ASTM D6727/D6727M-16
(Guide)Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging—Neutron
Standard Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging—Neutron
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An appropriately developed, documented, and executed guide is essential for the proper collection and application of neutron logs.
5.2 The benefits of its use include improving selection of neutron logging methods and equipment; neutron log quality and reliability; usefulness of the neutron log data for subsequent display and interpretation.
5.3 This guide applies to commonly used neutron logging methods for geotechnical applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is focused on the general procedures necessary to conduct neutron or neutron porosity (hereafter referred to as neutron) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as commonly applied to geologic, engineering, groundwater and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) explorations. Neutron soil moisture measurements made using neutron moisture gauges, are excluded. Neutron logging for minerals or petroleum applications is excluded, along with neutron activation logs where gamma spectral detectors are used to characterize the induced gamma activity of minerals exposed to neutron radiation.
1.2 This guide defines a neutron log as a record of the rate at which thermal and epithermal neutrons are scattered back to one or more detectors located on a probe adjacent to a neutron source.
1.2.1 Induction logs are treated quantitatively and should be interpreted with other logs and data whenever possible.
1.2.2 Neutron logs are commonly used to: (1) delineate lithology, and (2) indicate the water-filled porosity of formations (see Fig. 1). Nc = corrected neutron log, N0 = original neutron log, Csh = computed shale fraction based upon the gamma log position between the endpoints of 10 and 120 cps, and Φsh = estimate of shale non-effective porosity of about 40 % picked from intervals on the log where Φsh = 1.0.
1.3 This guide is restricted to neutron logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes), or to He3-tube detectors with or without Cd foil covers or coatings to exclude thermalized neutrons.
1.4 This guide provides an overview of neutron logging including: (1) general procedures; (2) specific documentation; (3 ) calibration and standardization, and (4) log quality and interpretation.
1.5 To obtain additional information on neutron logs see References section in this guide.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This guide should not be used as a sole criterion for neutron logging and does not replace education, experience, and professional judgment. Neutron logging procedures should be adapted to meet the needs of a range of applications and stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word standard in the title of this document means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.7 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be use independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Add if appropriate: “Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.”
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D6727/D6727M − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging—Neutron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6727/D6727M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* of action. This guide should not be used as a sole criterion for
neutron logging and does not replace education, experience,
1.1 This guide is focused on the general procedures neces-
and professional judgment. Neutron logging procedures should
sary to conduct neutron or neutron porosity (hereafter referred
be adapted to meet the needs of a range of applications and
to as neutron) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes,
stated in general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not
caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as
suppressed. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in
commonly applied to geologic, engineering, groundwater and
all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to
environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) explora-
representorreplacethestandardofcarebywhichtheadequacy
tions. Neutron soil moisture measurements made using neutron
of a given professional service must be judged without
moisturegauges,areexcluded.Neutronloggingformineralsor
consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word
petroleum applications is excluded, along with neutron activa-
standard in the title of this document means that the document
tion logs where gamma spectral detectors are used to charac-
has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
terize the induced gamma activity of minerals exposed to
neutron radiation. 1.7 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or
SI units given in brackets are to be regarded separately as
1.2 This guide defines a neutron log as a record of the rate
standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact
at which thermal and epithermal neutrons are scattered back to
equivalents; therefore, each system shall be use independently
one or more detectors located on a probe adjacent to a neutron
of the other. Combining values from the two systems may
source.
result in non-conformance with the standard. Add if appropri-
1.2.1 Induction logs are treated quantitatively and should be
ate: “Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be
interpreted with other logs and data whenever possible.
regarded as nonconformance with this standard.”
1.2.2 Neutron logs are commonly used to: (1) delineate
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
lithology, and (2) indicate the water-filled porosity of forma-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
tions (see Fig. 1).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3 This guide is restricted to neutron logging with nuclear
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled
bility of regulatory requirements prior to use. The use of
3
with photomultiplier tubes), or to He -tube detectors with or
radioactive sources in neutron logging introduces significant
without Cd foil covers or coatings to exclude thermalized
safety issues related to the transportation and handling of
neutrons.
neutron sources, and in procedures to ensure that sources are
1.4 This guide provides an overview of neutron logging
not lost or damaged during logging. There are different
including: (1) general procedures; (2) specific documentation;
restrictions on the use of radioactive sources in logging in
(3 ) calibration and standardization, and (4) log quality and
different states, and the Nuclear Regulatory Agency (NRC)
interpretation.
maintains strict rules and regulations for the licensing of
personnel authorized to conduct nuclear source logging.
1.5 To obtain additional information on neutron logs see
References section in this guide.
2. Referenced Documents
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
oraseriesofoptionsanddoesnotrecommendaspecificcourse
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
Fluids
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.01 on Surface and Subsurface
2
Characterization. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2016. Published January 2016. Originally contact ASTM Cus
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D6727 − 01 (Reapproved 2007) D6727/D6727M − 16
Standard Guide for
1
Conducting Borehole Geophysical Logging—Neutron
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6727;D6727/D6727M; the number immediately following the designation indicates
the year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide is focused on the general procedures necessary to conduct neutron or neutron porosity (hereafter referred to as
neutron) logging of boreholes, wells, access tubes, caissons, or shafts (hereafter referred to as boreholes) as commonly applied to
geologic, engineering, groundwater and environmental (hereafter referred to as geotechnical) investigations.explorations. Neutron
soil moisture measurements made using neutron moisture gauges, are excluded. Neutron logging for minerals or petroleum
applications is excluded, along with neutron activation logs where gamma spectral detectors are used to characterize the induced
gamma activity of minerals exposed to neutron radiation.
1.2 This guide defines a neutron log as a record of the rate at which thermal and epithermal neutrons are scattered back to one
or more detectors located on a probe adjacent to a neutron source.
1.2.1 Induction logs are treated quantitatively and should be interpreted with other logs and data whenever possible.
1.2.2 Neutron logs are commonly used to: (1) delineate lithology, and (2) indicate the water-filled porosity of formations (see
Fig. 1).
1.3 This guide is restricted to neutron logging with nuclear counters consisting of scintillation detectors (crystals coupled with
3
photomultiplier tubes), or to He -tube detectors with or without Cd foil covers or coatings to exclude thermalized neutrons.
1.4 This guide provides an overview of neutron logging including: (1) general procedures; (2) specific documentation; (3 )
calibration and standardization, and (4) log quality and interpretation.
1.5 To obtain additional information on neutron logs see References section in this guide.
1.6 This guide is to be used in conjunction with Standard Guide D5753.
1.6 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
of action. This guide should not be used as a sole criterion for neutron logging and does not replace education, experience, and
professional judgment. Neutron logging procedures should be adapted to meet the needs of a range of applications and stated in
general terms so that flexibility or innovation are not suppressed. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all
circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given
professional service must be judged without consideration of a project’s many unique aspects. The word standard in the title of
this document means that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.
1.7 Units—The geotechnical industry uses English or SI units. The neutron log is typically recorded in units of counts per
second (cps) or in percent porosity.values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units given in brackets are to be regarded
separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be use
independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard. Add if
appropriate: “Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.”
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
requirements prior to use. The use of radioactive sources in neutron logging introduces significant safety issues related to the
transportation and handling of neutron sources, and in procedures to insureensure that sources are not lost or damaged during
logging. There are different restrictions on the use of radioactive sources in logging in different states, and the Nuclear Regulatory
Agency (NRC) maintains strict rules and regulations for the licensing of personnel authorized to conduct nuclear source logging.
1
This guide is under the jurisdicti
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