ASTM D5034-95(2001)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: D 5034 – 95 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Breaking Strength and Elongation of Textile Fabrics (Grab
Test)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5034; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D 629 Test Methods for Quantitative Analysis of Textiles
D 1059 Test Method for Yarn Number on Short-Length
1.1 This test method covers the grab and modified grab test
Specimens
procedures for determining the breaking strength and elonga-
D 1776 Practice for Conditioning Textiles for Testing
tionofmosttextilefabrics.Provisionsaremadeforwettesting.
D 5035 Test Method for Breaking Force and Elongation of
1.1.1 The grab test procedure is applicable to woven,
Textile Fabrics (Strip Force)
nonwoven, and felted fabrics, while the modified grab test
procedure is used primarily for woven fabrics.
3. Terminology
1.2 This test method is not recommended for glass fabrics,
3.1 Definitions:
or for knitted fabrics and other textile fabrics which have high
3.1.1 breaking force, n—the maximum force applied to a
stretch (more than 11 %).
material carried to rupture. (Compare breaking point, breaking
NOTE 1—For the determination of the breaking force and elongation of
strength. Syn. force-at-break.)
textile fabrics using the raveled strip test procedure and the cut strip test
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Materials that are brittle usually rup-
procedure, refer to Test Method D 5035.
ture at the maximum force. Materials that are ductile usually
1.3 This test method provides the values in both inch-pound
experience a maximum force before rupturing.
units and SI units. Inch-pound units is the technically correct
3.1.2 breaking load, n—deprecated term. Use breaking
nameforthecustomaryunitsusedintheUnitedStates.SIunits
force.
is the technically correct name for the system of metric units
3.1.3 constant-rate-of-extension (CRE) tensile testing
known as the International System of Units. The values stated
machine—a testing machine in which the rate of increase of
in either acceptable metric units or in other units shall be
specimen length is uniform with time.
regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each
3.1.4 constant-rate-of-load (CRL) tensile testing
system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system
machine—atestingmachineinwhichtherateofincreaseofthe
must be used independently of the other, without combining in
load being applied to the specimen is uniform with time after
any way.
the first 3 s.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.5 constant-rate-of-traverse (CRT) tensile testing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
machine—a testing machine in which the pulling clamp moves
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
at a uniform rate and the load is applied through the other
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
clamp which moves appreciably to actuate a weighing mecha-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
nism, so that the rate of increase of load or elongation is
dependent upon the extension characteristics of the specimen.
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.6 elongation, n—the ratio of the extension of a material
2.1 ASTM Standards:
to the length of the material prior to stretching, expressed as a
D76 Specification for Tensile Testing Machines for Tex-
percent.
tiles
3.1.7 extension, n—thechangeinlengthofamaterialdueto
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
stretching. (Compare elongation.)
3.1.8 grab test, n—in fabric testing, a tensile test in which
the central part of the width of the specimen is gripped in the
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D13 onTextiles
clamps.
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.60 on Fabric Test Methods,
3.1.8.1 Discussion—For example, if the specimen width is
Specific.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2001. Published May 2002. Originally 100 mm (4.0 in.), and the width of the jaw faces 25 mm (1.0
approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 1995 as D 5034 – 95. Replaces
Grab Testing sections of Test Method D 1682 – 90.
2 3
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 07.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5034 – 95 (2001)
in.), the specimen is gripped in the clamp with approximately 5. Significance and Use
37.5 mm (1.5 in.) of fabric protruding from each side of the
5.1 The grab test procedure in this test method for the
jaws.
determination of breaking force and elongation is considered
3.1.9 modified grab test, n—infabrictesting,atensiletestin
satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of
which the control part of the width of the specimen is gripped
mostwovenornonwoventextilefabrics,andthemodifiedgrab
in the clamps and in which lateral slits are made midlength of
test procedure is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing
the specimen severing all yarns bordering that portion of the
of commercial shipments of most woven textile fabrics, since
specimen held between the two clamps.
the procedures have been used extensively in the trade for
3.1.9.1 Discussion—The slot modification reduces the fab-
acceptance testing.
ric assistance inherent in the grab test procedure to a practical
5.1.1 In case of disagreement arising from differences in
minimum (see Fig. 1).
reported test values when using this test method for acceptance
3.1.10 tensile test, n—in textiles, a test in which a textile
testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the sup-
material is stretched in one direction to determine the load-
plier should conduct comparative tests to determine if there is
elongation characteristics, the breaking load, or the breaking
a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statis-
elongation.
tical assistance is recommended for the investigation of bias.
3.1.11 For definitions of other terms used in this test
As a minimum, the two parties should take a group of test
method, refer to Terminology D 123.
specimens which are as homogeneous as possible and which
are from a lot of material of the type in question. The test
4. Summary of Test Method
specimens should then be randomly assigned in equal numbers
4.1 A100-mm (4.0-in.) wide specimen is mounted centrally
to each laboratory for testing.The average results from the two
in clamps of a tensile testing machine and a force applied until
laboratories should be compared using Student’s t-test for
the specimen breaks. Values for the breaking force and the
unpaireddataandanacceptableprobabilitylevelchosenbythe
elongation of the test specimen are obtained from machine
two parties before testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its
scales, dials, autographic recording charts, or a computer
cause must be found and corrected, or the purchaser and the
interfaced with the testing machine.
supplier must agree to interpret future test results in light of the
4.2 This test method describes procedures for carrying out
known bias.
fabric grab tensile tests using two types of specimens and three
5.2 This test method is not recommended for knitted fabrics
alternative types of testing machines. For reporting, use the
because of their high stretch.
following identification system of specific specimen and ma-
5.3 Some modification of technique may be necessary for
chine combinations.
any fabric having a strength in excess of 200-N/cm (1140-lb/
4.2.1 Type of specimen:
in.)width.Specialprecautionarymeasuresareprovidedforuse
4.2.1.1 G—Grab
when necessary for strong fabrics.
4.2.1.2 MG—Modified grab
5.4 All of the procedures are applicable for testing fabrics
4.2.2 Type of tensile testing machine:
either conditioned or wet.
4.2.2.1 E—Constant-rate-of-extension (CRE)
5.5 Comparison of results from tensile testing machines
4.2.2.2 L—Constant-rate-of-load (CRL)
operating on different principles is not recommended. When
4.2.2.3 T—Constant-rate-of -traverse (CRT)
different types of machines are used for comparison testing,
4.2.3 Possible combinations can be identified as follows:
constant-time-to-break at 20 6 3 s is the established way of
Type of Tester
producing data. Even then the data may differ significantly.
Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate- Constant-Rate-
Test Specimen of-Extension of-Load of-Traverse 5.6 Although a constant-rate-of-extension is preferred in
Grab G-E G-L G-T
these procedures, in cases of dispute, unless there is agreement
Modified Grab MG-E MG-L MG-T
to the contrary between the purchaser and the supplier, a
For example, Test Method D 5034, G-E refers to a grab test carried out on a
constant rate-of-extension tensile testing machine. constant-time-to-break (20 6 3 s) is to be used.
5.7 The grab test procedure is applicable to the determina-
tion of the effective strength of the fabric; that is, the strength
of the yarns in a specific width together with the fabric
assistance from the adjacent yarns. The breaking force deter-
mined by the grab procedure is not a reflection of the strength
of the yarns actually gripped between clamps and cannot be
used for direct comparison with yarn strength determinations.
Grabtestspecimensrequiremuchlesstimetopreparealthough
they require more fabric per specimen. There is no simple
relationship between grab tests and strip tests since the amount
of fabric assistance depends on the type of fabric and construc-
tion variables.
Metric Equivalents
in. 4 8to10 5.8 The modified grab test procedure is applicable to the
mm 100 200 to 250
determination of the breaking force of fabrics with construc-
FIG. 1 Illustration of Modified Grab Test Specimens tions in which the application of tensile stress on raveled strip
D 5034 – 95 (2001)
6.7 Standard Fabrics, for use in verification of apparatus.
(See Annex A1.)
6.8 Pins, stainless-steel, 10-mm ( ⁄8-in.) diameter by 125
mm (5 in.) long. Two are required if used.
7. Sampling
7.1 Lot Sample—Take a lot sample as directed in the
applicable material specification. In the absence of such a
specification, randomly take rolls or pieces that constitute the
lot sample using the following schedule:
Number of Rolls, Pieces in Lot, Number of Rolls or Pieces in Lot
Inclusive Sample
1to3 all
4to24 4
Metric Equivalents
25 to 50 5
in. 1 2
over 50 10 % to a maximum of 10 rolls or
mm 25 50
pieces
FIG. 2 Schematic Illustration of Jaw Faces for Modified Grab Test
NOTE 3—An adequate specification or other agreement between the
purchaser and the supplier requires taking into account the variability
between rolls of fabric and between specimens from a swatch from a roll
specimens produces further unraveling. This test method is
of fabric to provide a sampling plan with a meaningful producer’s risk,
particularly applicable to high-strength fabrics.
consumer’s risk, acceptable quality level, and limiting quality level.
7.2 Laboratory Sample—From each roll or piece of fabric
6. Apparatus, Reagents, and Materials
taken from the lot sample, cut at least one laboratory sample
6.1 Tensile Testing Machine, of the CRE, CRL, or CRTtype
the full width of the fabric and1m(1yd) along the selvage
conforming to Specification D76, with respect to force indi-
(machine direction).
cation, working range, capacity, and elongation indicator, and
NOTE 4—Results obtained on small hand samples (swatches) can only
designed for operation at a speed of 300 6 10 mm/min (12 6
be considered as representative of the sample swatch and cannot be
0.5 in./min); or, a variable speed drive, change gears, or
assumed to be representative of the fabric piece from which the hand
interchangeable weights as required to obtain the 20 6 3-s
sample (swatch) was taken.
time-to-break (see 5.5 and 5.6).
7.3 Test Specimens—Fromeachlaboratorysample,takefive
6.2 Clamps and Jaw Faces—Eachjawfaceshallbesmooth,
specimens from the warp (machine) direction and eight speci-
flat,andwithametallic,orotheragreedupon,grippingsurface.
mens from the filling (cross) direction (if tested) for each
The faces shall be parallel and have matching centers with
testing condition.
respect to one another in the same clamp and to the corre-
7.3.1 Testing conditions include the following:
sponding jaw face of the other clamp.
7.3.1.1 Warp or Machine Direction—Standard conditions
6.2.1 For grab tests, each clamp shall have a front (or top)
for testing textiles.
jaw face measuring 25 6 1 mm (1.0 6 0.02 in.) perpendicular
7.3.1.2 Warp or Machine Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
to the direction of the application of the force, and not less than
7.3.1.3 Filling or Cross Direction—Standard conditions for
25 nor more than 50 mm (1.0 nor more than 2.0 in.) parallel to
testing textiles.
the direction of the application of the force (Note 2).The back,
7.3.1.4 Filling or Cross Direction—Wet at 21°C (70°F).
or bottom, jaw face of each clamp shall be at least as large as
7.3.2 When using the constant-time-to-break technique and
its mate. Use of a larger face for the second jaw reduces the
unfamiliar fabrics, prepare two or three extra specimens to
problem of front and back jaw face misalignment.
establish the proper rate of loading (or speed for testing).
NOTE 2—Front (or top) faces measuring 25 by 50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.)
will not necessarily give the same value as 25 by 25-mm (1.0 by 1.0-in.)
8. Conditioning
faces. For many materials, the former are preferable because of the larger
8.1 For Conditioned Testing:
gripping area which tends to reduce slippage.While both sizes of gripping
surface are permitted, the face sizes used must be the same for all samples 8.1.1 If the samples have a higher moisture content than the
in the test and must be recorded in the report.
moisture present when at equilibrium in the standard atmo-
sphere for testing textiles, precondition as directed in Practice
6.2.2 For modified grab tests, the top (or front) jaw faces
D 1776.
shall measure 25 by 50 mm (1.0 by 2.0 in.) or more, with the
8.1.2 Bring samples to moisture equilibrium in the standard
longer dimension parallel to the direction of load application.
atmosphere for testing textiles as directed in Practice D 1776.
The bottom (or back) jaw faces shall measure 50 by 50 mm
Equilibrium is considered to have been reached when the
(2.0 by 2.0 in.) or more. (See Fig. 2.)
increaseinmassofthespecimeninsuccessiveweighingsmade
6.3 Metal Clamp, auxiliary, 170 g (6 oz) with at least
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