ASTM E2144-01(2007)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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An American National Standard
Designation:E2144–01 (Reapproved 2007)
Standard Practice for
Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in
Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace Atmospheres
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2144; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This practice covers quantitative methods for the per-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
sonal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxin con-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
centrations in poly-disperse metalworking fluid aerosols in
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental
knowledge of microbiological techniques and endotoxin test-
2. Referenced Documents
ing.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 Users of this practice may obtain personal or area
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
exposure data of endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols,
Atmospheres
either on a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmo-
D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody Procedures
spheres.
D5337 Practice for Flow Rate Calibration of Personal
1.3 This practice gives an estimate of the endotoxin con-
Sampling Pumps
centration of the sampled atmosphere.
D6629 Guide for Selection of Methods for Estimating Soil
1.4 This practice seeks to minimize inter laboratory varia-
Loss by Erosion
tion but does not ensure uniformity of results.
E1370 Guide for Air Sampling Strategies for Worker and
1.5 It is anticipated that this practice will facilitate inter
Workplace Protection
laboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data from met-
E1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-
alworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid
Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids
atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sampling,
E1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and
extraction, and analytical methods.
Safety
1.6 In 1997, the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-
2.2 OSHA Standards:
tration (OSHA) empanelled a Standards Advisory Committee
29 CFR 1910.1000 Air Contaminants
to make recommendations to the Administration regarding
29 CFR 1910.1450 Occupational Exposure to Hazardous
measures that the Administration could take to improve the
Chemicals in Laboratories
health of workers exposed to metalworking fluids. A report to
2.3 Other Documents:
the Assistant Secretary of Labor for OSHA was submitted in
Criteria Document for a Recommended Standard: Occupa-
July, 1999. Subcommittee E34.50 believes that the user com-
tional Exposure to Metalworking Fluids
munity would benefit significantly if a standard method was
NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods (NMAM)
developed to give the community guidance on a methodology
for the sampling and analysis of personal airborne endotoxin
3. Terminology
exposure assessments in facilities using water-miscible metal
3.1 For definitions of terms in this practice relating to
removal fluids, based on the LAL assay or other endotoxin
sampling and analysis of atmospheres, refer to Terminology
detection technologies as they become available.
D1356. For definitions of terms in this practice relating to
1.7 This practice does not attempt to set or imply limits for
occupational health and safety, refer to Terminology E1542.
personal exposure to endotoxin in metalworking fluid aerosols
in workplace environments.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupa- the ASTM website.
tional Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E2144 - 01. DOI: Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-
10.1520/E2144-01R07. pational Safety and Health, 4676 Columbia Pkwy., Cincinnati, OH 45226.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E2144–01 (2007)
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard: from a variety of bio-molecular species and physicochemical
3.2.1 endotoxins, n—a lipopolysaccharide derived from the phenomena, such as pH, temperature, filter matrix effects,
outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. cationic concentrations, LAL-reactive materials (LRM), en-
3.2.2 endotoxin unit (EU), n—a biological potency unit zyme influences, and lysate composition variability and sensi-
equivalent to the FDA Reference Standard Endotoxin (RSE). tivity (a function of different lysate processing methodologies).
Currently, EC-6 is equivalent to 0.1 ng 3D 1 EU.
3.2.3 field blank, n—filter/cassette unit prepared for sam-
7. Apparatus
pling that is taken to the sampling site and handled in the same
7.1 Sampling:
mannerastheanalyticalfilter/cassetteunit,butthatisnotapart
7.1.1 Sampling Unit, an apparatus consisting of a personal
of the sampling process.
sampling pump, a 37-mm glass fiber filter, a two-piece,
3.2.4 Gram-negative bacteria, n—prokaryotic cells that
closed-face plastic cassette, and flexible connecting tubing
have a complex cell-wall structure that stain characteristically
between the personal sampling pump and the attached cassette/
when subjected to the differential Gram staining procedure.
filter unit.
3.2.5 Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) assay, n—a biologi-
7.1.1.1 Pump, a constant-flow personal sampling pump with
cal assay that detects endotoxin.
an on-board battery power source and a flow rate of 2.0 L/min
3.2.6 metal removal fluids, n—the subset of metal working
(65 %).
fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce
7.1.1.2 Filter Cassette, pyrogen-free, closed-faced, two-
the finished part.
piece polystyrene filter holder with 4 mm inlet and outlet, with
3.2.6.1 Discussion—The term most often refers to straight
caps.
oils and water-based fluids, such as soluble, semi-synthetic,
7.1.1.3 Filter (Membrane),pyrogen-free,glassfiber,37-mm
and synthetic fluids.
diameter with a cellulose support pad.
3.2.7 onset time, n—timerequiredforachangeof200mOD
7.1.1.4 Connective Tubing, flexible, appropriate inside di-
(optical density) units relative to the initial OD value.
ameter.
3.2.8 personal sampler, n—a portable sampling instrument
7.1.1.5 Soap-bubble Meter, a primary standard used for
that is attached to a person to ascertain the concentration of
sampler flow rate calibration.
specific constituents in the air in the person’s breathing zone.
3.2.9 pyrogen-free, adj—material(s) devoid of measurable
NOTE 1—An alternative primary standard is acceptable.
endotoxin activity.
7.2 Extraction:
3.2.10 pyrogen-free water (PFW), n—processed water that
7.2.1 Sonicator Bath, ultrasonic/water bath apparatus with a
is devoid of measurable endotoxin activity.
minimum peak frequency of 40-kHz with cavitation adjust-
4. Summary of Practice
ment and thermostat control.
7.2.2 Vortex Mixer, general purpose with a minimum speed
4.1 A known volume of workplace air in a facility utilizing
of 500 rpm.
metalworking fluids is drawn through a sample filter cassette
unit.
4.2 The sample filter is extracted into a pyrogen-free solu- 8. Reagents and Materials
tion to quantitatively release endotoxin absorbed from col-
8.1 Control Standard Endotoxin (CSE)—Endotoxin prepa-
lected metalworking fluid aerosol.
rations used for calibration standards shall be referenced to the
4.3 The extract solution is subjected to quantitative endot-
Federal Drug Administration (FDA) Reference Standard En-
oxin analysis techniques. The measured endotoxin concentra-
dotoxin (RSE), which is presently EC-6 RSE. Calibration
tion is reported in terms of endotoxin potency units per unit
standards data and corresponding regression data are expressed
volume of air sampled.
in EU.
8.2 Endotoxin detection reagents, utilized in accordance
5. Significance and Use
with manufacturer’s directions.
5.1 Endotoxins in metalworking fluid aeros
...