ASTM C1814/C1814M-20

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Designation: C1814/C1814M − 16 C1814/C1814M − 20
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Hydraulic Characteristics of Stormwater
Filtration Elements
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1814/C1814M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test standard shall be used to determine the hydraulic characteristics of stormwater filtration elements.
1.2 Elements tested shall be of a size commonly manufactured, not a scale model.
1.3 The position and orientation of all filter elements during testing shall be identical to the position and orientation used during
normal operation.
1.4 The direction of flow during testing shall be identical to the direction of flow during normal operation.
1.5 As each stormwater treatment device is unique in design and hydraulic capacity, a sufficient number of accurately measured
data points are needed to properly define the hydraulic characteristics of each test element. Therefore, it is imperative that the
element setup and subsequent testing methodologies be well defined and executed to assure accurate flow and elevation data.
1.6 This test determines the hydraulic capacity of stormwater filtration systems. Test results are not an indicator of the filtration
performance with respect to the capture of solids or other materials.
1.7 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from
the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C27 on Precast Concrete Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C27.70 on Precast
Concrete Products for Stormwater Management.
Current edition approved April 1, 2016Aug. 15, 2020. Published April 2016August 2020. Originally approved in 2016. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as
C1814/C1814M–16. DOI: 10.1520/C1814_C1814M-1610.1520/C1814_C1814M-20.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1814/C1814M − 20
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3858 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water by Velocity-Area Method
D4409 Test Method for Velocity Measurements of Water in Open Channels with Rotating Element Current Meters
D5089 Test Method for Velocity Measurements of Water in Open Channels with Electromagnetic Current Meters
D5242 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement of Water with Thin-Plate Weirs
D5389 Test Method for Open-Channel Flow Measurement by Acoustic Velocity Meter Systems
D5413 Test Methods for Measurement of Water Levels in Open-Water Bodies
D5460 Test Method for Rubber Compounding Materials—Water in Rubber Additives
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 ASME Standard:
MFC-3M Measurement of Fluid Flow in Pipes Using Orifice, Nozzle, and Venturi
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 element—the smallest filter unit that is commercially available or a combination thereof, or a full commercially available
filter system comprised of one or more internal filter units.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method describes procedures and equipment required to measure the hydraulic characteristics of filtration elements
(as defined in 3.1).
4.2 Other standards that may be useful to reference include: Test Methods D3858, D4409, D5089, D5242, D5389, D5413, Guide
D5460, and ASME MFC-3M (see Section 2).
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Each element has unique flow patterns and each element has unique hydraulic characteristics (that is, flow and head loss). In
addition, each element may exhibit variable hydraulic capacity as the element filters become occluded, the filter media swells or
shrinks, and water viscosity (that is, water temperature) changes. In some cases filters experience hysteresis with respect to filling
and emptying. The testing procedure in Section 7 will help develop the parameters necessary to determine the hydraulic capacity
of an element at one instance in time. The test can be repeated at desired time increments to determine how the hydraulic capacity
varies over time.
6. Apparatus
6.1 The test element shall be set up in the same configuration as a commercially available element. Pipe type, diameter, and
orientation shall be configured such that they represent approach angles and velocities found in the field. The selection of the
approach or inlet velocity shall be such that the resulting flow capacity is the lowest for the range of possible velocities. The inlet
and outlet pipe elevations also need to be hydraulically representative of that found in the field.
6.2 All components of the experimental setup shall be inspected immediately before all testing to confirm that no damage or
obstruction is present and that there are no sediments or other deleterious materials therein. Leakage from the system piping or
from the element shall not exceed 0.5 % of the measured flow rate.
7. Test Parameters and Methodologies
7.1 Several parameters shall be measured, recorded, and reported for use in establishing hydraulic capacity: the type and gradation
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volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME), ASME International Headquarters, Two Park Ave., New York, NY 10016-5990, http://
www.asme.org.
If the test cannot be run using the specified set up an alternative test set up may be used. In this case documentation shall be provided that states why the specified set
up could not be used. The documentation shall also list all the ways that the test set up varies from the specified set up.
C1814/C1814M − 20
of positive identification of the filter media, flow rate and direction through the filter, the surface area of the filter in a plane
perpendicular to the flow, surface loading rate (flow per area), piezometric head upstream and downstream of the filter, the length
of the filter in the direction of flow, and water temperature. When a test element consists of more than one filter units, the filter
surface area and length of filter in the direction of flow shall be reported for both the individual filter units and for the element
as a whole.
7.1.1 Flow Rate Measurement—The methodology for flow measurement includes the gravimetric method and open-channel and
closed-conduit (full-pipe) flow meters. Suitable methods include, but are not restricted to, velocity area sensors, appropriate weirs
and flumes, and pressure drop measurement methods using orifices, nozzles, or Venturi tubes.
7.1.2 Piezometric Head—Piezometric head shall be recorded for each flow rate The head measurement is taken from the static
water surface elevation on the upstream side of the filter element, and at the invert of the discharge side of the filter element or
appropriate piezometic head measurement at the outlet. Data collected shall record the depth of the upstream water surface
elevation (WSE) relative to the dimensions of the filter such that it is clear when the filter element is partially exposed, submerged,
and surcharged. The outlet measurement locations shall remain fixed for all flow conditions and serve as an elevation datum for
all the various changes in the upstream WSE.
7.1.3 Filter Length—The length of the filter in the direction of flow shall be measured and reported. Filter lengths as provided by
the device manufacturer are acceptable as long as they are validated prior to testing.
7.1.4 Filter Surface Area—The filter surface area in a plane perpendicular to the direction of flow at the point of first contact with
the filter media shall be measured to the nearest 2 %. Surface areas of common geometric shapes (for example, rectangles, squares,
circles, ovals, etc.) may be determined from measuring characteristic lengths (for example, length of sides, diameters, etc.) and
calculating, by geometry, the corresponding surface area. When the filter area varies in the direction of flow, the reported filter area
shall be that of the outermost media/water interface.
7.1.5 Temperature—Tests shall be run at a water temperature of 17 to 27°C [62-80°F]. At a minimum, water temperatures shall
be recorded three times: at the beginning, the middle, and the end of each test. The average temperature shall be used in data
reduction and reporting.
8. Filter Conditioning
8.1 Initial runs may exhibit different filter properties as compared to subsequent runs. Thus, in order to more accurately represent
filter characteristics, all filters must be conditioned prior to testing. Conditioning seeks to have these changes occur before testing
begins. Actual conditioning procedures shall be reported.
8.2 Water levels upstream and downstream of the filter element shall be established such that the filter is completely submerged
and the flow rate achieved is at least 90 % of the maximum flow rate to be tested. The flow rate shall be maintained at this level
for at least two hours with flow rate measurements being made every 10 minutes at a minimum. After a minimum of two hours
of continuous flow, the flow into the filter element shall be stopped and the filter allowed to drain to its natural static level. The
filter element shall rest in this state with no additional inflow for 24 to 48 hours before testing begins.
9. Procedure
9.1 All associated instrumentation shall be calibrated according to the manufacturer’s specifications and verified before testing.
Flow conditions shall be stabilized prior to commencement of testing. Flow conditions shall be considered stabilized when the
upstream and downstream piezometric heads remain constant for at least five consecutive minutes. Piezometric heads shall be
considered constant if they do not vary by more than ⁄8 inch.
9.2 Manual Measurements—Manual measurements of
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