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ASTM E1032-12

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments

Standard Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this method are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. The apparatus shall comprise of a radiation source which may be X-ray or gamma-ray source; film holders and cassettes; intensifying screens such as lead-foil, fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screens; filters which shall be used whenever the contrast reductions caused by low energy, scattered radiation, or the extent of undercut (edge burn-off) occurring on production radiographs are of significant magnitude to cause difficulty in meeting the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements stipulated by the job order or contract; masking to improve radiographic quality; IQI's or penetrameters; shims, separate blocks, or like sections to facilitate IQI positioning; radiographic location and identification markers; and radiographic density measurement device. The test method shall meet the radiographic coverage, radiographic film quality, radiographic quality level, acceptance level, and radiographic density limitations. Procedures for surface preparation, radiation application and protection, IQI selection and placement, shim utilization, radiograph identification, and single-wall or double-wall radiographic techniques are addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this method are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 7.)

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2012
ICS
25.160.40 - Welded joints and welds
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1032-19 - Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film
Effective Date
01-Feb-2019

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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1032 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Radiographic Examination of Weldments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* E543 Specification forAgencies Performing Nondestructive
Testing
1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedure for
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Group-
radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radio-
ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
graphic film. Requirements expressed in this method are
Used for Radiology
intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-
are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of
graphic Film Processing
welds.
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the
Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-
acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the
dicators (IQI) Used for Radiology
contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide ad-
eters
equate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recog-
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed
nized that, for special applications, specific techniques using
Industrial Radiographic Films
more or less stringent requirements may be required than those
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for
techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and
Industrial Radiography
supplier (also see Section 4).
3
2.2 ASNT Standards:
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualifi-
as standard.
cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 Other Standards:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification and
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific
4
Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
safety precautionary information, see Section 7.)
EN 444 Nondestructive Testing—General Principles for Ra-
diographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X and
2. Referenced Documents
5
Gamma Rays—Basic Rules
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ISO 5579 Nondestructive Testing—Radiographic Examina-
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
tion of Metallic Materials by X and Gamma Rays—Basic
E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radio- 5
Rules
graphic Images as Certain Parameters are Changed
E390 Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method, see Terminology E1316.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved June 15, 2012. Published July 2012. Originally
3
approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E1032 - 06. DOI: AvailablefromAmericanSocietyforNondestructiveTesting(ASNT),P.O.Box
10.1520/E1032-12. 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
2 4
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available fromAerospace IndustriesAssociation ofAmerica, Inc. (AIA), 1000
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM WilsonBlvd.,Suite1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928,http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
5
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1032 − 12
4. Basis of Application other requirements stipulated herein (film density and area of
interest density tolerances, etc.).
4.1 Personnel Qualification—Nondestructi
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1032–06 Designation:E1032–12
Standard Test Method for
1
Radiographic Examination of Weldments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1032; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic
film. Requirements expressed in this method are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended
for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract,
purchase order, product specification, or drawings.
1.3 Theradiographictechniquesstatedhereinprovideadequateassurancefordefectdetectability;however,itisrecognizedthat,
forspecialapplications,specifictechniquesusingmoreorlessstringentrequirementsmayberequiredthanthosespecified.Inthese
cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4).
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 7.)
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E94 Guide for Radiographic Examination
E242 Reference Radiographs for Appearances of Radiographic Images as Certain Parameters are Changed
E390 Reference Radiographs for Steel Fusion Welds
E543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
E747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and Material Grouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI) Used for
Radiology
E999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radiographic Film Processing
E1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and Material Grouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indicators (IQI)
Used for Radiology
E1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitometers
E1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and Unexposed Industrial Radiographic Films
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
E1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems for Industrial Radiography
3
2.2 ASNT Standards:
Recommended Practice No. SNT-TC-1A Personnel Qualification and Certification in Nondestructive Testing
ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel
2.3 Other Standards:
4
NAS 410 National Aerospace Standard Certification and Qualification of Nondestructive Test Personnel
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
(X and Gamma) Method.
Current edition approved July 1, 2006.June 15, 2012. Published July 2006.2012. Originally approved in 1985. Last previous edition approved in 20012006 as E1032 - 016.
DOI: 10.1520/E1032-06.10.1520/E1032-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ANST), 1711 Arlingate Lane, P.O. Box 28518, Columbus, OH 43228-0518.
3
Available from American Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518, http://www.asnt.org.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1250 Eye St., NW, Washington, DC 20005.
4
Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000 Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700, Arlington, VA 22209-3928, http://www.aia-aerospace.org.
*ASummary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1032–12
EN 444 Nondestructive Testing—General Principles for Radiographic Examination of Metallic Materials by X a
...

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ASTM E1416-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E3044/E3044M-22(Practice)
Standard Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Polyethylene Butt Fusion Joints

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended primarily for the automated or semi-automated ultrasonic examination of butt fusion joints used in the construction of polyethylene piping systems.  
5.2 Polyethylene piping has been used in lieu of steel alloys in the petrochemical, power, water, gas distribution and mining industries due to its reliability and resistance to corrosion and erosion. Recently, polyethylene pipe has also been used for nuclear safety-related cooling water applications.  
5.3 Two ultrasonic techniques have proven useful to provide examination of fusion joint integrity; Ultrasonic time-of-flight-diffraction (TOFD) and phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT). These techniques are often considered complementary but may be used independently of each other. The choice of the technique used may depend on a variety of parameters including diameter, thickness, surface access, detection capabilities near surfaces, and quality level required.  
5.4 The joining process can be subject to a variety of flaws including, but not limited to: lack of fusion, particulate contamination, inclusions, and voids.  
5.5 Polyethylene material can have a range of acoustic characteristics that make butt joint examination difficult. Acoustic velocity of the material is similar to that commonly used for ultrasound wedge materials, making it difficult to use these materials to achieve appropriate refraction of sound at the interface. Polyethylene materials are highly attenuative, which often limits the use of higher ultrasonic frequencies. It also exhibits a natural high frequency filtering effect. An example of the range of acoustic characteristics is provided in Table 1. The table notes the wide range of acoustic velocities reported in the literature. This makes it essential that the reference blocks are made of the same cell classification6 as that examined. This shall be confirmed by measuring the acoustic velocity of the pipe being examined as described in Practice E494. The acous...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes procedures for ultrasonic testing (UT) of butt fusion joints in polyethylene pipe. Although high density polyethylene (HDPE) and medium density polyethylene (MDPE) materials are most commonly used, the procedures described may apply to other types of polyethylene.
Note 1: The notes in this practice are for information only and shall not be considered part of this specification.
Note 2: This practice references HDPE and MDPE for pipe applications as defined by Specification D3350.  
1.2 This practice does not address ultrasonic examination of electrofusion joints (coupling joints), socket joints, or saddles.  
1.3 This practice provides two ultrasonic examination procedures. Each has its own merits and requirements for examination and shall be selected as agreed upon in a contractual document.  
1.3.1 Examination Procedure A, Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD), uses a pair of probes, one transmitting and the other receiving. The procedure usually, although not necessarily, requires access to both sides of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.3.2 Examination Procedure B, Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing (PAUT), uses low velocity refracting wedges or water gaps to produce angled compression mode pulses. The procedure can be applied where access is limited to one side of the joint from one surface. Provided that position encoding is used, the procedure can be conducted by semi-automated or automated means that provide recoded imaging.  
1.4 The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 60 mm [0.375 to 2.4 in.] and diameters 100 mm [4 in.] and greater. Greater and lesser thicknesses and lesser diameters may be tested using this standard practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickn...

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ASTM E2261/E2261M-17(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Welds Using the Alternating Current Field Measurement Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The purpose of the alternating current field measurement method is to evaluate welds for surface breaking discontinuities such as fabrication and fatigue cracks. The examination results may then be used by qualified organizations to assess weld service life or other engineering characteristics (beyond the scope of this practice). This practice is not intended for the examination of welds for non-surface breaking discontinuities.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures to be followed during alternating current field measurement examination of welds for baseline and service-induced surface breaking discontinuities.  
1.2 This practice is intended for use on welds in any metallic material.  
1.3 This practice does not establish weld acceptance criteria.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system might not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E1961-16(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Mechanized Ultrasonic Testing of Girth Welds Using Zonal Discrimination with Focused Search Units

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the mechanized ultrasonic examination of pipe girth welds used in the construction of gas and oil pipelines. This practice, with appropriate modifications due to changes in weld profile, may also be used to examine repaired welds. Manual techniques such as described in Practice E164 may also be used to examine production or repaired welds. This practice, with appropriate modifications, may also be used to examine other forms of butt welds including long seams.  
4.2 Techniques used are to be based on zonal discrimination whereby the weld is divided into approximately equal vertical examination sections (zones) each being assessed by a pair of ultrasonic search units. See Fig. 1 for typical zones.
FIG. 1 Schematic Representation of Weld Zones and Discontinuities  
4.3 Thicknesses of material examined are normally 7 to 25 mm (0.28 to 1.00 in.) and pipe diameters 15 cm (6.0 in.) and greater but this standard may apply to other thicknesses and diameters if the techniques can be proven to provide the required zonal discrimination.  
4.4 Examination zones are typically 2 to 3 mm (0.08 to 0.12 in.) in height. For most applications this will require the use of contact focused search units to avoid interfering signals originating from off-axis geometric reflectors and to avoid excessive overlap with adjacent zones.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the requirements for mechanized ultrasonic examination of girth welds. Evaluation is based upon the results of mechanized ultrasonic examination. Acceptance criteria are based upon flaw limits defined by an Engineering Critical Assessment (ECA) or other accept/reject criteria defined by the Contracting Agency.  
1.2 This practice shall be applicable to the development of an examination procedure agreed upon between the users of this practice.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E3052-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Examination of Carbon Steel Welds Using An Eddy Current Array

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Eddy Current Arrays for Crack Detection and Sizing in Carbon Steel Welds—Eddy current sensor arrays permit rapid examination of carbon steel welds for surface-breaking cracks located on the surface closest to the sensor array. As described in Guide E2884, these sensor arrays can have multiple drive-sense pairs for each element of the array or a large single drive winding construct with multiple individual sense elements. However, not all ECA probe designs allow for accurate depth sizing of such discontinuities over a significant range (several millimeters, for example). To achieve proper crack depth sizing, the system shall exhibit certain characteristics, such as: (1) a lift-off signal that allows monitoring the lift-off over the range of values of interest for the examination, (2) suitable separation between the lift-off signal and the defect signal (this depends upon the instrument used and can be viewed as a phase separation in an impedance plane display), (3) the capability to make use of the lift-off values for crack depth determination, (4) the capability to take into account material properties variations for crack depth determination along and across the weld, and (5) a uniform sensitivity for the sensing elements of the array in order to provide an effective single-pass examination, which is expected when using an array sensor.  
4.2 Array Sensors and Single Sensing Element Sensors—Depending on the weld geometry, it may be possible to use either a sensor array or a sensor with a single sensing element. The sensor array generally provides a better spatial representation of the weld properties and an improved probability of detection for discontinuities. The size of the array, as well as the size and number of individual sensing elements within the array depend on the weld geometry and other factors such as target discontinuities. When a single-sensing element sensor is used, it shall produce signals that exhibit the characteristics listed in 4.1 and th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the use of an eddy current array (ECA) or an eddy current sensor for nondestructive examination of carbon steel welds. It includes the detection and sizing of surface-breaking cracks in such joints, accommodating for nonmagnetic and nonconductive coating up to 5 mm thick between the sensor and the joint. The practice covers a variety of cracking defects, such as fatigue cracks and other types of planar discontinuities, at various locations in the weld (heat-affected zone, toe area, and weld cap, for example). It covers the length and depth sizing of such surface-breaking discontinuities. This practice can be used for flush-ground and not flush-ground welds. For specific ferrous alloys or specific welded parts, the user may need a more specific procedure.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM E2700-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Welds Using Phased Arrays

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) is an advanced examination technique used for enhanced flaw detection, sizing, and imaging as compared to conventional UT employing single-element transducers. PAUT utilizes multi-element (array) probes in which groups of elements are pulsed with pre-calculated time delays (“focal laws”) for each element (“phasing”). The resulting constructive and destructive interference allows for electronic steering, shaping, and focusing of the sound beam.  
5.2 Though primarily a method of generating and receiving ultrasound, phased arrays are also a method of scanning and imaging. The two basic types of scans are the Linear or Electronic scan (E-Scan) and the Sectorial or Azimuthal scan (S-Scan). In the E-Scan, which emulates a manual scan, multiple sound beams are created at the same refracted angle. The beam is electronically translated along the active axis of the array by sequentially adding an element on one end and dropping an element off the other end of the active group of elements within the probe, with time multiplexing coordinated by the instrument’s on-board processor. In the S-Scan, which is unique to phased arrays, the sound beam is electronically swept through a range of user-defined angles by sequentially changing the time delays applied to each element. Because the beam angle is no longer solely dependent upon the wedge angle, more complete data can be obtained and more complex geometries can be examined versus conventional UT. With their distinct features and capabilities, phased arrays require special set-ups and standardization, as addressed by this practice. Commercial software permits the operator to easily make set ups without detailed knowledge of the phasing requirements.  
5.3 Phased arrays can be used in different ways: manual or encoded linear scanning; and different displays or combinations of displays. In manual scanning, the dominant display will be an S-scan with associated A-scans. S-scans have the a...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes ultrasonic techniques for examining welds using phased array ultrasonic methods (see Note 1 and Note 2).  
1.2 This practice uses angle beams, either in S-scan or E-scan modes, primarily for butt welds and Tee welds. Alternative welding techniques, such as solid state bonding (for example, friction stir welding) and fusion welding (for example, electron beam welding) can be examined using this practice, provided adequate coverage and techniques are documented and approved. Practices for specific geometries such as spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 9 to 200 mm. Greater and lesser thicknesses may be examined using this practice if the technique can be demonstrated to provide adequate detection on mockups of the same wall thickness and geometry.  
1.2.1 Extreme caution should be used when attempting to size indications using phased array. It is likely that without proper procedures, indications can be oversized due to beam divergence, multiple virtual probes returning signals from the same indication, etc. For more guidance, see 12.4.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice, provided reference standards can be developed to demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information, see ASME BPVC Section V, Article 4, Guide E2491, Practice E317, and Practice E587.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E2373/E2373M-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Use of the Ultrasonic Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) Technique

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides general principles for the application of the Time-of-Flight Diffraction Technique as a tool for detection and sizing of discontinuities.  
4.2 TOFD is a nondestructive ultrasonic examination technique that is not based on amplitude response. However, sufficient sensitivity is required to identify indications for evaluation.  
4.3 TOFD techniques are typically applied to welded joints in carbon steel, but the principles may be applicable to other applications including other materials with suitable validation procedures agreeable to the contracting parties.  
4.4 In addition to a stand-alone ultrasonic detection technique, TOFD may be used in conjunction with weld examinations such as those described in Practices E164 and E1961 where it may be used to improve sizing estimates of flaws detected by the manual or mechanized pulse-echo techniques and help discriminate between flaws and geometric reflectors.  
4.5 The technique has proven effective on thicknesses from 9 to 300 mm [0.375 to 12 in.]. TOFD has been used on thicknesses outside of this range but special considerations are necessary. Techniques developed outside of this range of thickness shall be demonstrated as capable of meeting the required detection and sizing requirements of the specification used.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice establishes the requirements for developing ultrasonic examination procedures using the ultrasonic technique known as Time-of-Flight Diffraction (TOFD).  
1.2 Consistent with ASTM Policy, TOFD may be regarded as an ultrasonic test method whereby the qualities and characteristics of the item tested are evaluated, measured, and, in some cases, identified. Measurements may be subject to precision and bias that may be determined statistically or as a function of some parameter(s) such as wavelength. This practice may be used for applications that would be quantitative examinations as well as quantitative tests.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E164-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of Weldments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The techniques for ultrasonic examination of welds described in this practice are intended to provide a means of weld examination for both internal and surface discontinuities within the weld and the heat-affected zone. The practice is limited to the examination of specific weld geometries in wrought or forged material.  
3.2 The techniques provide a practical method of weld examination for internal and surface discontinuities and are well suited to the task of in-process quality control. The practice is especially suited to the detection of discontinuities that present planar surfaces perpendicular to the sound beam. Other nondestructive examinations may be used when porosity and slag inclusions must be critically evaluated.  
3.3 When ultrasonic examination is used as a basis of acceptance of welds, there should be agreement between the manufacturer and the purchaser as to the specific reference standards and limits to be used. Examples of reference standards are given in Section 7. A detailed procedure for weld examination describing allowable discontinuity limits should be written and agreed upon.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers techniques for the ultrasonic A-scan examination of specific weld configurations joining wrought ferrous or aluminum alloy materials to detect weld discontinuities (see Note 1). The reflection method using pulsed waves is specified. Manual techniques are described employing contact of the search unit through a couplant film or water column.  
1.2 This practice utilizes angle beams or straight beams, or both, depending upon the specific weld configurations. Practices for special geometries such as fillet welds and spot welds are not included. The practice is intended to be used on thicknesses of 0.250 to 8 in. (6.4 to 203 mm).  
Note 1: This practice is based on experience with ferrous and aluminum alloys. Other metallic materials can be examined using this practice provided reference standards can be developed that demonstrate that the particular material and weld can be successfully penetrated by an ultrasonic beam.
Note 2: For additional pertinent information see Practice E317, Terminology E1316, and Practice E587.  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1032-19(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radiographic Examination of Weldments Using Industrial X-Ray Film

ABSTRACT
This test method provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this method are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. The apparatus shall comprise of a radiation source which may be X-ray or gamma-ray source; film holders and cassettes; intensifying screens such as lead-foil, fluorescent, fluorometallic, or other metallic screens; filters which shall be used whenever the contrast reductions caused by low energy, scattered radiation, or the extent of undercut (edge burn-off) occurring on production radiographs are of significant magnitude to cause difficulty in meeting the quality level or radiographic coverage requirements stipulated by the job order or contract; masking to improve radiographic quality; IQI's or penetrameters; shims, separate blocks, or like sections to facilitate IQI positioning; radiographic location and identification markers; and radiographic density measurement device. The test method shall meet the radiographic coverage, radiographic film quality, radiographic quality level, acceptance level, and radiographic density limitations. Procedures for surface preparation, radiation application and protection, IQI selection and placement, shim utilization, radiograph identification, and single-wall or double-wall radiographic techniques are addressed.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a uniform procedure for radiographic examination of weldments using industrial radiographic film. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radiographic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 The radiographic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.3 The radiographic techniques stated herein provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more or less stringent requirements may be required than those specified. In these cases, the use of alternative radiographic techniques shall be as agreed upon between purchaser and supplier (also see Section 4).  
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. (For more specific safety precautionary information, see Section 9.)  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1416-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Radioscopic Examination of Weldments

ABSTRACT
This test method covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this test method are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds. It applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a television monitor for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer. Unless otherwise specified by the applicable job order or contract, radioscopic examination shall be performed in accordance with a written procedure which includes: material and thickness range to be examined; equipment to be used, including specifications of source parameters and imaging equipment parameters; examination geometry, including source-to-object distance, object-to-detector-distance and orientation; image quality indicator designation and placement; test-object scan plan, indicating the range of motions and manipulation speeds through which the test object shall be manipulated in order to ensure satisfactory results; image-processing parameters; image-display parameters; and image storage.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a uniform procedure for radioscopic examination of weldments. Requirements expressed in this practice are intended to control the quality of the radioscopic images and are not intended for controlling acceptability or quality of welds.  
1.2 This practice applies only to the use of equipment for radioscopic examination in which the image is finally presented on a display screen (monitor) for operator evaluation. The examination may be recorded for later review. It does not apply to fully automated systems where evaluation is automatically performed by computer.  
1.3 The radioscopic extent, the quality level, and the acceptance criteria to be applied shall be specified in the contract, purchase order, product specification, or drawings.  
1.4 This practice can be used for the detection of discontinuities. This practice also facilitates the examination of a weld from several directions, such as perpendicular to the weld surface and along both weld bevel angles. The radioscopic techniques described in this practice provide adequate assurance for defect detectability; however, it is recognized that, for special applications, specific techniques using more stringent requirements may be needed to provide additional detection capability. The use of specific radioscopic techniques shall be agreed upon between purchaser and supplier.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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