ASTM F1487-21

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:F1487 −21
Standard Consumer Safety Performance Specification for
Playground Equipment for Public Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1487; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This consumer safety performance specification establishes nationally recognized safety standards
for public playground equipment to address injuries identified by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC).
During 1999 the CPSC estimated that about 156000 victims were treated in U.S. hospital
emergency rooms for injuries associated with public playground equipment. About three fourths of
these injuries resulted from falls, primarily to the surface on which the equipment was located. Other
hazardpatternsinvolvedimpactbyswingsandothermovingequipmentandcontactwithprotrusions,
crush or shear points, and sharp edges. Fatalities reported to the CPSC resulted from falls;
entanglement of clothing or similar items on equipment; entanglement in ropes tied to or caught on
equipment;headentrapment;impactbyequipmentthattippedoverorotherwisefailed;andimpactby
moving swings. This consumer safety performance specification does not eliminate the need for
supervision of children on public playground equipment. It is intended to minimize the likelihood of
life-threatening or debilitating injuries, such as those identified by the CPSC.
There has been significant harmonization of this performance specification and CAN/CSA-Z614.
1. Scope age of 12, public use play equipment for children 6 to 24
months, and soft contained play equipment are not included in
1.1 This consumer safety performance specification pro-
this specification.
vides safety and performance standards for various types of
1.4 Products or materials (site furnishings) that are installed
public playground equipment and dimensional requirements
for their clearance and use zones. Its purpose is to reduce outside the equipment use zone, such as benches, tables,
independent shade structures, and borders used to contain
life-threatening and debilitating injuries.
protective surfacing, are not considered playground equipment
1.2 Therangeofusersencompassedbythisconsumersafety
and are not included in this specification.
performance specification is the 5th percentile 2-year-old
through the 95th percentile 12-year-old. 1.5 This specification does not address accessibility, except
as it pertains to safety issues not covered in the DOJ 2010
1.3 Home playground equipment, toys, amusement rides,
Standard for Accessible Design.
sportsequipment,fitnessequipmentintendedforusersoverthe
1.6 This consumer safety performance specification in-
cludes the following sections:
This consumer safety performance specification is under the jurisdiction of
ASTM Committee F15 on Consumer Products and is the direct responsibility of
Title Section Number
Subcommittee F15.29 on Playground Equipment for Public Use.
Current edition approved May 1, 2021. Published May 2021. Originally
Scope 1
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as F1487–17. DOI:
Referenced Documents 2
10.1520/F1487-21.
Terminology 3
Certain material within this document ASTM F1487, 2021 Edition, is repro- Materials and Manufacture 4
duced from CAN/CSA-Z614-14 (R2019) Children’s playspaces and equipment, General Requirements 5
Performance Requirements 6
copyright 2014 CSA Group with permission. This material is taken from the CSA
Requirements for Access/Egress 7
Group standard and may not be in the same context as that standard. This material
Equipment 8
may include revisions by ASTM. The edition as revised shall be the full
Playground Layout 9
responsibility ofASTM. CSAGroup cannot be responsible for any personal injury,
Accessibility 10
property or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect,
Installation 11
consequential or compensatory, directly or indirectly resulting from the publication,
Structural Integrity 12
use of or reliance on this document.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1487−21
for Amusement Rides and Devices (Withdrawn 2009)
Maintenance 13
Signs or Labels, or Both 14
F846Guide for Testing Performance of Amusement Rides
Manufacturer Identification 15
and Devices (Withdrawn 2013)
Keywords 16
Figures Annex A1 F853Practice for Maintenance Procedures for Amusement
Hazard Identification and Risk Appendix X1
Rides and Devices (Withdrawn 2014)
Assessment (HIRA)
F893Guide for Auditing Amusement Rides and Devices
1.6.1 The requirements in this specification are designed to
(Withdrawn 2013)
mitigate the hazards typically presented by various types of
F963Consumer Safety Specification for Toy Safety
equipment. New equipment may not specifically fit into the
F1004Consumer Safety Specification for Expansion Gates
designated types listed in the specification; however, the
and Expandable Enclosures
designer or manufacturer, or both, shall use professional
F1148 Consumer Safety Performance Specification for
judgment to perform and document a hazard analysis and
Home Playground Equipment
follow appropriate requirements to mitigate the hazards.
F1159PracticeforDesignofAmusementRidesandDevices
NOTE 1—See Appendix X1 at the end of this standard to find more
that are Outside the Purview of Other F24 Design Stan-
informationonhowonemightconductsuchanassessmentasstatedinthis
dards
section.
F1292Specification for Impact Attenuation of Surfacing
1.7 General Measures, Tolerances, and Conversions:
Materials Within the Use Zone of Playground Equipment
1.7.1 The general tolerances for this specification (unless
F1918Safety Performance Specification for Soft Contained
otherwise specified) are as follows:
Play Equipment
Dimension Tolerance
F1951Specification for Determination of Accessibility of
X in. ±0.5 in.
Surface Systems Under and Around Playground Equip-
X.X in. ±0.05 in.
X.XX in. ±0.005 in.
ment
F2373Consumer Safety Performance Specification for Pub-
These tolerances still apply to a dimension even when terms
like greater than, less than, minimum, or maximum are used. licUsePlayEquipmentforChildren6Monthsthrough23
1.7.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be Months
regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are
F3313Test Method for Determining Impact Attenuation of
mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for Playground Surfaces Within the Use Zone of Playground
information only.
Equipment as Tested in the Field
1.7.3 Theconversionfactorfrominch-poundtometricunits
F3351Test Method for Playground Surface Impact Testing
is 1 in.=25.4 mm, and 1 lb=0.45359 kg.
in Laboratory at Specified Test Height
1.7.4 See Annex A1 for figures referenced throughout this
2.2 ANSI Standards:
specification.
ANSI Z535.1Safety Color Code
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ANSI Z535.2Environmental and Facility Safety Signs
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ANSI Z535.4Products Safety—Signs and Labels
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 Federal Standards:
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
16CFRPart1303BanofLead-ContainingPaintandCertain
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Consumer Products Bearing Lead-Containing Paint
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
16 CFR 1500Hazardous Substances Act Regulations, in-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
cluding Sections:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1500.48Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Point in Toys and Other Articles Intended for Use by
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Children Under 8 Years of Age
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1500.49Technical Requirements for Determining a Sharp
Metal or Glass Edge in Toys and Other Articles Intended
2. Referenced Documents
for Use by Children Under 8 Years of Age
2.1 ASTM Standards:
16 CFR Section 1501 Method for Identifying Toys and
D2240Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hard-
OtherArticlesIntendedforUsebyChildrenUnder3Years
ness
of Age Which Present Choking, Aspiration or Ingestion
F355TestMethodforImpactAttenuationofPlayingSurface
Hazards Because of Small Parts
Systems, Other Protective Sport Systems, and Materials
Used for Athletics, Recreation and Play
F698Specification for Physical Information to be Provided
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org.
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Available from U.S. Government Printing Office, Superintendent of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http://
the ASTM website. www.access.gpo.gov.
F1487−21
DOJ 2010 Standard for Accessible DesignUnited States 3.1.12 enclosed swing seat, n—suspended device upon
Department of Justice (DOJ) 2010 Standard for Acces- whichausersitswhichhasnonremovablesupportsonallsides
sible Design: Title II (28 CFR 35) and Title III (28 CFR and between the legs of a user. The supports are intended to
36) prevent a user from falling out of the device while it is in
2.4 UL Standard: motion.
UL969Standard for Safety: Marking and Labeling Systems
3.1.13 entanglement, n—condition in which the user’s
2.5 CSA Standard:
clothesorsomethingaroundtheuser’sneckbecomescaughtor
CAN/CSA-Z614 Children’s Playspaces and Equipment
entwined on a component of playground equipment.
3.1.14 entrapment, n—any condition which impedes with-
3. Terminology
drawal of a body or body part that has penetrated an opening.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.15 fall height, n—verticaldistancebetweenadesignated
3.1.1 accessible, adj—relating to a part or portion of the
play surface and the protective surfacing beneath it.
playground equipment that (1) can be contacted by any body
part or (2) is approachable or usable, or both, by persons with 3.1.16 flexible component, n—any part of the playground
disabilities. equipment that changes its shape when in use; examples
include the tire net, the cargo net, and the log bridge.
3.1.2 accessible playground, n—playground equipment
area,that,whenviewedinitsentirety,maybeapproached,and 3.1.17 functionally linked play structure, n—play structure
that acts as a single unit in its physical form or sense of
entered and provides a range of play opportunities and expe-
function as continuous play even if the components are not
riences to users of varying abilities.
physically attached.
3.1.3 accessible route, n—pathway specifically designed to
3.1.18 g, n—acceleration due to gravity at the earth’s
provideaccessforindividualswithdisabilities,includingthose
2 2
surface at sea level (32 ft/s (9.8 m/s )).
using wheelchairs or mobility devices.
3.1.19 guardrail, n—device around an elevated surface that
3.1.4 adjacent platforms, n—two platforms having a com-
prevents inadvertent falls from the elevated surface.
mon vertical plane with some deviation in their height.
3.1.20 handrail, n—rigid linear device, following the path
3.1.5 climbing net structure, n—playground climbing de-
of access or egress, that when grasped, provides balance and
vices made of flexible components arranged in either a
support in maintaining a specific body posture.
2-dimensional grid or a 3-dimensional matrix.
3.1.5.1 Discussion—See Fig. A1.53 for examples of climb- 3.1.21 head injury criteria (HIC), n—a measure of impact
ing net structures.
severitythatconsidersthedurationoverwhichthemostcritical
section of the deceleration pulse persists as well as the peak
3.1.6 completely bounded opening, n—any opening in a
level of deceleration.
piece of play equipment that is totally enclosed by boundaries
on all sides so that the perimeter of the opening is continuous. 3.1.22 maximum user, n—12-year-old child; measurement
characteristics are the 95th percentile values for combined
3.1.7 component, n—of a play structure, any portion thereof
sexes.
that generates specific activity and cannot stand alone.
3.1.23 minimum user, n—a 2-year-old child; measurement
3.1.8 composite play structure, n—two or more play struc-
characteristics are the 5th percentile values for combined
turesattachedorfunctionallylinked,tocreateoneintegralunit
sexes.
that provides more than one play activity; an example is a
combination climber, slide, and horizontal ladder. 3.1.24 partially bounded opening, n—any opening in a
piece of play equipment that is not totally enclosed by
3.1.9 crush and shear point, n—juncture at which the user
boundaries on all sides so that the perimeter of the opening is
could suffer contusion, laceration, abrasion, amputation, or
discontinuous.
fracture during use of the playground equipment.
3.1.25 platform, n—flat surface, intended for more than one
3.1.10 designated play surface, n—any elevated surface for
user to stand, and upon which the user(s) can move freely.
standing, walking, sitting, or climbing, or a flat surface
3.1.26 play structure, n—free standing structure with one or
accessible for play by children that measures more than 2.0 in.
more components and their supporting members.
(51 mm) wide by 2.0 in. (51 mm) long having less than 30°
angle from horizontal.
3.1.27 preventive maintenance, n—planned program of in-
3.1.10.1 Discussion—See 6.7.
spections and maintenance intended to keep equipment func-
tioning properly and to forestall equipment failures.
3.1.11 embankmentslide,n—aslidethatfollowsthecontour
of the ground and at no point is the bottom of the slide chute 3.1.28 professional judgment, n—ability of a qualified per-
greater than 12 in. (305 mm) above the surrounding ground
son in the field of playgrounds/playground equipment design,
surface. use, or operations, to render an opinion, decision, or both,
concerning a matter within that field of expertise.
Available free at: http://www.ada.gov/regs2010/ADAregs2010.htm.
3.1.29 projection, n—condition which, due to its physical
Available from Underwriters Laboratories (UL), UL Headquarters, 333 Pfing-
nature, must be tested to the requirements of this standard to
sten Road, Northbrook, IL, 60062, http://www.ul.com.
determinewhetheritisaprotrusionorentanglementhazard,or
Available from Canadian Standards Association (CSA), 178 Rexdale Blvd.,
Toronto, ON M9W 1R3, Canada, http://www.csagroup.org. both.
F1487−21
3.1.30 protective barrier, n—enclosing device around an 3.1.41 small part, n—object that may become detached and
elevated surface that prevents both inadvertent and deliberate presents a choking, aspiration, or ingestion hazard to the user.
attempts to pass through the device. 3.1.41.1 Discussion—A small part is determined to be a
hazard pursuant to the provision of 16 CFR Part 1501.
3.1.31 protective surfacing, n—material(s)tobeusedwithin
the use zone of any playground equipment. 3.1.42 stability, n—ability of the playground equipment to
3.1.31.1 Discussion—Protective surfacing shall meet the withstand anticipated forces which act to tip or slide the
minimum impact attenuation requirements of Laboratory Test playground equipment when properly assembled and installed.
Specification F1292.
3.1.43 stair, n—device having a slope of 50° or less from a
3.1.31.2 Discussion—Protective surfacing tested in the field
horizontal plane and consisting of a series of steps that can be
shall meet the minimum impact attenuation requirements of
used for ascending and descending.
Field Test Specification F3313.
3.1.44 stationary equipment, n—any play structure which
3.1.32 protrusion, n—projection which, when tested in ac-
has a fixed base and does not move.
cordance with the requirements of this standard, is found to be
3.1.45 step, n—horizontal flat crosspiece of a ladder or stair
a hazard having the potential to cause bodily injury to a user
used primarily as a foot support.
who impacts it.
3.1.45.1 Discussion—Also referred to as a tread.
3.1.33 public use playground equipment, n—play structure
3.1.46 stepping forms, n—one or more individual, elevated,
for use in play areas of schools, parks, child-care facilities,
freestanding devices used to provide balance experiences
institutions, multiple-family dwellings, private resorts and
which may also be used as an access or egress component (see
recreation developments, restaurants, and other areas of public
Fig. A1.44).
use.
3.1.47 swing, n—an element or seat suspended from an
3.1.33.1 Discussion—Requirements for amusement park
elevated support structure so as to allow users to move freely
equipment, sports use, home playground equipment, toys, soft
in one or more planes and possesses a pivot point greater than
contained play equipment, and play equipment for children 6
24 in. (610 mm) when measured vertically from the top of the
through 23 months are covered in Specifications F698, F1148,
suspended element to the pivot point.
F963, F1918, F2373, Guides F846 and F893, and Practices
3.1.47.1 Discussion—Swings include the following types:
F853 and F1159. Independent loose items intended to be
single axis (to-fro), multiple axis (rotating), or swings with
manipulated by the intended users are not covered in this
multiplemotionsconsistingofacombinationofsingleaxisand
standard.
multiple axis (combination swings).
3.1.34 qualified person, n—one with current knowledge,
3.1.48 swing bay, n—space beneath the overhead beam
training, skill, education, and experience who has successfully
bounded by one or more supports on which swing assembly or
demonstrated the ability to solve or resolve problems relating
assemblies are attached.
to the subject matter and work through the application of
professional judgement.
3.1.49 transfer point, n—platform along an accessible route
of travel or an accessible platform provided to allow a child in
3.1.35 rocking/springing equipment, n—any play structure
a wheelchair to transfer from the chair onto the equipment.
that rocks about a fixed base.
3.1.50 trip hazard, n—abrupt change in elevation that is not
3.1.36 rotatingequipment,n—anyplaystructureintendedto
clear and obvious to the user.
support the weight of the user(s) that revolves about an axis at
any angle and is intended to revolve repeatedly.
3.1.51 trolley ride, n—play component designed with a
3.1.36.1 Discussion—Examples of such equipment include mechanism that travels along a designated path such as a cable
a merry-go-round, whirl, logroll, or spinner. This does not
or track, and whereby the user is suspended from the mecha-
includesanddiggers,steeringwheels,orothercomponentsthat nism.
are intended for manipulation.
3.1.51.1 Discussion—Trolley rides may be level or have a
height difference (see Fig. A1.65).
3.1.37 rung, n—crosspiece in a ladder or other climbing
equipment used for supporting the user’s feet or for grasping
3.1.51.1 upper body type trolley ride, n—trolley ride de-
by the user’s hands, or both. signed to support the user by hands only.
3.1.38 sharp edge, n—edge that can cut a user’s skin.
3.1.51.2 seated type trolley ride, n—trolley ride designed
3.1.38.1 Discussion—Anedgeisjudgedaspotentiallysharp with a suspended element for sitting or standing.
pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.49.
3.1.52 upper body equipment, n—overhead component de-
3.1.39 sharp point, n—point that can puncture or lacerate a signed to support a child by the hands only (for example,
user’s skin during use. horizontal ladders, chinning bars, and ring ladders).
3.1.39.1 Discussion—Apoint is judged as potentially sharp
3.1.53 use zone, n—area beneath and immediately adjacent
pursuant to the provisions of 16 CFR Section 1500.48.
to a play structure or equipment that is designated for unre-
3.1.40 signal word, n—word that designates a degree or strictedcirculationaroundtheequipmentandonwhosesurface
level of hazard. it is predicted that a user would land when falling from or
exiting the equipment.
3.1.40.1 Discussion—The signal word for safety labels is
WARNING. 3.1.53.1 Discussion—Other than the equipment itself, the
F1487−21
use zone shall be free of obstacles that children could run into Cables and steel-cored ropes should be protected to prevent
orfallontopofandthusbeinjured.Thesurfaceareawithinthe fraying, loosening, unraveling, or excessive shifting of joints.
use zone shall meet the minimum impact attenuation require- 4.2.4 Hooks and connecting devices shall be subject to the
ments of Specification F1292 from the maximum fall height. requirements of 6.4.5.
3.1.54 warning, n—notice or communication to indicate a
4.3 Tires:
potentially hazardous situation that if not avoided could result
4.3.1 Tires shall not trap water.
in death or serious injury.
4.3.2 Tires shall not have exposed steel belts.
4. Materials and Manufacture
5. General Requirements
4.1 General Requirements—Playground equipment shall be
5.1 Playground equipment represented as complying with
manufactured and constructed only of materials that have a
this consumer safety performance specification shall meet all
demonstrated durability in the playground or similar outdoor
applicable requirements specified herein.Anyone representing
setting. Any new materials shall be documented or tested
compliance with this specification shall keep such essential
accordingly for durability by the playground equipment manu-
records as are necessary to document any claim that the
facturer.
requirements within this specification have been met.
4.1.1 Metalssubjecttostructuraldegradationsuchasrustor
5.2 Play equipment designed for a specific age group (2
corrosion shall be painted, galvanized, or otherwise treated.
through 5, 5 through 12, 2 through 12) shall have all play
Woods shall be naturally rot- and insect-resistant or treated to
activities on that equipment meet the requirements for that age
avoid such deterioration. Plastics and other materials that
group.
experience ultraviolet (UV) degradation shall be protected
5.3 Playstructuresshallbeanchoredtothegroundornotbe
against ultraviolet light.
intended to be relocated.
4.1.2 Regardless of the material or the treatment process,
the manufacturer shall ensure that the users of the playground
5.4 Small Parts—When installed in accordance with the
equipment cannot ingest, inhale, or absorb any potentially
manufacturer’s instructions, equipment for children under 3
hazardous amounts of substances through body surfaces as a
years of age shall meet the requirements of 16 CFR Part 1501.
resultofcontactwiththeequipment.Allmaterialscontentshall
complywiththeConsumerProductSafetyImprovementActof 6. Performance Requirements
2008 (CPSIA) (this includes but is not limited to coating and
6.1 Head and Neck Entrapment—Public playground equip-
substrate).
ment shall be designed and constructed or assembled so that
4.1.3 Wood intended for playground equipment that is not
any accessible opening shall meet the following performance
naturally rot- and insect-resistant shall be treated to resist rot
requirements to reduce the risk of accidental head or neck
and insect attack from standard procedures. Any wood not
entrapment by either a head-first or feet-first entry into the
naturallyrot-andinsect-resistant,whichhasanyfabricationup
opening. Openings between the protective surfacing and the
to 6 in. (150 mm) above, or any portion at or below the level
bottom edge of the equipment (that is, rails, platforms, steps,
of the protective surface of the playground, shall be treated
and so forth) are exempt from this requirement as indicated by
after wood fabrication. Deviations shall have independent
Fig. A1.1.
documentation of durability. Chromated copper arsenate
6.1.1 Accessible Openings—A completely bounded rigid
(CCA), creosote, pentachlorophenol, tributyl tin oxide, and
opening is accessible when a torso test probe (see Fig. A1.2)
surface coatings that contain pesticides shall not be used for
can be inserted into the opening to a depth of 4.0 in. (102 mm)
playground equipment.
or more.
4.2 Allfastenersusedtoconstructpublicplaygroundequip- 6.1.1.1 Test Procedure for Completely Bounded Rigid
ment shall meet the requirements of Section 4. Openings—Placethetorsoprobe(seeFig.A1.2)intheopening
4.2.1 All fasteners, connecting, and covering devices shall with the plane of the base of the probe parallel to the plane of
be inherently corrosion resistant or be provided with a the opening; rotate the probe to its most adverse orientation
corrosion-resistant coating. (thatis,majoraxisofthebaseoftheprobeparalleltothemajor
4.2.2 When installed in accordance with the manufacturer’s axis of opening). If the torso probe can be inserted into the
instructions, fasteners, connecting, and covering devices shall openingtoadepthof4.0in.(102mm)ormore,placethehead
not loosen or be removable without the use of tools. Lock probe (see Fig.A1.3) in the opening with the plane of the base
washers, self-locking nuts, or other locking means shall be of the probe parallel to the plane of the opening. An opening
provided for all nuts and bolts to protect them from detach- passesthistestif(1)theopeningdoesnotadmitthetorsoprobe
ment. Hardware in moving joints shall also be secured against when it is rotated to any orientation about its own axis, or (2)
unintentional loosening. the opening admits the torso probe and also admits the head
4.2.3 Moving suspended elements shall be connected to the probe.An opening fails the test if the opening admits the torso
fixed support with bearings or bearing surfaces that serve to probe but does not admit the head probe.
reduce friction or wear. 6.1.2 Non-rigid Completely Bounded Openings—A non-
4.2.3.1 Steel cable that is permanently affixed to a hanger rigid opening such as may be found in but not limited to
assembly performs as a bearing surface. Cable ends should be flexible nets, tarps, and plastic enclosures is considered acces-
inaccessible or capped to prevent injury from frayed wires. sible if a torso probe will penetrate the opening to a depth of
F1487−21
4.0 in. (102 mm) or more when tested in accordance with the 6.1.4.5 The test template is divided into two sections.
test procedure outlined in 6.1.2.1 (see Figs.A1.2 and A1.3 for Section“A”isusedfirsttodetermineaccessibilityandisbased
probe dimensions). on the Specification F1004 standard rationale. Section “B” is
usedtodetermineifthethicknessofthematerialorthelocation
6.1.2.1 Test Procedure for Completely Bounded Non-rigid
oftheopeningpreventsaccesstotheopening.Thethicknessof
Openings—Place the torso probe in the opening, tapered-end
0.75in.(19.1mm)forthetemplateitselfisbasedonhalfofthe
first, with the plane of its base parallel to the plane of the
neckdepthofa5thpercentiletwoyearoldminuscompression.
opening; rotate the probe to its most adverse orientation (that
This dimension is consistent with Specification F1004.
is, the major axis of the base of the probe parallel to the major
axis of the opening); apply a force of 50 lbf (222 N) to the 6.1.4.6 Other dimensions are based on the following:
probe to attempt to pass it through the opening. If the base of (1)6.1 in. (155 mm) width represents 95th percentile 5
the probe passes through the opening, place the large head year old head width,
probe in the opening, tapered end first, with the plane of its (2)1.875 60.005 in. (47.6 mm) is the neck breadth of the
base parallel to the plane of the opening. Apply a force of 50 5th percentile 2 year old (2.5 in. (64 mm) minus tissue
lbf (222 N) to the probe to attempt to pass it through the compression),
opening.Anon-rigidopeningpassesthetestif:(1)theopening (3)8.5in.(216mm)shoulderwidthof5thpercentile2year
does not allow the torso probe to be inserted so deep that the old, and
opening admits the base of the probe when it is rotated to any (4)3.0 in. (76 mm) neck length of a five year old.
orientation about its own axis, or (2) the opening allows full
6.1.4.7 Exemption to 6.1.4:
passageofthetorsoprobeandalsoallowsthelargeheadprobe
(1)Thosepartiallyboundedopeningswhichareinverted.A
topasscompletelythrough.Anon-rigidopeningfailsthetestif
partially bounded opening is considered inverted if the lowest
the opening allows full passage of the torso probe but does not
interior boundary immediately adjacent to the opening is
admit the large head probe.
horizontal or slopes downward.
6.1.3 Boundaries of Large Openings—Iftheopeningadmits (2)Partially bounded openings that form “V” angles less
the 9.0-in. (229-mm) head probe, each portion of its boundary than 55° where the apex of the angle is formed by an inclined
shall be evaluated for partially bounded opening requirements or vertical climbing surface and a rope, chain or cable are
of 6.1.4. exempt if the rope, chain or cable are in contact with the
inclined surface at or below the protective surface at the point
6.1.4 Partially Bounded Openings:
of the formed “V” angle.
6.1.4.1 A partially bounded opening is considered acces-
(3)Partiallyboundedopeningswheresimultaneouscontact
sible when any of the following conditions exist, and must
of the “A” portion of the template is less than 24 in. (610 mm)
meettheperformancerequirementsasrecommendedin6.1.4.2
above the protective surfacing.
and 6.1.4.3.
6.1.4.2 Iftheunboundedpartofapartiallyboundedopening
6.2 Sharp Points and Sharp Edges—There shall be no
is between 1.875 60.005 in. (47.6 mm) and 9.0 in. (229 mm)
accessible sharp points or sharp edges on public play equip-
in width when measured perpendicular to each surface, the
ment.
opening can be considered accessible and must meet the
6.2.1 Allpointsandedgesonpublicplayequipmentshallbe
conditions of 6.1.4.3.
tested for sharpness in accordance with the requirements in 16
6.1.4.3 Test Method—The “A” portion of the test template
CFR 1500.48 and 1500.49 referenced in 2.3.
(Fig.A1.4)istobeinsertedalongthecenterlineoftheopening
6.2.2 The exposed open ends of tubing shall be provided
(determine the most adverse condition) (see Fig.A1.5) so that
with caps or plugs that cannot be removed without the use of
the centerline of the template follows the centerline of the
tools. Chimes, tubes, and other musical equipment is exempt
openingandtheplaneofthetemplateisparalleltotheplaneof
from this requirement; however, the tube edges shall meet
the opening until the motion is arrested by contact between the
6.2.1.
test template and the boundaries of the opening. By visual
6.2.3 Suspended members, such as rings on upper body
inspection, determine if there is simultaneous contact between
equipment and swing seats, shall have a minimum radius of
the sides of the template. If simultaneous contact is made the
0.25 in. (6.4 mm) on corners and edges.This requirement does
opening is accessible and must be tested using the “B” portion
not apply to swing belt seats, straps, ropes, chains, connectors,
of the test template (see Fig. A1.6).
and other flexible components.
6.1.4.4 Iftheangletesttemplate“A”indicatesfailure,check
6.2.4 Acut-offboltendprojectingbeyondthefaceofthenut
for an exempted thick surface condition by positioning the
shall be free of burrs, sharp points, and sharp edges.
plane of the “B” portion of the test template between and
6.3 Protrusions—There shall be no protrusions on public
perpendiculartotheplaneoftheboundariesoftheopening(see
play equipment. Three projection test gauges (shown in Fig.
Fig. A1.7 and Fig. A1.9). If the test template fits completely
A1.10) and a projection gauge (shown in Fig. A1.11) are
withintheboundariesoftheopening,theopeningisconsidered
required to determine whether projections are protrusions.
hazardous and fails the test unless it allows full passage of the
Their use is described in this section.
9.0-in. (229 mm) head probe (see Fig. A1.8). If the template
doesnotfitdownwithintheboundariesoftheopening(defined 6.3.1 Accessible Projections—Aprojection is not accessible
as the opening outlined by the contact points of the test and is not a protrusion when it is recessed or located in such a
template “A”) the opening is not considered accessible. manner that will not allow any of the projection test gauges to
F1487−21
be placed over it. Any of the conditions described in the Fig.A1.10) and where the increase in size extends greater than
remainder of this section constitute a protrusion hazard. 0.12 in. (3.0 mm) from the initial surface with a depth greater
6.3.2 Determining Whether a Projection is a Protrusion— than 0.12 in. (3.0 mm) is an entanglement hazard (see Fig.
Successively place each of three gauges (see Fig.A1.10) over A1.15).
each accessible projection in all orientations (see Fig. A1.12 6.4.5 Connecting Devices—Connectingdevicessuchas,but
and Fig. A1.13). Determine whether the projection extends notlimitedto,S-hooksandC-hooks,whenproperlyclosed,are
beyond the face of any gauge. The projection fails the test and not entanglement hazards. These connectors are considered
is a protrusion if it extends beyond the face of any of the three closed when there is no gap or space greater than 0.04 in. (1.0
gauges. mm) when measured with a feeler gauge (see Fig. A1.19(1)).
6.3.2.1 Exemption to Protrusion Criteria—A manipulative 6.4.5.1 S-hook connectors are subject to these further re-
device attached to a rope, cable, or chain is exempt from quirements. If any of the following requirements are not met,
meeting the projection criteria using the large 3-in. (76.2 mm) an entanglement hazard exists:
interior diameter projection gauge. The use of the smaller (1)No portion of the closed end of an S-hook lower loop
gauges still applies. may project beyond the vertical boundary established by the
6.3.3 Swing Seat Protrusions—Test for this condition with upper loop (see Fig. A1.19(2)).
the suspended member in all positions of its intended travel. (2)An S-hook upper loop may align with, may partially
Keeping the projection test gauge (see Fig. A1.11) oriented overlap, or may completely overlap the connector body. If the
vertically, and its axis parallel to the plane of travel, place it upperloopcompletelyoverlapstheconnectorbody,itmustnot
over any projection accessible throughout the path of travel. extend past the connector body (see Fig. A1.19(3)).
Any projection on the suspended member which extends (3)An S-hook lower loop must align with the connector
beyond the face of the test gauge is a protrusion. body and not overlap it in any way (see Fig. A1.19(4)).
6.4.5.2 Exemptions to 6.4.5:
6.4 Entanglement—There shall be no entanglement hazards
(1)Connecting devices that have an in-fill such as plastic
on public play equipment. Three test gauges, a feeler gauge,
or cable that completely fills the interior space of both loops
and the means to accurately measure a 0.12 in. (3.0 mm)
preventing entry of items of clothing into the interior of the
extension are required to determine whether entanglement
connecting device.
hazards exist. Any of the conditions described in this section
constitutes an entanglement hazard. 6.5 Crush and Shear Points—There shall be no crush or
6.4.1 Slides—The following requirements apply to slides in shear points caused by junctures of two components moving
the areas shown in Fig. A1.14. Examples are shown in Fig. relative to one another, or at an opening present at the junction
A1.15, Fig. A1.16, Fig. A1.17, and Fig. A1.23. of a stationary support and a rigid supporting member for a
6.4.1.1 A projection that meets both of the following re- swinging element (that is, pendulum see saw, glide rides, and
quirements is an entanglement hazard: so forth) while the swinging elements are within their normal
(1)One of the three projection gauges (see Fig. A1.10) swinging angles. A crush or shear point is any point that
passes over the projection and contacts the initial surface. entraps at one or more positions a 0.62 in. (15.7 mm) diameter
(2)The projection extends perpendicular (65°) from the rod.
initial surface more than 0.12 in. (3.0 mm). The thickness of 6.5.1 To reduce the likelihood of unintentional contact with
the projection gauge (see Fig.A1.11) may be used to measure a crush or shear point, an opening shall comply with either
the 0.12 in. (3.0 mm) extension. 6.5.1.1 or 6.5.1.2.
6.4.1.2 Slides shall be constructed in such a manner as to 6.5.1.1 An opening with a minor dimension of less than 1.0
provide a continuous sliding surface (roller slides exempted) in.(25mm)isacceptableifafingerprobe(asillustratedinFig.
and shall minimize the likelihood of entanglements. A1.20), when inserted point first into an opening, cannot be
6.4.2 Projections from a Horizontal Plane—A projection made to touch any crush or shear point. The probe shall be
that meets the conditions of 6.4.1.1 (1) and (2) and which also applied in all possible articulated positions with an application
projects upwards from a horizontal plane (see Figs. A1.15- force not to exceed 1 lb (4 N).
A1.17) is an entanglement hazard. 6.5.1.2 An opening in an enclosure with a minor dimension
6.4.3 Exposed Bolt End Projections—Any accessible bolt of1.0in.(25mm)ormore,shallrequirethatthecrushorshear
end projecting beyond the face of the nut more than two full point be located at a distance as specified in Table 1 from the
threads is an entanglement hazard (see Fig. A1.15(6)). A bolt plane of the opening.An enclosure in this case covers a crush
end is inaccessible and not an entanglement hazard when the or shear point.
bolt end is recessed and the 3.5 in. (89 mm) OD projection 6.5.1.3 Exemptions to 6.5:
gauge (see Fig.A1.10) cannot be made to contact the bolt end (1)Chain and its method of attachment,
when the outside curve of the gauge is placed flat against the (2)The attachment area of heavy duty coil springs to the
recessed area (see Fig. A1.18). body and base of rocking equipment,
6.4.4 Projections Which Increase in Size—Any projection (3)The area between a swinging element and a horizontal
which fits within any of the three projection test gauges (see toprail, and
F1487−21
TABLE 1 Minimum Acceptable Distance from an Opening to a
6.7.1 An elevated surface shall also be considered as a
Crush or Shear Point
designated play surface if it meets both of the following
A
Minimum Distance from Opening
Minimum Dimension of Opening,
conditions:
B
in. (mm), ±0.05
to Part, in. (mm)
6.7.1.1 Aflat surface test device 2.0 in (51 mm) long × 2.0
1 (25) 6.5 (165)
in (51 mm) wide and constructed of rigid material (see Fig.
1.25 (32) 7.5 (190)
1.5 (38) 12.5 (318) A1.64) shall be placed on the surface. If the entire contact face
1.875 (48) 15.5 (394)
of the test device (including all four corners) connects simul-
2.125 (54) 17.5 (445)
taneously with the elevated surface, the underlying surface
More than 2.125 (54) and less 30 (762)
shall be considered as flat and accessible.
than 6 (152)
A
6.7.1.2 The accessible flat surface shall be less than 30°
See 6.5.1.2.
B
Between 1-in. and 2.5-in. (25-mm and 64-mm) interpolation is used to determine
from horizontal.
values specified in the table.
6.8 Exemptions—Portions of equipment located more than
84in. (2130 mm) above any underlying designated play
surface are exempt from the requirements of Section 6.
(4)The area between small, lightweight moving parts
necessary as an integral part of the play activity (for example, 7. Requirements for Access/Egress
abacus beads, bell clappers, telephone receivers, etc.) provided
7.1 Accessible Routes to a Play Structure:
thatthisareaisnotconsideredacrushorshearpointasdefined
7.1.1 Accessible routes within a use zone shall conform to
in 3.1.9.
the performance requirements of Laboratory Test Specifica-
6.6 Suspended Hazards—There shall be no single non-rigid tions F1292 and F1951. Field testing of the accessible route
component (cable, wire, rope, or other similar component) within the use zone shall comply with the requirements of
suspended between play units or from the ground to the play Specification F3313.
7.1.2 Ramps, platforms, or other stationary bridges, when
unit within 45° of horizontal, unless it is above 84 in. (2130
mm) above the protective surface. used to connect an elevated access from the perimeter of the
6.6.1 Rope, cable, or chain shall be fixed at both ends and playground to the play equipment, shall be exempt from the
notbecapableofbeingloopedbackonitself,creatinganinside use zone fall requirements where the connection is made at the
loop perimeter greater than 5.0 in. (127 mm). perimeter (see Fig. A1.46).
6.6.2 Exemptions for Suspended Components:
7.2 Rung Ladders, Stepladders, Stairways, and Ramps:
6.6.2.1 Multiple (two or more) suspended components
7.2.1 Steps and rungs shall be evenly spaced within a
(cables, wire, rope, or similar components) located at two or
tolerance of 60.25 in. (66.4 mm) and horizontal within a
more elevations, may be suspended below 84 in. (2130 mm)
tolerance of 62°.
when they comply with all other aspects of the single sus-
7.2.2 Steps and rungs shall not trap water (that is, no
pendedcomponentsectionandcannotbeloopedorstretchedto
standing water) and should not encourage the accumulation of
contact another suspended component(s).
debris.
6.6.2.2 Chain or cable used to support a suspended element
7.2.3 See Table 2 for access slope; tread, rung, or ramp
intended for standing or sitting that has an attachment point
width; tread depth; ladder rung diameter; and vertical rise.
that moves along a designated path of travel is exempt from
7.2.4 Ramps that are a component of a play structure and
this requirement. Rope shall not be used as a method of
intended to provide wheelchair access shall have a horizontal
suspending swings and suspended elements.
run between landings not to exceed 144 in. (3660 mm) (see
(1)Suspended elements intended for standing or sitting
Fig. A1.46).
must meet the requirements of 8.6.7.
7.2.5 Landings with play components shall include space
6.6.2.3 Rope, cable, or chain with a length of 7.0 in.
for a wheelchair user to park and play with an adjacent
(178mm) or less may be attached at one end only. Multiple
circulation path not less than 36 in. (910 mm) wide (see Fig.
lengths of such cords that can contact each other would be
A1.46).
treated as one length of cord.
7.2.6 Handrails:
6.6.2.4 Climbingnetstructuresshallbeexemptfrom6.6but
7.2.6.1 Continuoushandrailsshallbeprovidedonbothsides
still must meet the requirements of 6.6.1.
of stairways (see 7.3.1.3 for spiral stairways), ramps, and
6.6.2.5 For ground level components, ropes, chain or cable
stepladders that have more than one tread.
used to attach manipulative components (for example, mallet
(1) Exemptions—Stairways do not require handrails where
forchimepanel)toplaypanelsorsimilaractivitiesshallnotbe
protectivebarriersareused.Barriersonstairwaysmustprovide
longerthan24in.(609mm).Theattachmentpointofthecable
alternate hand support.
tothepanelshallnotbehigherthan27in.(686mm)abovethe
7.2.6.2 Stairwaysorstepladdersconsistingofonlyonetread
underlying surface.
shallhavehandrailsoralternatemeansofhandsupportonboth
6.6.2.6 A single suspended component can be below 84in.
sides.
(2130mm) if it is a minimum of 1in. (25mm) at its widest
7.2.6.3 Handrails or other means of hand support shall be
cross section dimension and is either brightly colored or
available for use at the beginning of the first step.
contrasts with its surrounding environment.
7.2.6.4 Handrails shall be between 0.95in. and 1.55 in.
6.7 Elevated Surfaces: (24mm and 39 mm) in diameter or maximum cross section.
F1487−21
TABLE 2 Rung Ladders, Stepladders, Stairways, and Ramps (Access Slope; Tread, Rung, and Ramp Width; Tread Depth; Rung
Diameter; and Vertical Rise, by Age of Intended User)
Age of Intended User, years
Type of Access
2 through 5 5 through 12 2 through 12
A
Rung Ladders:
Slope 75 to 90° 75 to 90° 75 to 90°
B
Total ladde
...