods
of load testing are specified, tests shall be made in accordance with the alternative requirements.
8. Dimensions and Permissible Variations
8.1 Standard Diameters—Pipe shall be manufactured in the standard designated internal diameters listed in Table 1.
TABLE 1 Standard Designated Internal D
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