ASTM D1995-92(1998)e1

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Designation: D 1995 – 92 (Reapproved 1998)
Standard Test Methods for
Multi-Modal Strength Testing of Autohesives (Contact
Adhesives)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 1995; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Keywords were added editorially in March 1998.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 These test methods cover procedures by which autohe- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
sives can be tested in four commonly practiced stressing D 905 Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesive
modes, namely: compression shear, cleavage, climbing drum Bonds in Shear by Compression Loading
peel, and T-peel, and in various combinations of rigid-to-rigid, D 907 Terminology of Adhesives
flexible-to-rigid, and flexible-to-flexible adherends that include D 1062 Test Method for Cleavage Strength of Metal-to-
wood, aluminum, steel flakeboard, and plastic laminates. Metal Adhesive Bonds
Quantitative test methods that involve bond formation by D 1151 Test Method for Effect of Moisture and Temperature
impact are also provided. Three pressure modes are provided: on Adhesive Bonds
static, roller, and impact. Because there are many types of D 1781 Specification for Climbing Drum Peel Test for
contact adhesives being used to bond many different materials Adhesives
under widely differing conditions, these test methods are D 1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives
designed to allow the user to select the test mode, coating (T-Peel Test)
thickness, temperature and relative humidity conditions, pres- D 2651 Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhe-
sure magnitude and mode, open time, and bond-conditioning sive Bonding
time. E 4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.1.1 The bond-formation process used with autohesives is
3. Terminology
unlike that of all other adhesives and in consequence, testing of
3.1 Definitions—Many terms in these test methods are
autohesives requires methods that are unlike those provided by
defined in Terminology D 907.
other ASTM standards. See Annex A1.
1.2 A choice of adherends is available in each test mode. 3.1.1 autohesion, n—adhesion developed by interdiffusion
of the molecules of two solid surfaces of the same material and
The combination of adherends that can be bonded together is
limited to those shown in Appendix X1. consequent obliteration of the interface between them.
3.1.2 autohesive, n—an adhesive possessing the property of
1.3 Methods for application of pressure are available in each
test mode. For a particular combination of substrates, the autohesion. (Also called contact-bond adhesive and dry-bond
adhesive.)
means available for application of pressure are limited to those
shown in Appendix X2. 3.1.3 shear strength, n—in adhesive joint, the maximum
average stress when a force is applied parallel to the joint.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for 3.1.3.1 Discussion—In most adhesive test methods, the
shear strength is actually the maximum average stress at failure
information only.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the of the specimen, not necessarily the true maximum stress in the
material.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 autohesive (contact) failure, n—a condition in which
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau- no contact appears to have occurred between the two layers of
autohesive, as evidence by visual inspection of the specimen
tionary statements are given in 7.5.
after destructive testing.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of Committee D-14 on Adhesives
and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D14.70 on Construction Adhe-
sives.
Current edition approved July 15, 1992. Published December 1992. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 15.06.
published as D 1995 – 91. Last previous edition D 1995 – 91. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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D 1995 – 92 (1998)
3.2.2 bond-conditioning time, n—the time elapsed between 6.1.2.1 Capability of performing tests in tension and com-
making the bonded assembly and testing it or specimens made pression; load range 4400 lb (2000 N).
from it. 6.1.2.2 Rate of movement of the cross-head must be con-
stant and independent of any fluctuation of the load.
4. Summary of Test Methods 6.1.2.3 A range of cross-head speeds from 0.05 in./min
(1.27 mm/min) to 2 in./min, (50 mm/min).
4.1 The autohesive is conditioned to the temperature se-
6.1.2.4 The machine must be provided with a load-rate
lected for the coating application, the substrates are surfaced
controller capable of controlling the load rate from 600 to 700
flat, precut or cleaned, or both, as required, and then condi-
lbf/min (2700 to 3200 N/min).
tioned to the temperature and humidity preselected for the
6.1.2.5 Autographic equipment to record the load-versus-
coating application. Under controlled temperature and humid-
head movement.
ity, a film of autohesive of predetermined wet-film thickness is
6.1.3 Verification of the testing equipment may be made in
coated on to the substrates, and allowed to dry for the duration
accordance with the recommendations of Practices E 4.
of the open-assembly time. The coated materials are brought
6.2 Equipment for Environmental Temperature and Humid-
together with light finger pressure, and bonded assemblies are
ity Control—Equipment must be capable of maintaining rela-
made by applying pressure. Pressure may be applied in one of
tive humidity within 62 % of the selected value, and tempera-
three ways: static, impact, or roller. Assemblies are conditioned
ture within 62°F (61°C) of the selected value.
in a controlled environment for a specified time, the bond-
6.3 Applicators—Fixed or variable-gap applicators, com-
conditioning time. Assemblies are cut into specimens where
monly called knife applicators, may be used. The knife design,
required. Assemblies requiring no cutting, or precut specimens,
shown in Fig. 1 or similar applicators provided with side
are tested destructively in either of the four modes described in
Sections 8, 9, 10, and 11.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The application procedures in these test methods yield
films free of the irregularities, artifacts, and variations inherent
in brushing, spraying, or trowelling. Accordingly, these test
methods measure the strength of autohesive bonds between
two autohesive films whose topography is characteristic of the
autohesive itself rather than the artifacts of the application
procedure. It is recommended that this information be consid-
ered in extrapolating results from these test methods.
5.2 The magnitude of the measured bond strengths also
depends on other factors such as film thickness, the manner in
which pressure is applied, the magnitude and duration of the
application of pressure, and the temperature and humidity at
various stages of the test. Accordingly, these parameters should
FIG. 1 One Type of Knife Applicator
be chosen in a manner consistent with the end use of the
autohesive.
5.3 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported guide arms at least 1 in. (25 mm) long, are preferred.
results when using these test methods for acceptance testing of
Applicators shall be wide enough for the guide arms to ride on
commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier should the rider pieces and at least 1 in. (25 mm), away from the edge
conduct comparative tests to diagnose the causes for lack of
of center substrate during application, as in Fig. 2. Wide-
repeatability between their laboratories. Competent statistical wound-rod applicators may also be used for deposition of wet
assistance is recommended for the investigation of precision.
films 0.002 to 0.010 in. (0.051 to 0.254 mm) thick. These
As a minimum, the two parties should select a group of test applicators obviate the need for restraining devices to maintain
specimens and visually examine their failure modes. The
flatness of sheet substrates while coating and are generally
average results from the two laboratories should then be preferred over knife applicators provided the required wet-film
compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired data and an thickness does not exceed 0.01 in. (0.254 mm). The wide-
acceptable probability level should be chosen by the two wound portion of the rod should be at least 2 in. (50 mm)
parties before testing is begun. longer than the adherend width. The wet-film thickness depos-
ited by all wide-wound-rod applicators is not predictable from
6. Apparatus the diameter of the wire. Consult the manufacturer’s data.
6.1 Testing Machines:
6.1.1 Test Methods D 905, D 1062, D 1781, D 1876, and
Available from Precision Gage and Tool Co., Dayton, Ohio 45410.
Practice D 2651 independently specify the testing machine
Wire-wound applicators are available from the Leneta Co., PO Box 576
relevant to these test methods.
Ho-Ho-Kus, NJ 07423, from Byk Mallinckrodt Chemische Producte, 4230 Wessel
6.1.2 To perform all tests in these test methods, the testing
Postfach 245, West Germany, and from Paul Gardner and Co. Inc., 218-D
machine must meet the following requirements: Commercial Blvd., Suite 205, Lauderdale-by-the-Sea, FL 33308-4491.
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D 1995 – 92 (1998)
FIG. 2 Applicator Placed on Material for Coating
6.4 Float-Glass Plate, ⁄4 in. (6 mm) minimum thickness,
minimum width and length 12 and 17 in. (0.3 and 0.4 m).
6.5 Restraining Devices, for coating sheet substrates while
using knife applicators, restraining devices are required to
maintain flatness.
6.5.1 Machinists’ Flat Magnetic Table, recommended size 8
by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4 m). (For steel only.)
6.5.2 Vacuum Table, minimum size 8 by 17 in. (0.2 by 0.4
m).
6.5.3 Whenever restraining devices in 6.5.1 and 6.5.2 are
not available and knife applicators are to be used, sheet
substrates can be rendered flat by taping their back sides to the
plate-glass with 1 in. (25 mm) wide double-coated pressure-
sensitive tape. The tape selected should allow removal of the
sheets without creasing them.
6.6 Pressure-Application Equipment—Several methods for
the application of pressure are provided. Selection is made by
the user on the basis of field-use requirements.
6.6.1 Static-Pressure-Application Equipment—Hydraulic
press: minimum capacity 5000 lb (23 000 N); minimum platen
size 8 by 12 in. (0.2 by 0.3 m). Preferably, one of the platens
should be mounted on a self-aligning joint. Both platens shall
be ground flat and checked for parallelism and flatness with a
machinist’s straightedge.
6.6.2 Rollers—Steel rollers must be mounted on freely
FIG. 3 Standard Steel Roller
rotating axles; ball-bearing mounts are preferable. The roller
design should conform generally with Fig. 3. Either of the two
6.7 Surfacing Machines for Solid Wood—The following two
rollers specified may be used: a heavy roller 6 in. in diameter
types of wood-working machines are required to make solid-
and 4 in. wide (155 mm in diameter by 100 mm wide)
wood specimens that are flat and of an even thickness.
weighing 33 6 1.0 lb (15 6 0.5 kg); or a light roller 4-in.
6.7.1 A wood planer, sometimes referred to as a thickness
diameter and 2.5 in. wide (100-mm diameter by 64 mm wide)
planer. Any high-speed wood planer capable of producing a
weighing 10 6 0.5 lb (4.5 6 0.25 kg).
visibly smooth surface, free of any ripples or waves, and planks
6.6.3 Impact-Application Equipment—The Bellows impact
of equal thickness from end to end shall be acceptable.
press consisting of a series B772-006 arbour stand and a
6.7.2 A jointer-planer of sufficient width to accommodate
“Bellows Air Motor” Series B8013. The“ Bellows” impact
8-in. (20-cm) planks and that can be aligned to produce flat
press is shown in Fig. 4 and Fig. 5.
planks.
6.8 Test Fixtures—The fixtures described in the ASTM
standards referenced in Section 2 were modified for the
This equipment can be purchased from Bellows-Valvair, Akron, Ohio 44309.
Also from the same company offices in Glendale, CA 91201 and Toronto, Canada. purposes of these test methods.
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D 1995 – 92 (1998)
NOTE 1—Figures 6 and 7 show a drum that has been grooved to take in
the fixturing lips of the fixture in Figs. 8 and 9.
FIG. 6 Climbing Peel Drum
FIG. 4 The Bellows Air Valve Used for Impacting Peel Specimens
FIG. 7 Dimensions of Climbing Peel Drum
6.9 Machinist’s Straightedge—A 12-in. (300-mm) machin-
ist’s straightedge (generally available from machinists’ shops)
is required. One of the lengthwise edges must be bevelled.
7. Test Materials
7.1 Checking Flatness of Materials—Lay the bevelled edge
FIG. 5 Ball and Platen Assembly
of a machinist’s straightedge on the material perpendicular to
its surface and along its width. While shining a bright light
6.8.1 The climbing drum prescribed in Method D 1781 has behind the straightedge, inspect the line of contact between the
been modified according to Fig. 6, Fig. 7, Fig. 8, Fig. 9. The edge and the material. If the material is flat, no light should
grooves in the drum customize it for use with the fixture in Fig. shine through. Make repeat observations at 2-in.(50-mm)
8 by allowing the retaining lips on the fixturing device to fit intervals lengthwise. See Fig. 11.
into the grooves. This will unbalance the drum, but since 7.1.1 Material Dimensions—See Table 1.
controls are run and these are subtracted from the test results, 7.2 Selection and Preparation of Maple Blocks—Select
the effect of the unbalance is nullified. The fixture in Fig. 8 is hard maple blocks, kiln-dried, (Acer saccharum or Acer
also a modification of the fixture in Fig. 4 of Method D 1781. nigrum) having a minimum specific gravity of 0.65 based on
It does not require pre-drilling the test specimens. oven-dry weight and volume, from planks that are of straight
6.8.2 The fixture required for the cleavage test, Fig. 10, is a grain, that is, grain that runs parallel to the length of the plank,
modification of the fixture in Fig. 1 of Test Method D 1062. and free from defects including knots, birdseye, cross grain,
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