ASTM D2798-09a
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of Coal
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D 388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: D2798 – 09a
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope surface of a section of coal in immersion oil using a micro-
scopic system that photometrically measures the amount of
1.1 Thistestmethodcoversthemicroscopicaldetermination
light reflected from the surface. The reflected light is recorded
of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equip-
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other
ment by measuring the reflected light from standards of
macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to
reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
anthracite. This test method can be used to determine the
reflectance of other macerals.
5. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite compo-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
nent in coal as determined by this test method is often used as
standard.
an indicator of rank as presented in Classification D388,
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
independent of petrographic composition, and in the charac-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
terization of coal as feedstock for carbonization, gasification,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
liquefaction, and combustion processes.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
research.
2. Referenced Documents
6. Apparatus
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected
D121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore mi-
D388 Classification of Coals by Rank
croscope) can be used, provided the lens combination of
D2797 PracticeforPreparingCoalSamplesforMicroscopi-
objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen
cal Analysis by Reflected Light
at a magnification between 400 and 3 750, such that particles
3. Terminology of 1 µm can be resolved.The objectives shall be constructed so
that samples can be examined in oil with plane-polarized light
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminol-
and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The
ogy D121.
microscope shall be able to project an image at similar
3.2 Abbreviations:
magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the
3.2.1 R —mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
max
photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall be provided to
3.2.2 R —mean random reflectance measured in oil.
m
position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum re-
4. Summary of Test Method sponse. The microscope shall have a circular stage that is
capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermacerals
stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst
is determined in this test method by illuminating a polished
to move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given
field location. A combination of objective and circular stage
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D05 on Coal
shall permit centering. The viewing eyepiece shall be supplied
and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on Petrographic
with a crosshair or grid to be used as a reference to locate
Analysis of Coal and Coke.
precisely the area sampled by the phototube. During measure-
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2009. Published September 2009. Originally
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D2798 – 09. DOI:
ment, no light shall be permitted to enter the observer’s end of
10.1520/D2798-09A.
the viewing eyepiece.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
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D2798 – 09a
6.2 Polarizer and Illuminator—The light incident on the mount; polyester or epoxy resin, made light absorbent with a
vertical illuminator of the microscope shall be plane-polarized dye or filler, serve
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D2798–09 Designation: D 2798 – 09a
Standard Test Method for
Microscopical Determination of the Vitrinite Reflectance of
1
Coal
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 2798; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the microscopical determination of both the mean maximum and mean random reflectances
measured in oil of polished surfaces of vitrinite and other macerals present in coals ranging in rank from lignite to anthracite. This
test method can be used to determine the reflectance of other macerals.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 121 Terminology of Coal and Coke
D 388 Classification of Coals by Rank
D 2797 Practice for Preparing Coal Samples for Microscopical Analysis by Reflected Light
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms, refer to Terminology D 121.
3.2 Abbreviations:
3.2.1 R —mean maximum reflectance measured in oil.
max
3.2.2 R —mean random reflectance measured in oil.
m
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 Thereflectanceofthemaceralvitriniteorothermaceralsisdeterminedinthistestmethodbyilluminatingapolishedsurface
of a section of coal in immersion oil using a microscopic system that photometrically measures the amount of light reflected from
the surface. The reflected light is recorded in percent reflectance after calibration of photometric equipment by measuring the
reflected light from standards of reflectance as calculated from their refractive indices.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The mean maximum reflectance of the vitrinite component in coal as determined by this test method is often used as an
indicator of rank as presented in Classification D 388, independent of petrographic composition, and in the characterization of coal
as feedstock for carbonization, gasification, liquefaction, and combustion processes.
5.2 This test method is for use in scientific and industrial research.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Microscope—Any microscope equipped for reflected light microscopy (such as a metallurgical or opaque-ore microscope)
can be used, provided the lens combination of objective and eyepieces permits examination of the specimen at a magnification
between 400 and 3 750, such that particles of 1 µm can be resolved. The objectives shall be constructed so that samples can be
examined in oil with plane-polarized light and have the highest quality of antireflection coatings. The microscope shall be able to
project an image at similar magnification to a photomultiplier tube and to support the photomultiplier tube housing. Means shall
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D05 on Coal and Coke and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D05.28 on PetrographicAnalysis
of Coal and Coke.
Current edition approved April 1, 2009. . Published AprilSeptember 2009. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as D 2798 – 069.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D 2798 – 09a
be provided to position the tube housing laterally to obtain maximum response. The microscope shall have a circular stage that
is capable of rotating a specimen through 360°. The mechanical stage attached to the microscope stage shall enable the analyst to
move the specimen accurately (within 0.1 mm) to a given field location.Acombination of objective and circular stage shall permit
centering. The viewing eyepiece shall be supplied with a crosshair or grid to be used as a reference to locate precisely the area
sampled by the phototube. During measurement, no light shall be
...
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