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ASTM C1437-13

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar

Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the flow of hydraulic cement mortars, and of mortars containing cementitious materials other than hydraulic cements.  
3.2 While flow is not usually included in hydraulic cement specifications, it is commonly used in standard tests that require the mortar to have a water content that provides a specified flow level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flow of hydraulic cement mortars.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2013
ICS
91.100.10 - Cement. Gypsum. Lime. Mortar
Technical Committee
C01 - Cement
Drafting Committee
C01.22 - Workability
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1437-07 - Standard Test Method for Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C827/C827M-23 - Standard Test Method for Change in Height at Early Ages of Cylindrical Specimens of Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1038/C1038M-19 - Standard Test Method for Expansion of Hydraulic Cement Mortar Bars Stored in Water
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1506-17 - Standard Test Method for Water Retention of Hydraulic Cement-Based Mortars and Plasters
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1439-19 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Latex and Powder Polymer Modifiers for use in Hydraulic Cement Concrete and Mortar
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C125-21a - Standard Terminology Relating to Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C219-20a - Standard Terminology Relating to Hydraulic and Other Inorganic Cements
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1384-18e1 - Standard Specification for Admixtures for Masonry Mortars
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1856/C1856M-17 - Standard Practice for Fabricating and Testing Specimens of Ultra-High Performance Concrete
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1240-20 - Standard Specification for Silica Fume Used in Cementitious Mixtures
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1403-22a - Standard Test Method for Rate of Water Absorption of Masonry Mortars
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C563-20 - Standard Guide for Approximation of Optimum SO<inf>3</inf> in Hydraulic Cement
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C942/C942M-21 - Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Grouts for Preplaced-Aggregate Concrete in the Laboratory
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C348-21 - Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Hydraulic-Cement Mortars
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM C1581/C1581M-18a - Standard Test Method for Determining Age at Cracking and Induced Tensile Stress Characteristics of Mortar and Concrete under Restrained Shrinkage
Effective Date
15-Jun-2013

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1437 − 13
StandardTest Method for
1
Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 4. Apparatus
4.1 Flow Table, Flow Mold, Conforming to the require-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flow of
ments of Specification C230/C230M.
hydraulic cement mortars.
4.2 Caliper, Conforming to the requirements of Specifica-
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
tion C230/C230M. Alternatively, any outside-measuring cali-
standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.
per constructed of corrosion-resistant material may be used,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
provided that it is incremented in millimetres and its maximum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1
extent of measuring is at least 260 mm (10 ⁄4 in.).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.3 Tamper, conforming to the requirements of Test Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
C109/C109M.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.4 Trowel, having a steel blade 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in.)
2. Referenced Documents
in length, with straight edges. The edges when placed on a
2
plane surface shall not depart from straightness by more than 1
2.1 ASTM Standards:
mm (0.04 in.) (Note 1).
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of
Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube 4.5 Straightedge, made of steel, shall be at least 200 mm (8
Specimens) in.) long and not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) nor more than 3.5
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement mm (0.14 in.) in thickness. Its edge shall not depart from a
Mortar plane surface by more than 1 mm (0.04-in.) (Note 1).
C230/C230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests
NOTE 1—The trowel specified in Test Method C109/C109M and the
of Hydraulic Cement
straightedge specified in Test Method C185 may be used for this purpose,
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets,
providing they comply with the planeness indicated.
Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the
5. Temperature and Humidity
Testing of Hydraulic Cements and Concretes
5.1 The temperature and relative humidity of the air in the
3. Significance and Use
mixing room shall be as prescribed in Specification C511.
3.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the
6. Materials
flow of hydraulic cement mortars, and of mortars containing
6.1 Hydraulic Cement Mortar—A mortar for which the
cementitious materials other than hydraulic cements.
determination of flow is specified or desired.
3.2 While flow is not usually included in hydraulic cement
specifications, it is commonly used in standard tests that
7. Procedure
require the mortar to have a water content that provides a
7.1 Determination of Flow:
specified flow level.
7.1.1 Carefully wipe the flow table clean and dry, and place
the flow mold at the center. Place a layer of mortar about 25
mm (1 in.) in thickness in the mold and tamp 20 times with the
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C01 on Cement
tamper. The tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.22 on Workability.
uniform filling of the mold. Tamping should be uniformly
Current edition June 15, 2013. Published August 2013. Originally approved in
distributed over the cross section of each layer. For the bottom
1999. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1437 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/C1437-
13.
layer this will necessitate inclining the tamper slightly when
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
tamping near the perimeter. Then fill the mold with mortar and
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
tampasspecifiedforthefirstlayer.Cutoffthemortartoaplane
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. surface flush with the top of the mold by drawing the
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1437 − 13
straightedge or the edge of the trowel with a sawing motion 9. Report
across the top of the mold. Wipe the table top clean and dry,
9.1 Report the flow to the nearest 1 %.
being especially careful to remove any water from around the
edge of the flow mold. Lift th
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1437 − 07 C1437 − 13
Standard Test Method for
1
Flow of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1437; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of flow of hydraulic cement mortars.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Values in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C109/C109M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Hydraulic Cement Mortars (Using 2-in. or [50-mm] Cube Specimens)
C185 Test Method for Air Content of Hydraulic Cement Mortar
C230/C230M Specification for Flow Table for Use in Tests of Hydraulic Cement
C511 Specification for Mixing Rooms, Moist Cabinets, Moist Rooms, and Water Storage Tanks Used in the Testing of Hydraulic
Cements and Concretes
3. Significance and Use
3.1 This test method is intended to be used to determine the flow of hydraulic cement mortars, and of mortars containing
cementitious materials other than hydraulic cements.
3.2 While flow is not usually included in hydraulic cement specifications, it is commonly used in standard tests that require the
mortar to have a water content that provides a specified flow level.
4. Apparatus
4.1 Flow Table, Flow Mold, Conforming to the requirements of Specification C230/C230M.
4.2 Caliper, Conforming to the requirements of Specification C230/C230M. Alternatively, any outside-measuring caliper
constructed of corrosion-resistant material may be used, provided that it is incremented in millimetres and its maximum extent of
1
measuring is at least 260 mm (10 ⁄4 in.).
4.3 Tamper, conforming to the requirements of Test Method C109/C109M.
4.4 Trowel, having a steel blade 100 to 150 mm (4 to 6 in.) in length, with straight edges. The edges when placed on a plane
surface shall not depart from straightness by more than 1 mm (0.04 in.) (Note 1).
4.5 Straightedge, made of steel, shall be at least 200 mm (8 in.) long and not less than 1.5 mm (0.06 in.) nor more than 3.5 mm
(0.14 in.) in thickness. Its edge shall not depart from a plane surface by more than 1 mm (0.04-in.) (Note 1).
NOTE 1—The trowel specified in Test Method C109/C109M and the straightedge specified in Test Method C185 may be used for this purpose, providing
they comply with the planeness indicated.
5. Temperature and Humidity
5.1 The temperature and relative humidity of the air in the mixing room shall be as prescribed in Specification C511.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C01 on Cement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C01.22 on Workability.
Current edition Nov. 1, 2007June 15, 2013. Published December 2007August 2013. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20012007 as
C1437 - 01.C1437 - 07. DOI: 10.1520/C1437-07.10.1520/C1437-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1437 − 13
6. Materials
6.1 Hydraulic Cement Mortar—A mortar for which the determination of flow is specified or desired.
7. Procedure
7.1 Determination of Flow:
7.1.1 Carefully wipe the flow table clean and dry, and place the flow mold at the center. Place a layer of mortar about 25 mm
(1 in.) in thickness in the mold and tamp 20 times with the tamper. The tamping pressure shall be just sufficient to ensure uniform
filling of the mold. Tamping should be uniformly distributed over the cross section of each layer. For the bottom layer this will
necessitate inclining the tamper slightly when tamping near the perimeter. Then fill the mold with mortar and tamp as specified
for the first
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
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These test methods cover the chemical analyses of hydraulic cements. Specific chemical test methods are grouped as reference test methods and alternative test methods. The reference test methods are long accepted classical chemical test methods which provide a reasonably well-integrated basic scheme of analysis for hydraulic cements and are also required for referee analysis in those cases where conformance to chemical specification requirements are questioned. Apparatus and materials for the test method include balance, weights, glassware and laboratory containers, desiccators, filter paper, crucibles, and muffle furnace. Standard reagents for the test method shall be used within the limits of the specification. These reagents shall include purity agents, water, repackaged reagents, concentrated acids and ammonium hydroxide, nonstandardized solutions, and indicator solutions. Sample preparation and general test procedures shall be followed according to the specification. General procedures include sample weighing, taring of crucibles, weighing of ignited residues, volatilization of platinum, chemical analyses, and calculation. Reporting of analyses shall be of the following order: major components, minor components, and separate determinations. Reference test methods and procedures include determination of insoluble residue, silicon dioxide, ammonium hydroxide group, ferric oxide, phosphorus pentoxide, titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, sulfur, loss on ignition, sodium and potassium oxides, manganic oxide, chloride, chloroform-soluble organic substances. Alternative test methods and procedures include determination of calcium oxide, calcium dioxide, magnesium oxide, loss on ignition, titanium dioxide, phosphorus pentoxide, manganic oxide, and free calcium oxide. The standardization used for qualification and for analysis of each constituent shall be determined by valid curve-fitting procedures.
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1.2 Contents:    
Section  
Subject    
2  
Referenced Documents  
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Description of Referee Analyses  
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Referee Analyses  
5  
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Certified Reference Materials  
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Requirements for Qualification Testing  
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Alternative Analyses  
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Cements with Insoluble Residue Greater Than 1 %  
9  
Ammonium Hydroxide Group  
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Ferric Oxide  
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Titanium Dioxide  
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Zinc Oxide  
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Aluminum Oxide  
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Calcium Oxide  
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Magnesium Oxide  
17  
Sulfur  
17.1  
Sulfur Trioxide  
17.2  
Sulfide  
18  
Loss On Ignition  
18.1  
Portland Cement  
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Standard Test Methods for Cements that Require Carbonation Curing

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 These test methods are used to develop data for comparison with the requirements of Test Methods C1910/C1910M or other specifications for cements that require carbonation curing. These test methods are based on standardized testing in the laboratory and are not intended to simulate job conditions. All tests are performed with mortar and therefore, the results may not provide a direct correlation of how the tested cementitious material will perform in concrete.  
4.2 Compressive Strength—The test for compressive strength is used to determine whether the cement tested will develop a minimum level of strength when carbonated under laboratory conditions.  
4.3 Chemically Bound Carbon Dioxide—Determined using mortar cube specimens prepared for determining compressive strength, the test for chemically bound carbon dioxide is used as an estimate of the mass of carbon dioxide bound during the carbonation curing process and is expressed as a percent of the mass of cement in the test mixture. The actual amount of carbon dioxide bound in a manufactured product is affected by the carbonation process and the cement used, and the physical characteristics of the manufactured product.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for testing cements that require carbonation curing and are intended for use in concrete.  
1.2 The procedures are organized in the following sections:    
Casting and Carbonation Curing Test Specimens  
Section 8  
Compressive Strength  
Section 9  
Bound Carbon Dioxide  
Section 10  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with this standard. Some values only have SI units because the inch-pound equivalents are not used in standard.  
1.4 If required results obtained from another standard are not reported in the same system of units as used by this standard, it is permitted to convert those results using the conversion factors found in the SI Quick Reference Guide, Annex A in Form and Style for ASTM Standards, www.astm.org/COMMIT/Blue_Book.pdf.  
1.5 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of the standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Warning—Common cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1600/C1600M-23(Specification)
Standard Specification for Rapid Hardening Hydraulic Cement

ABSTRACT
This specification covers performance requirements for rapid hardening hydraulic cements. There are no restrictions on the compositions of the cement or its constituents. The specification classifies cements by type based on specific requirements for very early compressive strength development. The following are the four types of rapid hardening cement: (1) Type URH, ultra rapid hardening for use where high early strength is desired; (2) Type VRH, very rapid hardening for use where very high early strength is desired; (3) Type MRH, medium rapid hardening for use where mid-range hardening high early strength is desired; and (4) Type GRH, general rapid hardening for use when the higher strength properties of a Type VRH or a Type MRH cement is not required. Cement of the type specified shall conform to all of the applicable standard physical requirements for compressive strength and drying shrinkage. Cement shall be tested using the following methods: autoclave expansion; time of setting; compressive strength; drying shrinkage of mortar; heat of hydration; surface resistance; alkali silica resistivity; and expansion in water.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is for rapid hardening hydraulic cements. This is a specification giving performance requirements. There are no restrictions on the composition of the cement or its constituents.  
1.2 The specification classifies cements by type based on specific requirements for very early compressive strength development.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units shall be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 The text of this standard refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) are not requirements of the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C183/C183M-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling and the Amount of Testing of Hydraulic Cement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The sampling procedures described are intended for use in the procurement of samples of hydraulic cement after it has been manufactured and is ready to be offered for sale. They are not intended as sampling procedures for quality control purposes during manufacturing. The testing procedures outlined cover the amount of testing to be done and provide guidance for reporting on conformance or non-conformance of cements with requirements of purchase specifications.  
4.2 This practice is referenced as the procedure for sampling natural cement (Specification C10/C10M), masonry cement (Specification C91/C91M), portland cement (Specification C150/C150M), blended hydraulic cement (Specification C595/C595M), expansive hydraulic cement (Specification C845/C845M), hydraulic cement based on a performance specification (Specification C1157/C1157M), plastic stucco cement (Specification C1328/C1328M), and mortar cement (Specification C1329/C1329M), and  
4.3 Most building codes and construction specifications require that hydraulic cement to be used in the work meet the applicable requirements of the relevant purchase specifications, such as Specifications C10/C10M, C91/C91M, C150/C150M, C595/C595M, C1157/C1157M, C1328/C1328M, C1329/C1329M, or C845/C845M. If the code or specification requires sampling of the manufactured cement, the provisions given in 4.4 are applicable. Not much cement is sold on the basis of such sampling and testing. A useful discussion of sampling and testing cement is contained in ACI 225.1R.  
4.4 The procedures covered in this practice should be done by or for purchasers of hydraulic cement who are using a code or specification that requires sampling and testing to determine if the samples conform to the relevant acceptance specifications. The testing is done using specified methods to determine whether the samples yield test results that conform to the specification, and the tests serve as a basis for acceptance or rejection of the lot of material ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures for sampling and for the amount of testing of hydraulic cement after it has been manufactured and is ready to be offered for sale.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Values in SI units [or inch-pound units] shall be obtained by measurement in SI units [or inch-pound units] or by appropriate conversion, using the Rules for Conversion and Rounding given in Standard IEEE/ASTM SI 10, Values are stated in only SI units when inch-pound units are not used in practice  
1.3 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered requirements of the standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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