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ASTM A781/A781M-06

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use

Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use

ABSTRACT
This specification covers a group of common requirements that, unless covered by the individual product specification in another ASTM document, applies to steel and alloy castings for use in general industrial applications. Materials shall be produced by open-hearth or electric furnace process with or without separate refining, such as argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD), and then consequently heat treated in the working zone. Castings shall receive heat and product analysis to evaluate their conformance to chemical composition requirements. Mechanical requirements shall also be assessed. The surfaces of castings shall be free of adhering sand, scale, cracks, hot tears, and other surface discontinuities. Repair welding may be performed as required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting specifications issued by ASTM. If the product specification specifies different requirements, the product specification shall prevail.
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications as indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.3 The requirements of the individual material specification, and this general specification shall prevail in the sequence named.
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification. Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to Specification A 781 and SI units for material ordered to Specification A 781M.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Jun-2006
ICS
77.140.80 - Iron and steel castings
Technical Committee
A01 - Steel, Stainless Steel and Related Alloys
Drafting Committee
A01.18 - Castings
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM A781/A781M-05a - Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Replaced By
ASTM A781/A781M-08 - Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use
Effective Date
01-Nov-2008
Referred By
ASTM A494/A494M-22 - Standard Specification for Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A128/A128M-19 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A597/A597M-14(2020) - Standard Specification for Cast Tool Steel
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A744/A744M-21a - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for Severe Service
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A958/A958M-17 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A447/A447M-11(2021) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A1062-10(2020) - Standard Specification for Steel Castings Sampling
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A560/A560M-12(2018) - Standard Specification for Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A743/A743M-21 - Standard Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A27/A27M-20 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A1080/A1080M-19 - Standard Practice for Hot Isostatic Pressing of Steel, Stainless Steel, and Related Alloy Castings
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A148/A148M-20e1 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Purposes
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006
Referred By
ASTM A747/A747M-23 - Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Hardening
Effective Date
15-Jun-2006

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ASTM A781/A781M-06 - Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial UseASTM A781/A781M-06 - Standard Specification for Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for General Industrial Use
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: A 781/A 781M – 06
Standard Specification for
Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for
1
General Industrial Use
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationA781/A781M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* SI units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each
system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must
1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that
beusedindependentlyoftheother.Combiningvaluesfromthe
are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting
two systems may result in nonconformance with the specifi-
specifications issued by ASTM. If the product specification
cation. Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to
specifies different requirements, the product specification shall
Specification A781 and SI units for material ordered to
prevail.
Specification A781M.
ASTM
Designation Title of Specification
2. Referenced Documents
A 27/A 27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A 128/A 128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A 148/A 148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-
A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for
poses
A 297/A 297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-
General Application
Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General
A128/A128M Specification for Steel Castings, Austenitic
Application
Manganese
A 447/A 447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy
(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service
A 148/A 148M Specification for Steel Castings, High
A 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
Strength, for Structural Purposes
A 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
A 297/A 297M Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-
A 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,
Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
ChromiumandIron-Chromium-Nickel,HeatResistant,for
A 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-
General Application
sistant, for Severe
A 747/A 747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden- A370 TestMethodsandDefinitionsforMechanicalTesting
ing
of Steel Products
A 890/A 890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum
A380 Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)
for General Application Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment, and Systems
A 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-
A 447/A 447M Specification for Steel Castings,
quirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades
Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-
A 958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile
Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similiar Temperature Service
to Standard Wrought Grades
A488/A488M Practice for Steel Castings,Welding, Quali-
A 1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy
fications of Procedures and Personnel
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary
A 494/A 494M Specification for Castings, Nickel and
requirementsthatmaybeappliedtotheabovespecificationsas
Nickel Alloy
indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional
A 560/A 560M Specification for Castings, Chromium-
testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified
Nickel Alloy
individually by the purchaser in the order.
A609/A609M Practice for Castings, Carbon, Low-Alloy,
1.3 The requirements of the individual material specifica-
and Martensitic Stainless Steel, Ultrasonic Examination
tion,andthisgeneralspecificationshallprevailinthesequence
Thereof
named.
A743/A743M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium,
1.4 The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units
Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Resistant, for General
are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
Application
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction ofASTM CommitteeA01 on Steel,
2
Stainless Steel and RelatedAlloys and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
A01.18 on Castings. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved June 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 asA781/A781M–05a. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 781/A 781M – 06
A744/A744M Specification for Castings, Iron-Chromium-
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
An American National Standard Designation: A 781/A 781M – 06
Designation:A 781/A 781M–99a
Standard Specification for
Castings, Steel and Alloy, Common Requirements, for
1
General Industrial Use
ThisstandardisissuedunderthefixeddesignationA781/A781M;thenumberimmediatelyfollowingthedesignationindicatestheyear
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers a group of requirements that are mandatory requirements of the following steel casting
specificationsissuedbyASTM.Iftheproductspecificationspecifiesdifferentrequirements,theproductspecificationshallprevail.
ASTM
Designation Title of Specification
A 27/A 27M Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Application
A 128/A 128M Steel Castings, Austenitic Manganese
A 148/A 148M Steel Castings, High- Strength, for Structural
Purposes
A 148/A 148M Steel Castings, High Strength, for Structural Pur-
poses
A 297/A 297M Steel Castings, IronChromium and Iron-
Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General
Application
A 297/A 297M Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-
Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant for General
Application
A 447/A 447M Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy
(25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service
A 486/A 486M Steel Castings, for Highway Bridges
A 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
A 494/A 494M Castings, Nickel and Nickel Alloy
A 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
A 560/A 560M Castings, Chromium-Nickel Alloy
A 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,
Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
A 743/A 743M Castings, Iron-Chromium, Iron-Chromium-Nickel,
Corrosion Resistant, for General Application
A 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-
sistant, for Severe
A 744/A 744M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-
sistant, for Severe Service
A 747/A 747M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Corrosion Re-
sistant, for Severe Service
A 747/A 747M Steel Castings, Stainless, Precipitation Harden-
ing
A 890/A 890M Castings, Iron-Chromium-Nickel-Molybdenum
Corrosion-Resistant, Duplex (Austenitic/Ferritic)
for General Application
A 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy ChemicalSteel
Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Require-
ments Similar to Standard Wrought Grades
A 915/A 915M Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, Chemical Re-
quirements Similar to Standard Wrought Grades
A 958 Steel Castings, Carbon and Alloy, with Tensile
Requirements, Chemical Requirements Similiar
to Standard Wrought Grades
A 1002 Castings, Nickel-Aluminum Ordered Alloy
1.2 This specification also covers a group of supplementary requirements that may be applied to the above specifications as
1
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeA-1onSteel,StainlessSteel,andRelatedAlloysandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA01.18
on Castings.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 1999. Published October 1999. Originally published as A781–80. Last previous edition A781/A781M–99.
1
ThisspecificationisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeA01onSteel,StainlessSteelandRelatedAlloysandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeA01.18
on Castings.
Current edition approved June 15, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as A781/A781M–05a.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
A 781/A 781M – 06
indicated therein. These are provided for use when additional testing or inspection is desired and apply only when specified
individually by the purchaser in the order.
1.3 Therequirementsoftheindividualmaterialspecification,andthisgeneralspecificationshallprevailinthesequencenamed.
1.4 Thevaluesstatedineitherinch-poundunitsorSIunitsaretoberegardedseparatelyasstandard.Withinthetext,theSIunits
are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not exact equivalents; therefore, each system must be used
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the specification.
Inch-pound units are applicable for material ordered to Specification A781 and SI units for material ordered to Specification
A781M.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
A27/A27M Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, for General Appli
...

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SCOPE
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Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Carbon, Suitable for Fusion Welding, for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought-steel parts by fusion welding. Covered here are three grades of carbon steel (Grades WCA, WCB, and WCC), the selection of which shall depend on the design and service conditions, mechanical properties, and the high temperature characteristics. Castings shall be heat treated and furnished, as appropriate to their design and chemical composition, in the annealed, or normalized, or normalized and tempered conditions after they have been allowed to cool below the transformation range. Furnace temperatures for heat treating shall be effectively controlled by pyrometer. Steel castings shall adhere to chemical composition and tensile property requirements, which include tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, and reduction of area. The surface of castings shall be free of adhering elements such as sand, cracks, hot tears, and other discontinuities, and as such be repair welded when judged appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers carbon steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, or other pressure-containing parts for high-temperature service and of quality suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought steel parts by fusion welding.  
1.2 Three grades, WCA, WCB, and WCC, are covered in this specification. Selection will depend upon design and service conditions, mechanical properties, and the high-temperature characteristics.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A297/A297M-21a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Iron-Chromium and Iron-Chromium-Nickel, Heat Resistant, for General Application

ABSTRACT
This specification covers standards for iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy castings of general purpose grades (Grades HF, HH, HI, HK, HE, HT, HU, HW, HX, HC, HD, HL, HN, and HN) applicable in heat-resistant services. Alloys shall be produced through electric arc, electric-induction, or other approved processes. Heat-treatment shall be conducted when agreed upon by the manufacturer and purchaser. The material shall conform to carbon, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, chromium, nickel, and molybdenum contents. Tensile requirements including tensile strength, yield point, and elongation shall apply when specified in the purchase order. Guidelines for repair by welding are also given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers iron-chromium and iron-chromium-nickel alloy castings for heat-resistant service. The grades covered by this specification are general purpose alloys and no attempt has been made to include heat-resisting alloys used for special production application.  
Note 1: For heat-resisting alloys used for special product application, reference should be made to Specifications A351/A351M, A217/A217M, and A447/A447M.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A487/A487M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Castings Suitable for Pressure Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers low-alloy steel and martensitic stainless steels in the normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered conditions, suitable for pressure-containing parts. All castings shall receive the specified heat treatment requirement: austenitizing temperature, medium, quenching cool, and tempering temperature. Preliminary heat treatment and multiple tempering are permitted. Recording-type pyrometers shall be used to control the furnace temperature. The steel shall conform to the required chemical composition for carbon, manganese, phosphorus, sulfur, silicon, nickel, chromium, molybdenum, vanadium, boron, and copper. Residual elements include: copper, nickel, chromium, tungsten, molybdenum, and vanadium. Tensile properties of the steel shall conform to the requirements for tensile strength, yield strength, elongation, reduction of area, hardness, and maximum thickness. Product analysis tolerance is specified. Repair by welding may be done.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification2 covers low-alloy steels and martensitic stainless steels in the normalized and tempered, or quenched and tempered, condition suitable for pressure-containing parts. The weldability of the classes in this specification varies from readily weldable to weldable only with adequate precautions, and the weldability of each class should be considered prior to assembly by fusion welding.  
1.2 Selection will depend on design, mechanical, and service conditions. Users should note that hardenability of some of the grades mentioned may restrict the maximum size at which the required mechanical properties are obtained.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A1091/A1091M-21(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Creep-Strength Enhanced Ferritic Alloy, for Pressure-Containing Parts, Suitable for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers general requirements for creep-strength enhanced alloy steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high-temperature service. However, the castings are not restricted to such applications, and may be used for other applications for which the attributes of the material, as defined by this specification, are suitable. The specification includes one grade of martensitic alloy steel, Grade C91, which is provided in two classes, differentiated by the type of heat treatment after weld repairs.
This specification also prescribes the general conditions for delivery, including those for investment castings, as well as the requirements for ordering information; materials and manufacture (heat-treatment and machining); chemical composition; testing of mechanical properties (tensile testing and hardness testing); quality of castings; rework, weld repair, and retreatment; and certification and marking of castings.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers creep-strength enhanced alloy steel castings for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts intended primarily for high-temperature service (see Note 1). However, they are not restricted to such applications and the castings may be used for other applications for which the attributes of the material, as defined by this specification, are suitable.  
1.2 One grade of martensitic alloy steel, Grade C91 (UNS Number J84090), is covered (see Note 2). It is provided in two classes, differentiated by the type of heat treatment after welding. This and similar steels are characterized by a predominantly tempered martensitic or tempered Bainitic microstructure that is stabilized by the precipitation of temper-resistant particles at various precipitate nucleation sites in the microstructure. Such steels are designed to have creep-rupture strengths significantly superior to those of alloys of nominally similar compositions, but in which the precipitates or nucleation sites are absent. Since this crucial difference cannot be revealed by room-temperature mechanical property tests, these alloys require tighter controls on manufacturing and processing.
Note 1: The grades covered by this specification represent materials that are generally suitable for assembly with other castings or wrought steel parts by fusion welding. It is not intended to imply that these grades possess equal degrees of weldability; therefore, it is the responsibility of the purchaser to establish a suitable welding technique. Since these grades possess varying degrees of suitability for high-temperature service, it is also the responsibility of the purchaser to determine which grade shall be furnished, due consideration being given to the requirements of the applicable construction codes.
Note 2: The committee formulating this specification has included one grade of material that is considered to represent a type of ferritic alloy steel suitable for valves, flanges, fittings, and other pressure-containing parts. Additional alloy steels will be considered for inclusion in this specification by the committee as the need becomes apparent.  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM A447/A447M-11(2021)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Steel Castings, Chromium-Nickel-Iron Alloy (25-12 Class), for High-Temperature Service

ABSTRACT
This specification covers iron-base, heat-resisting alloy castings, intended for structural elements, containers, and supports in electric furnaces, petroleum still tube supports, and for similar applications. The alloys shall be electric-furnace processed and heat treated. The castings shall conform to the required chemical compositions of nickel, chromium, carbon, nitrogen, manganese, silicon, phosphorus, sulfur, and iron. The specimens shall undergo tension test after aging and short-time high-temperature tension test and shall conform to the required values of tensile strength and elongation. A stress-rupture test shall also be performed wherein the specimens shall conform to the required values of tensile stress. The specimen shall also conform to the required values of magnetic permeability.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers iron-base, heat-resisting alloy castings of the 25 % chromium, 12 % nickel class, intended for structural elements, containers, and supports in electric furnaces, petroleum still tube supports, and for similar applications up to 2000 °F [1095 °C].  
1.2 In the absence of significant proportions of elements other than those prescribed in Section 5, the two types of alloys covered by this specification may in general be distinguished as follows:  
1.2.1 Type I—Alloys characterized by relatively low limiting creep stress at temperatures between 1500 and 2000 °F [815 and 1095 °C], and relatively high ductility at ordinary temperatures after aging for short periods at temperatures between 1300 and 1500 °F [705 and 815 °C].  
1.2.2 Type II—Alloys having relatively high limiting creep stress but which may develop low ductility at ordinary temperatures when aged for short periods at temperatures between 1350 and 1500 °F [730 and 815 °C].  
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the SI units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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