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ASTM D5270/D5270M-20

(Practice)

Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers

Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 The well discharges at a constant rate.  
5.1.2 Well is of infinitesimal diameter and is open through the full thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky confined aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive except where limited by linear boundaries.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived initially from storage in the aquifer; later, movement of water may be induced from a constant-head boundary into the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well are shown in Fig. 1 or Fig. 2.  
5.1.6 Boundaries are vertical planes, infinite in length that fully penetrate the aquifer. No water is yielded to the aquifer by impermeable boundaries, whereas recharging boundaries are in perfect hydraulic connection with the aquifer.  
5.1.7 Observation wells represent the head in the aquifer; that is, the effects of wellbore storage in the observation wells are negligible.  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Implicit in the assumptions are the conditions of a fully-penetrating control well and observation wells of infinitesimal diameter in a confined aquifer. Under certain conditions, aquifer tests can be successfully analyzed when the control well is open to only part of the aquifer or contains a significant volume of water or when the test is conducted in an unconfined aquifer. These conditions are discussed in more detail in Practice D4105/D4105M.  
5.2.2 In cases in which this practice is used to locate an unknown boundary, a minimum of three observation wells is needed. If only two observation wells are available, two possible locations of the boundary are defined, and if only one observation well is used, a circle describing all possible locations of the image well is defined.  
5.2.3 The effects of a constant-head boundary are often indistinguishable from the effects of a leaky, confined aquifer. Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that a correct conceptual model of the system has been created ...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and possible location of boundaries for a confined aquifer with a linear boundary. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. This practice also applies to flowing artesian wells discharging at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.  
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of this practice is limited to determination of transmissivities and storage coefficients for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (see Practice D4106) (see 5.1), except that the aquifer is limited in areal extent by a linear boundary that fully penetrates the aquifer. The boundary is assumed to be either a constant-head boundary (equivalent to a stream or lake that hydraulically fully penetrates the aquifer) or a no-flow (impermeable) boundary (equivalent to a contact with a significantly less permeable rock unit). The Theis nonequilibrium method is described in Practices D4105/D4105M and D4106.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significa...

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2020
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
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ASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined AquifersASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
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ASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
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REDLINE ASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined AquifersREDLINE ASTM D5270/D5270M-20 - Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined Aquifers
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5270/D5270M −20
Standard Practice for
(Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined
1
Aquifers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5270/D5270M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for deter-
Practice D6026.
mining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and possible
location of boundaries for a confined aquifer with a linear 1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
boundary. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
datafromoneormoreobservationwellsorpiezometersduring education or experience and should be used in conjunction
the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may
This practice also applies to flowing artesian wells discharging be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
water into a control well at a constant rate. nor should this document be applied without the consideration
of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in
1.2 The analytical procedure in this practice is used in
the title of this document means only that the document has
conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.
been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of this practice is limited to
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
determination of transmissivities and storage coefficients for
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspon-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
(seePracticeD4106)(see5.1),exceptthattheaquiferislimited
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
in areal extent by a linear boundary that fully penetrates the
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
aquifer. The boundary is assumed to be either a constant-head
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
boundary (equivalent to a stream or lake that hydraulically
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
fully penetrates the aquifer) or a no-flow (impermeable)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
boundary (equivalent to a contact with a significantly less
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
permeable rock unit). The Theis nonequilibrium method is
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
described in Practices D4105/D4105M and D4106.
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
2. Referenced Documents
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents;
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
therefore,eachsystemshallbeusedindependentlyoftheother.
Fluids
Combining values from the two systems may result in noncon-
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
formance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
standard.
D4043Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
2
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D5270–96 (2014). Standards volume informa
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5270 − 96 (Reapproved 2014) D5270/D5270M − 20
Standard Test Method Practice for
(Analytical Procedures) Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Bounded, Nonleaky, Confined
1
Aquifers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5270;D5270/D5270M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and possible location
of boundaries for a confined aquifer with a linear boundary. This test method is used to analyze water-level or head data from one
or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. This test method also
applies to flowing artesian wells discharging at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this test method also can be used
to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.
1.2 The analytical procedure in this test method is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of this test method is limited to determination of transmissivities and storage coefficients for
aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (see
Test Method D4106) (see 5.1), except that the aquifer is limited in areal extent by a linear boundary that fully penetrates the aquifer.
The boundary is assumed to be either a constant-head boundary (equivalent to a stream or lake that hydraulically fully penetrates
the aquifer) or a no-flow (impermeable) boundary (equivalent to a contact with a significantly less permeable rock unit). The Theis
nonequilibrium method is described in Test Methods D4105 and D4106.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
D4050 Test Method for (Field Procedure) for Withdrawal and Injection Well Testing for Determining Hydraulic Properties of
Aquifer Systems
D4105 Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined
Aquifers by the Modified Theis Nonequilibrium Method
D4106 Practice for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Nonleaky Confined
Aquifers by the Theis Nonequilibrium Method
D6026 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical Data
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of general technical terms used within this practice, refer to Terminology D653.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1
This test method practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater
and Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2014June 1, 2020. Published February 2014June 2020. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20082014 as
D5270 – 96 (2014). (2008). DOI: 10.1520/D5270-96R14.10.1520/D5270_D5270M-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D5270/D5270M − 20
3.2.1 constant-head boundary—the conceptual representation of a natural feature such as a lake or river that effectively fully
penetrates the aquifer and prevents
...

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Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer Taking into Consideration Storage of Water in Leaky Confining Beds by Modified Hantush Method

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5.1 Assumptions:  
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1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer taking into consideration the change in storage of water in overlying or underlying confining beds, or both. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The nonleaky artesian aquifer is homogeneous, and aerially extensive. The aquifer may also be anisotropic and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively. The methods may be used to analyze tests on unconfined aquifers under conditions described in a following section.
Note 1: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.  
5.1.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.1.5 The geometry of the assumed aquifer and well conditions are shown in Fig. 2.  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions—The vertical flow components in the aquifer are induced by a control well that partially penetrates the aquifer, that is, a well that is not open to the aquifer through its full thickness. The effects of vertical flow components are measured in piezometers near the control well, that is, within a distance, r, in which vertical flow components are significant, that is:
5.3 Application of Method to Unconfined Aquifers:  
5.3.1 Although the assumptions are applicable to artesian or confined conditions, Weeks (1) has pointed out that the solution may be applied to unconfined aquifers if drawdown is small compared with the saturated thickness of the aquifer or if the drawdown is corrected for reduction in thickness of the aquifer, and the effects of delayed gravity response are small. The effects of gravity response become negligible after a time as given, for piezometers near the water table, by the equation:
for values of ar/b  
for greater values of ar/b.  
5.3.2 Drawdown in an unconfined aquifer is also affected by curvature of the water table or free surface near the control well, and b...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of an aquifer by analysis of the response of water levels in the aquifer to the discharge from a well that partially penetrates the aquifer. This standard uses data derived from Test Method D4050.  
1.2 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated, in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and...

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ASTM
ASTM D5850-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity, Storage Coefficient, and Anisotropy Ratio from a Network of Partially Penetrating Wells

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is one of several available for determining vertical anisotropy ratio. Among other available methods are Weeks ((5); see Practice D5473/D5473M), that relies on distance-drawdown data, and Way and McKee (6), that utilizes time-drawdown data. An important restriction of the Weeks distance-drawdown method is that the observation wells need to have identical construction (screened intervals) and two or more of the observation wells need to be located at a distance from the pumped well beyond the effects of partial penetration. The procedure described in this practice general distance-drawdown method, in that it works in theory for most observation well configurations incorporating three or more wells, provided some of the wells are within the zone where flow is affected by partial penetration.  
5.2 Assumptions:  
5.2.1 Control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.2.2 Control well is of infinitesimal diameter and partially penetrates the aquifer.  
5.2.3 Data are obtained from a number of partially penetrating observation wells, some screened at elevations similar to that in the pumped well and some screened at different elevations.  
5.2.4 The aquifer is confined, homogeneous and areally extensive. The aquifer may be anisotropic, and, if so, the directions of maximum and minimum hydraulic conductivity are horizontal and vertical, respectively.  
5.2.5 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the aquifer.  
5.3 Calculation Requirements—Application of this method is computationally intensive. The function, fs, shown in (Eq 4) should be evaluated numerous times using arbitrary input parameters. It is not practical to use existing, somewhat limited, tables of values for fs and, because this equation is rather formidable, it may not be easily tractable by hand. Because of this, it is assumed the practitioner using this will have available a computerized procedure for evaluating the function fs. This can be accomplished u...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity, storage coefficient, and ratio of vertical to horizontal hydraulic conductivity of a confined aquifer using observation well drawdown measurements from a constant-rate pumping test. This practice uses data from a minimum of four partially penetrating, recommended to be positioned observation wells around a partially penetrating control well.  
1.2 The analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determination of the horizontal and vertical hydraulic conductivity of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumption of this practice.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions, which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard. The reporting of results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this standard.  
1.6 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objective; and it is common practice to increase or reduce the significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis method or engineeri...

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ASTM
ASTM D6029/D6029M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedures) Determining Hydraulic Properties of a Confined Aquifer and a Leaky Confining Bed with Negligible Storage by the Hantush-Jacob Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions:  
5.1.1 The control well discharges at a constant rate, Q.  
5.1.2 The control well is of infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates the aquifer.  
5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive.
Note 2: Slug and pumping tests implicitly assume a porous medium. Fractured rock and carbonate settings may not provide meaningful data and information.  
5.1.4 The aquifer remains saturated (that is, water level does not decline below the top of the aquifer).  
5.1.5 The aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness. It is assumed that there is no change of water storage in this confining bed and that the hydraulic gradient across this bed changes instantaneously with a change in head in the aquifer. This confining bed is bounded on the distal side by a uniform head source where the head does not change with time.  
5.1.6 The other confining bed is impermeable.  
5.1.7 Leakage into the aquifer is vertical and proportional to the drawdown, and flow in the aquifer is strictly horizontal.  
5.1.8 Flow in the aquifer is two-dimensional and radial in the horizontal plane.  
5.2 The geometry of the well and aquifer system is shown in Fig. 1.  
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.3.1 Paragraph 5.1.1 indicates that the discharge from the control well is at a constant rate. Section 8.1 of Test Method D4050 discusses the variation from a strictly constant rate that is acceptable. A continuous trend in the change of the discharge rate could result in misinterpretation of the water-level change data unless taken into consideration.  
5.3.2 The leaky confining bed problem considered by the Hantush-Jacob solution requires that the control well has an infinitesimal diameter and has no storage. Abdul Khader and Ramadurgaiah (5) developed graphs of a solution for the drawdowns in a large-diameter control well discharging at a constant rate from an aquifer confined...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical procedure for determining the transmissivity and storage coefficient of a confined aquifer and the leakance value of an overlying or underlying confining bed for the case where there is negligible change of water in storage in a confining bed. This practice is used to analyze water-level or head data collected from one or more observation wells or piezometers during the pumping of water from a control well at a constant rate. With appropriate changes in sign, this practice also can be used to analyze the effects of injecting water into a control well at a constant rate.  
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050.  
1.3 Limitations—The valid use of the Hantush-Jacob method is limited to the determination of hydraulic properties for aquifers in hydrogeologic settings with reasonable correspondence to the assumptions of the Theis nonequilibrium method (Practice D4106) with the exception that in this case the aquifer is overlain, or underlain, everywhere by a confining bed having a uniform hydraulic conductivity and thickness, and in which the gain or loss of water in storage is assumed to be negligible, and that bed, in turn, is bounded on the distal side by a zone in which the head remains constant. The hydraulic conductivity of the other bed confining the aquifer is so small that it is assumed to be impermeable (see Fig. 1).
FIG. 1 Cross Section Through a Discharging Well in a Leaky Aquifer (from Reed (1)3). The Confining and Impermeable Bed Locations Can Be Interchanged  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of results in units other than SI shall not...

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ASTM
ASTM D5472/D5472M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for Determining Specific Capacity and Estimating Transmissivity at the Control Well

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions of the Theis (1) equation affect specific capacity and transmissivity estimated from specific capacity. These assumptions are given below:  
5.1.1 Aquifer is homogeneous and isotropic.  
5.1.2 Aquifer is horizontal, of uniform thickness, and infinite in areal extent.  
5.1.3 Aquifer is confined by impermeable strata on its upper and lower boundaries.  
5.1.4 Density gradient in the flowing fluid must be negligible and the viscous resistance to flow must obey Darcy's Law.  
5.1.5 Control well penetrates and receives water equally from the entire thickness of the aquifer.  
5.1.6 Control well has an infinitesimal diameter.  
5.1.7 Control well discharges at a constant rate.  
5.1.8 Control well operates at 100 percent efficiency.  
5.1.9 Aquifer remains saturated throughout the duration of pumping.  
5.2 Implications of Assumptions and Limitations of Method.  
5.2.1 The simplifying assumptions necessary for solution of the Theis equation and application of the method are never fully met in a field situation. The satisfactory use of the method may depend upon the application of one or more empirical correction factors being applied to the field data.  
5.2.2 Generally the values of transmissivity derived from specific capacity vary from those values determined from aquifer tests utilizing observation wells. These differences may reflect 1) that specific-capacity represents the response of a small part of the aquifer near the well and may be greatly influenced by conditions near the well such as a gravel pack or graded material resulting from well development, and 2) effects of well efficiency and partial penetration.  
5.2.3 The values of transmissivity estimated from specific capacity data are considered less accurate than values obtained from analysis of drawdowns that are observed some distance from the pumped well.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this practice is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a procedure for conducting a specific capacity test, computing the specific capacity of a control well, and estimating the transmissivity in the vicinity of the control well. Specific capacity is the well yield per unit drawdown at an identified time after pumping started.  
1.2 This practice is used in conjunction with Test Method D4050 for conducting withdrawal and injection well tests.  
1.3 The method of determining transmissivity from specific capacity is a variation of the nonequilibrium method of Theis  (1)2 for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of an aquifer. The Theis nonequilibrium method is given in Practice D4106.  
1.4 Limitations—The limitations of the technique for determining transmissivity are primarily related to the correspondence between the field situation and the simplifying assumptions of the Theis method.  
1.5 The scope of this practice is limited by the capabilities of the apparatus.  
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in this practice are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this practice to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system...

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ASTM
ASTM D5855/D5855M-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for (Analytical Procedure) Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assumptions—Leaky Aquifer:  
5.1.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,  
5.1.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,  
5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive, and  
5.1.4 The control well is 100 % efficient.  
5.2 Assumptions—Nonleaky Aquifer:  
5.2.1 Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,  
5.2.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,  
5.2.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive,  
5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and  
5.2.5 The control well is 100 % efficient.  
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:  
5.3.1 The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers and fully penetrating control wells. However, this practice may be applied to partially penetrating wells where the method may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.  
5.3.2 Values obtained for storage coefficient are less reliable than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coefficient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.
Note 7: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers an analytical solution for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a leaky or nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on the flow rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in the well.  
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Practice D5786.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between field situation and the simplifying assumption of the solution.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this practice.  
1.5 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.6 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of the practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without the consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior ...

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