ASTM D2259-21

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of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
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Designation: D2259 − 02 (Reapproved 2016) D2259 − 21
Standard Test Method for
Shrinkage of Yarns
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2259; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—In 6.1, “1 cN/tex or 1.0 gf/den” was corrected editorially to “1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den” in April 2020.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method is used to determine the shrinkage of yarns in skein form when treated in boiling water, dry heat, saturated
steam, or solvents. This test method is applicable to yarns made from any fiber or combination of fibers where the tex of the yarn
is known or can be determined. This test method is not recommended for elastomeric yarns and those yarns that stretch more than
5 % under the tension loadings prescribed, although it has been used for the latter.
NOTE 1—Procedures for determining yarn shrinkage and bulk properties of textured yarns are covered in Test Method D4031.
1.2 This test method shows the values in both SI and inch-pound units. “SI” units is the technically correct name for the system
of metric units known as the International System of Units. “Inch-pound” units is the technically correct name for the customary
units used in the United States. The values stated in either SI units or in other units shall be regarded as standard. The values
expressed in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system must be used independently of the other without
combining in any way.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
D1059 Test Method for Yarn Number Based on Short-Length Specimens
D1776 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Textiles
D1907 Test Method for Linear Density of Yarn (Yarn Number) by the Skein Method
D2258 Practice for Sampling Yarn for Testing
D3888 Terminology for Yarn Spinning Systems
D3990 Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects
D4031 Test Method for Bulk Properties of Textured Yarns
This test method is under the jurisdiction of Committee D13 on Textiles and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarns and Fibers.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016July 1, 2021. Published February 2016August 2021. Originally approved in 1964. Last previous edition approved in 20112016 as
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D2259 – 02(2011).(2016) . DOI: 10.1520/D2259-02R16E01.10.1520/D2259-21.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2259 − 21
D4848 Terminology Related to Force, Deformation and Related Properties of Textiles
D4849 Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers
E145 Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-Ventilation Ovens
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions of textile terms used in this test method: skein and skein loop-length, refer to Terminology D4849.
3.1.2 For definition of the term extension used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4848.
3.1.3 For other textile terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology Standards, D123, D3888, D3990, D4848 and D4849.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 The loop length of a conditioned skein of yarn is measured under a specific tension, which is sufficient to straighten but not
stretch the skein. The tension-free skein is then immersed in boiling water or exposed to dry heat or saturated steam or in the
solvent reconditioned, and remeasured. The shrinkage (or in some cases, growth) is calculated as the change in length expressed
as a percentage of the length before immersion or exposure.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Test Method D2259 for testing yarn for shrinkage in boiling water, saturated steam, dry heat, or solvents is considered
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of yarn because the test method has been used extensively in the trade
for that purpose.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests
should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum,
use the samples for such comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples
that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results
from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the
testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted
in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Results obtained by this test method can be used for the following purposes:
5.2.1 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics to wet processing,
5.2.2 As an aid in predicting the dimensional stability of fabrics during processing at elevated temperatures, and
5.2.3 As a control measure in the manufacture of some types of fibers.
5.3 The shrinkage medium to be used in the test depends on the requirements of the parties involved.
5.4 The procedure for shrinkage in boiling water is described in Section 12, for shrinkage in dry heat in Section 13, for shrinkage
in saturated steam in Section 14, and for shrinkage in solvents in Section 15. A 30-min exposure time is prescribed for boiling
water. In exposure to dry heat, saturated steam, or solvents, the extent of change in the length of yarn is dependent upon the fiber
type and upon the time and temperature of the exposure. Fiber types differ in their reaction to elevated temperature as well as the
nature of the specific solvent, and prior fiber history can have a great influence upon the heat and solvent shrinkage of a yarn.
Therefore, the time and temperature conditions to be used to determine dry heat or saturated steam shrinkage must be agreed upon
for the particular product involved. In addition, time and temperature conditions, and solvent to be used must be agreed upon for
solvent shrinkage determination for the particular product involved.
6. Apparatus and Reagents
6.1 Reel—A hand or motor-driven reel having a nominal perimeter of 1 m, 1.5 yd, or 1.125 m (Note 2). The reel should have a
traversing mechanism that will minimize bunching of ends on the reel, a yarn-tensioning device capable of maintaining tension
D2259 − 21
below 1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den, and a yarn length or revolution indicator. A warning bell that will ring just prior to the specified
number of reel revolutions is recommended. A collapsible arm is advisable for convenience in skein removal.
NOTE 2—By agreement, reels of other perimeters, between 1 and 2 m (1 and 2 yd) may be used.
6.2 Measuring Scale—A tape or scale accurate to 1 part in 1000 is recommended. Any scale length exceeding the reel diameter
by 250 mm or 10 in. allowing for the extension of the skein is satisfactory. The scale should be mounted vertically. A top hook
holds the skein and is mounted with support surface in line with the zero index of the scale.
6.3 Metal Hook—A hook designed to hang from the skein, shaped to receive the tensioning weights, and with a mass known to
1 part in 1000. The hook may have a pointer located and attached for ease in reading the measuring scale at a point level with the
inside bottom of the skein.
6.4 Tensioning Masses—Accurate to 1 part in 1000.
6.5 For Boiling Water:
6.5.1 Container, of sufficient size for 40:1 mass ratio water bath.
6.5.2 Roller Wringer or Centrifugal Extractor.
6.5.3 Heat Source, for water bath.
6.5.4 Distilled or Demineralized Water.
6.5.5 Nonionic Wetting Agent.
6.6 For Dry Heat:
6.6.1 Heating Oven—A forced-draft oven capable of meeting the required temperature and that meets the temperature uniformity
requirements for a Type IIB oven as described in Specification E145, Table 1. There must be a means of suspending the skeins
in the oven. This may be accomplished with a rod with cup hooks from which to suspend skeins. The rod may be mounted on a
stand for placement in the oven; skeins should not be allowed to touch the sides of the oven.
6.7 For Saturated Steam:
TABLE 1 Components of Variance as Standard Deviations,
Percentage Points
Single- Within- Between-
Properties Operator Laboratory Laboratory
Component Component Component
Shrinkage, boiling water:
Nylon spun yarn 0.32 0.60 0.61
Nylon filament yarn 0.20 0.76 0.79
Polyester spun yarn 0.32 0.31 0.26
Polyester filament yarn 0.11 0.32 0.25
Acrylic filament yarn 0.22 0.42 0.30
Cotton yarn 0.16 0.21 0.19
Rayon spun yarn 0.16 0.25 0.21
Shrinkage, dry heat:
Nylon spun yarn at 150°C 0.24 0.23 0.17
Nylon spun yarn at 150 °C 0.24 0.23 0.17
Nylon filament yarn at 150°C 0.20 0.55 0.51
Nylon filament yarn at 150 °C 0.20 0.55 0.51
Polyester spun yarn at 190°C 0.39 0.38 0.26
Polyester spun yarn at 190 °C 0.39 0.38 0.26
Polyester filament yarn at 190°C 0.15 0.65 0.65
Polyester filament yarn at 190 °C 0.15 0.65 0.65
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6.7.1 Autoclave—A pressure vessel capable of sustaining the temperatures and pressures required, and of such a size that the test
skeins of yarn can be suspended without touching sides or bottom of the autoclave.
6.8 For Solvents:
6.8.1 Hot Plate or Heated Block—A temperature controlled hot plate or heated block which can maintain the temperature of the
solvent in a container to 6 2°C or 4°F 2 °C or 4 °F of the specified value.
6.8.2 Container, of sufficient size for a 40:1 mass ratio solvent bath.
6.9 For Drying Wet Skeins:
6.9.1 Drying Oven—A ventilated drying oven maintained at a temperature of 65 6 3°C 3 °C or 149 6 5°F, 5 °F, in which the yarn
specimens are not exposed to direct radiation from the heating elements.
7. Hazards
7.1 Avoid physical contact with hot water and hot metal and especially saturated steam (Sections 12, 13, and 14).
7.2 Refer to manufacturer’s safety data sheets (MSDS) on the operation of the autoclave. Care should be excercised in venting
the autoclave so that physical contact is not made with the saturated steam (Section 14).
7.3 Refer to manufacturer’s material safety data sheets (MSDS) for information on handling, storage, use, and disposal of any
solvents used in this test method (Section 15).
8. Sampling
8.1 Division into Lots—For acceptance testing purposes, divide the material to be tested into lots as directed in Practice D2258.
8.2 Lot Sample—As a lot sample for acceptance testing, take at random the number of shipping containers directed in an applicable
material specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier, such as an agreement to use Practice D2258.
NOTE 3—Differences between shipping containers, between packages within a container, and between specimens within a package are all sources of
variability in test results. A realistic specification or other agreement between the purchaser and the supplier requires a sampling plan that considers the
relative effects of such sources of variability and which at the specified limits for shrinkage has a meaningful producer’s risk, consumer’s risk, acceptable
quality level, and lot tolerance fraction defective.
8.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for acceptance testing, take a total of ten packages. Select the packages randomly
from all the packages in the lot sampling units.
8.4 Number of Specimens—Test one skein from each package in the laboratory sample.
9. Preparation of Specimens
9.1 Reel and discard the outer 10 % or 100 m or 110 yd material from each package.
9.2 Reel an 80-wrap skein using a uniform tension of not over 1 cN/tex or 0.1 gf/den. Lay the yarn smoothly on the reel, overlap,
and loosely tie the beginning and trailing
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