ASTM C1242-00

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
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Designation: C 1242 – 00
Standard Guide for
Design, Selection, and Installation of Stone Anchors and
Anchoring Systems
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1242; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural building stone is chosen as a building’s cladding for its beauty which endures with minimal
maintenance. Stone is durable when used properly. Exercising good judgment when selecting the
particular stone, determining the quarrying and fabrication techniques, designing the method of
attachment, and installing all components correctly maximizes these benefits. A properly executed
stone cladding is designed and installed within the capabilities and limitations of the stone and support
system to resist all forces that work on them.
This guide presents design principles that require consideration when designing anchorages and
evaluating exterior stone to be compatible with its proposed use. It is an overview of current
techniques and a review of minimum requirements for sound stone engineering and construction. The
guide does not list all possible methods of attachment nor does it provide a step-by-step procedure for
stone anchor engineering. Knowledge gained from new engineering designs, testing of applications,
and the investigation of existing problems are continually reviewed to update this guide. Comment
from users is encouraged.
Good judgment by architects, engineers, and contractors when specifying, designing, engineering,
and constructing stone and other work that interfaces stone is necessary to use this guide. Users of this
guide should combine known performance characteristics of the stone, the building’s structural
behavior, and knowledge of materials and construction methods with proven engineering practice.
1. Scope installation of the above.
1.4 Observe all applicable regulations, specific recommen-
1.1 This guide covers the categories of anchors and anchor-
dations of the manufacturers, and standards governing inter-
ing systems and discusses the design principles to be consid-
facing work.
ered in selecting anchors or systems that will resist gravity
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
loads and applied loads.
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
1.2 This guide sets forth basic requirements for the design
information only.
of stone anchorage and provides a practical checklist of those
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
design considerations.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.3 This guide pertains to:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.3.1 The anchoring of stone panels directly to the building
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
structure for support,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. (See Tables 1 and
1.3.2 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to
2.)
curtainwall components after these support systems are at-
tached to the building structure,
2. Referenced Documents
1.3.3 The anchoring of stone panels to subframes or to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
curtainwall components with stone cladding preassembled
C 97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Grav-
before these support systems are attached to the building
ity of Dimension Stone
structure, and
C 99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
1.3.4 The supervision and inspection of fabrication and
Stone
C 119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.06 on Anchorage
Components and Systems.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published February 2001. Originally
published as C 1242 – 93. Last previous edition C 1242 – 96b. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.07.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C 1242
TABLE 1 Dimension Stone Test Methods
neers, and contractors who either design or install exterior
Stone Type ASTM Specification stone cladding for architectural structures.
A
4.2 This guide is an industry standard for engineering
Calcite C 503
A
Dolomite C 503
design considerations, documentation, material considerations,
Granite C 615
anchor type applications, and installation workmanship to
B
Limestone C 568
B
assist designers and installers to achieve a proper and durable
Marble (exterior) C 503
B
Quartz-Based C 616
stone cladding.
A
Quartzite C 616
4.3 Stone and its support systems are part of a building’s
A
Quartzitic Sandstone C 616
A
skin and shall be compatible with the behavior and perfor-
Sandstone C 616
A
Serpentine C 503
mance of other interfacing systems, such as the curtainwall and
Slate (roof) C 406
superstructure frame.
Slate (walls) C 629
A
4.3.1 Every stone work application shall comply with ap-
Travertine C 503
A
plicable building codes.
This stone type is a subclassification.
B
This stone type has subclassifications or grades.
4.3.2 Provisions of dimension stone handbooks, manuals,
and specifications should be reviewed for compatibility with
TABLE 2 Dimension Stone Test Methods the principles outlined in this guide.
4.3.3 Because stone properties vary, the range and variabil-
Measures ASTM Test Method
ity of pertinent properties of the stone proposed for use should
liquid porosity C97
and relative density
be determined by testing and statistical methods that are
combined shear with C99
evaluated using sound engineering principles. Use recent test
tensile unit strength from bending
data where applicable. Always reference proven performance
ultimate crushing unit C 170
strength
of relevant existing structures.
primary tensile unit C 880
4.3.4 Changes in properties over time shall be considered.
strength from bending
4.3.5 Overall behaviors of all building systems and compo-
capacity and deflections C 1201
of panels assembled with their
nents including the stone shall be interactively compatible.
anchors onto their supporting
backup structure
5. Installation Standards
individual anchor stength C 1354
accelerated production E 632 5.1 Documentation—The basis for standard workmanship
of service life
shall be established in the design documents issued to describe,
regulate, or control the construction. These documents may be
issued by the architect, engineer, the design-build authority, the
C 170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension
contractor, or others authorized to impose law or code. Ex-
Stone
amples are as follows:
C 406 Specification for Roofing Slate
5.1.1 The architectural drawings and specifications identi-
C 503 Specification for Marble Dimension Stone (Exte-
fying stone type, finish, thickness, sizes, and details and the
rior)
relationship to other architectural elements and the building
C 615 Specification for Granite Dimension Stone
structure.
C 616 Specification for Quartz-Based Dimension Stone
5.1.2 The architectural drawings and specifications identi-
C 629 Specification for Slate Dimension Stone
fying the scope of work and the materials required. These may:
C 880 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Dimensional
(1) define the performance criteria to be satisfied, (2) specify
Stone
the standards of performance to be used in meeting those
C 1201 Test Method for Structural Performance of Exterior
criteria, (3) provide for adequate performance guarantees for
Dimension Stone Cladding Systems by Uniform Static Air
the materials and methods of construction, and (4) prescribe
Pressure Difference
definitive material details and systems to satisfy project re-
C 1354 Test Method for Strength of Individual Stone An-
quirements. In addition, the specifications shall establish stone
chorages in Dimension Stone
fabrication and installation tolerances. The tolerances recom-
E 632 Practice for Developing Accelerated Tests to Aid
mended by stone trade associations could be used as a guide
Prediction of the Service Life of Building Components and
and included in the specification.
Materials
5.1.3 Project specifications shall cite the ASTM standard
3. Terminology
material specification (see 2.1) governing the stone intended
3.1 General Definitions—For definitions of terms used in for use and identify the classification or grade within that
this guide, refer to Terminology C 119. standard specification.
3.2 Specific definitions used in the design process are listed 5.1.4 Shop drawings indicating in detail all parts of the work
in 8.4. required, including material types, thicknesses, finishes and all
other pertinent information dealing with fabrication, anchor-
4. Significance and Use
age, and installation. The drawings shall show contiguous
4.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi-
materials or assemblies which are provided by others in their
range of positions according to their specified tolerances.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol 5.2 Tolerances—Installation tolerances and requirements,
C 1242
once specified, bind the installation contractor, by contract, to stainless steel, Types 302 and 304 being the most commonly
perform the work within those specified tolerances. The used. Other metals may be used if properly protected against
specification requires the installation contractor to progres- moisture and galvanic action. Copper and stainless steel wire
sively examine the construction to which his work attaches or are used for wire ties.
adjoins, reporting to the prime contractor any condition that 6.1.1.2 Metal not in direct contact with stone exposed to
may prevent performance within the standard established. weather should be stainless steel, galvanized steel, zinc-rich
Some commonly specified installation tolerances follow: painted or epoxy-coated steel, or aluminum.
5.2.1 Variation from plumb of wall surfaces, arises, external 6.2 Joint Sealants:
corners, joints, and other conspicuous lines should not exceed 6.2.1 Sealants used in contact with stone can be of the type
⁄4 in. (6.4 mm) in any story or in 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum. recommended for the application by the manufacturer, but
5.2.2 Variation in level from grades shown for horizontal proper consideration should be given to their ability to satisfy
joints and other conspicuous lines should not exceed ⁄4 in. in the required properties of tear and peel strength, elasticity,
20 ft (6.4 mm in 6.1 m) maximum, nor ⁄4 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm compressibility, durometer, resistance to soiling and fading,
in 12.2 m) or more. and compatibility with any other sealant with which it may
5.2.3 Variation in linear building lines from positions shown come in contact.
on drawings and related portion of wall facing should not 6.2.1.1 The manufacturer’s recommendation should be fol-
exceed ⁄2 in. (12.7 mm) in any bay or 20 ft (6.1 m) maximum, lowed in respect to temperature range of application, the
nor ⁄4 in. in 40 ft (19.1 mm in 12.2 m) or more. condition of the substrate and the necessity for a primer.
5.2.4 Variation in the face plane of adjacent pieces (lippage) 6.2.1.2 Some sealants may bleed into stone; proper testing is
should not exceed one fourth of the width of the joint between recommended.
the pieces. 6.3 Mortar Materials:
5.3 Consultants—Some conditions require professional ex- 6.3.1 Portland cement, masonry cement, and lime used in
pertise to determine proper fabrication, installation, engineer- preparing cement and lime mortar should be non-staining.
ing, and testing of stone construction. 6.3.2 Non-shrink grout should not be used.
5.3.1 Particular conditions where special expertise is sug- 6.4 Gasket Materials:
gested to achieve a reliable installation: In some instances the 6.4.1 Gasket material selection should be made to satisfy the
services of a professional stone cladding designer may be movement and tolerance requirements. Gaskets are available in
required. a variety of sections: tubular, lobed, and cellular being the most
5.3.1.1 In those instances where complex connections or common. Some gasket materials may bleed into some stones
extraordinary loading conditions or materials and methods of and cause staining. The recommendation of the manufacturer
unknown or questionable performance records are likely to be should be followed. Testing may be prudent where information
considered or specified, a stone design specialist may be from the manufacturer is not sufficient assurance that bleeding
needed. will not occur.
5.3.1.2 Whether such special design skill is required will 6.4.1.1 Extruded gaskets are usually neoprene or vinyl.
depend on one or more of the following: knowledge of the 6.4.1.2 Cellular gaskets are usually foamed butyl, polyeth-
performance record of the specified systems and materials; ylene, or polyurethane.
complexity of the cladding system; complexity of anchors and
7. Design Considerations
connections; unusual or extreme loading condition; unusual
7.1 Before selecting an anchor system and a support system,
frame or structural system planned for the project; and building
certain factors shall be established:
code requirements or orders of authorities having jurisdiction.
7.1.1 The performance of the stone material under consid-
5.3.1.3 Multiple cladding materials on same facade.
eration on existing buildings in similar exposures.
5.3.1.4 Supporting structure is more flexible than L/600 in
7.1.2 The performance of the anchorage and support system
any direction.
under consideration on existing buildings in similar exposures.
5.3.1.5 Extreme loadings caused by seismic, hurricane,
7.1.3 The behavior of the anchorage. Anchor and stone
tornado, or installation and handling methods.
together as an assembly are called an anchorage.
5.3.1.6 Special building code requirements prevail.
7.1.4 The behavior of the facade system. An anchorage with
5.4 Workmanship—Good construction requires mechanics
cladding upon a support system is called a facade system.
that have previous successful experience installing similar
7.1.5 The physical characteristics of the stone.
stonework to do the new work. Less experienced personnel can
7.1.5.1 Some of the material’s properties and inconsisten-
only be allowed when they work in a crew continuously with
cies can be determined by Test Methods C 97, C 99, C 170, and
the mechanic who has previous successful experience. Similar
C 880.
work means same type of site fabrication, anchorage, setting
7.1.5.2 Other properties, including (but not limited to)
method, and support system a
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