ASTM D1094-24
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
Standard Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 When applied to aviation gasoline, water reaction volume change using the technique reveals the presence of water-soluble components such as alcohols. When applied to aviation turbine fuels, water reaction interface rating using the technique is not reliable in revealing the presence of surfactants which disarm filter-separators quickly and allow free water and particulates to pass; but can reveal the presence of other types of contaminants. Other tests, such as Test Method D3948, are capable of detecting surfactants in aviation fuels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this standard, refer to suppliers' safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1094 − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* Ignition Engine Fuel
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the pres-
Ignition Engine Fuel
ence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Char-
turbine fuels, and the effect of these components on volume
acteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separom-
change and on the fuel-water interface.
eter
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
Fuels, and Lubricants
provided for information only and are not considered standard. 3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
for Petroleum Spirits
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identi-
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
fied in Section 7. Before using this standard, refer to suppliers’
to Terminology D4175.
safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
literature.
3.2.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
the wall of the glass cylinder.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
3.2.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3),
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
covered with more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or
scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
2. Referenced Documents
2
3.2.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the
2.1 ASTM Standards:
wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
ration 3.2.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline interlocking.
Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
3.2.6 shred, lace or film at interface (Table 2, Rating 2),
D1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface contains
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-
more than 50 % clear bubbles or some but less than 10 %
shred, lace, film or both.
3.2.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 4),
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is
Subcommittee D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
covered with more than 50 % of lace or scum, or both, that
Current edition approved March 1, 2024. Published March 2024. Originally
extends into either of the two layers or forms an emulsion, or
approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D1094 – 07 (2019).
both.
DOI: 10.1520/D1094-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
the ASTM website. U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ---------------------
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1094 − 07 (Reapproved 2019) D1094 − 24
Standard Test Method for
1
Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1094; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the presence of water-miscible components in aviation gasoline and turbine fuels,
and the effect of these components on volume change and on the fuel-water interface.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for
information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use. This standard involves the use of hazardous chemicals identified in Section 7. Before using this
standard, refer to suppliers’ safety labels, Material Safety Data Sheets and other technical literature.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evaporation
D611 Test Methods for Aniline Point and Mixed Aniline Point of Petroleum Products and Hydrocarbon Solvents
D1836 Specification for Commercial Hexanes
D2699 Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable Separometer
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
3
2.2 Energy Institute Standard:
IP Standard Test Methods Vol 2, Appendix B, Specification for Petroleum Spirits
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.05 on Fuel Cleanliness.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2019March 1, 2024. Published February 2019March 2024. Originally approved in 1950. Last previous edition approved in 20132019
as D1094 – 07 (2013).(2019). DOI: 10.1520/D1094-07R19.10.1520/D1094-24.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR, U.K., http://www.energyinst.org.uk.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D1094 − 24
3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology D4175.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 film, n—thin, translucent layer that does not adhere to the wall of the glass cylinder.
3.2.2 lace, n—fibers thicker than hairlike shred or of which more than 10 % are interlocking, or both.
3.2.3 loose lace or slight scum, or both (Table 2, Rating 3), n—an assessment that the fuel/buffer solution interface is covered with
more than 10 % but less than 50 % of lace or scum that does not extend into either of the two layers.
3.2.4 scum, n—layer thicker than film or that adheres to the wall of the glass cylinder, or both.
3.2.5 shred, n—hairlike fibers of which less than 10 % are interlocking.
3.2.6 shred, lace or film at interface (Table 2, Rating 2), n—an assessment that fuel/buffer solution interface contains more than
50 % clear bubbles or some but less than 10 % shred, lace, film or both.
3.2.7 tight lace or heavy scum, or both (Ta
...
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