ASTM D877/D877M-19
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
Standard Test Method for Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using Disk Electrodes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The dielectric breakdown voltage is a measure of the ability of an insulating liquid to withstand electrical stress. The power-frequency breakdown voltage of a liquid is reduced by the presence of contaminants such as cellulosic fibers, conducting particles, dirt, and water. A low result in this test method indicates the presence of significant concentrations of one or more of these contaminants in the liquid tested. See Appendix X1.
3.2 A high breakdown voltage measured in this test method does not necessarily indicate that the amount of the contaminants present in a liquid from which the sample was taken is sufficiently low for the sampled liquid to be acceptable in all electrical equipment. Test Method D877 is not sensitive to low levels of these contaminants. Breakdown in this test method is dominated by events occurring at the electrode edges. The voltage stress distribution between the parallel disk electrodes used in this test method are quasi-uniform and there is substantial stress concentration at the sharp edges of the flat disk faces.
3.3 This test method may be used for evaluation of insulating liquids in equipment that is designed to be filled with unprocessed liquids as delivered by a vendor.
3.4 This test method is not recommended for evaluation of the breakdown voltage of liquids used in equipment that requires the application of vacuum and filtering of the oil before being placed into service. Test Method D1816 should be used to determine the breakdown voltage of filtered and degassed liquids.
3.5 This test method is used in laboratory or field tests. For field breakdown results to be comparable to laboratory results, all criteria including room temperature (20 to 30 °C) must be met.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes two procedures, A and B, for determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating liquid specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
1.2 This test method is used to determine the electrical discharge voltage of in-use electrical liquids. It is no longer applicable to new insulating liquids upon receipt, in which case Test Method D1816 shall be used.
Note 1: It is understood that long-term histories for this test method exist, but this test method is no longer considered applicable as numerous deficits exist that affect its usefulness. It is recommended to move all new and in-service electrical discharge voltage testing of electrical insulating liquids to Test Method D1816.
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general population of contaminants present in a liquid sample decreases as applied test voltages used in this test method become greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of this test method to the presence of water is decreased. For further information refer to RR:D27-1006.2
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been determined for a liquid's viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40 °C.
1.4 Procedure Applications
1.4.1 Procedure A:
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products easily settle during the interval between the required repeated breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils, hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB) used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables, and similar apparatus.
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
1.4.2 Procedure B:
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown pro...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D877/D877M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
1
Disk Electrodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D877/D877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables,
and similar apparatus.
1.1 This test method describes two procedures,Aand B, for
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric
determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating
breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods
liquid specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the
D2225, provided the discharge energy into the sample is less
power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive
1.2 This test method is used to determine the electrical
breakdowns.
discharge voltage of in-use electrical liquids. It is no longer
1.4.2 Procedure B:
applicabletonewinsulatingliquidsuponreceipt,inwhichcase
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown
Test Method D1816 shall be used.
voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products
NOTE 1—It is understood that long-term histories for this test method
exist, but this test method is no longer considered applicable as numerous do not completely settle from the space between the disks
deficits exist that affect its usefulness. It is recommended to move all new
during the 1-min interval required in Procedure A. Procedure
and in-service electrical discharge voltage testing of electrical insulating
B, modified in accordance with Section 17 of Test Methods
liquids to Test Method D1816.
D2225,isacceptablefortestingsiliconedielectricliquidsifthe
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
requirements of 1.4.1.2 can not be achieved.
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general
1.4.2.2 Procedure B should also be applied for the determi-
population of contaminants present in a liquid sample de-
nation of the breakdown voltage of liquid samples containing
creasesasappliedtestvoltagesusedinthistestmethodbecome
insolublematerialsthatsettlefromthespecimenduringtesting.
greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
These may include samples taken from circuit breakers, load
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room
tap changers, and other liquids heavily contaminated with
temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of
insoluble particulate material. These examples represent
this test method to the presence of water is decreased. For
samples that may have large differences between replicate
2
further information refer to RR:D27-1006.
tests. The use of Procedure B will result in a more accurate
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been
value of breakdown voltage when testing such liquids.
determined for a liquid’s viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40
1.4.2.3 Use Procedure B to establish the breakdown voltage
°C.
of an insulating liquid where an ASTM specification does not
1.4 Procedure Applications
exist or when developing a value for an ASTM guide or
1.4.1 Procedure A:
standard. Procedure A may be used once the single operator
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown
precision of 13.1 has been demonstrated.
voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products
1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
easily settle during the interval between the required repeated
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils,
each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to
hydrocarbons, natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB)
ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be
used independently of the other, and values from the two
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on
systems shall not be combined.
Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
mittee D27.05 on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved . Published December 2019. Originally approved in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1946. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as D877/D877M–13. DOI: 10.1520/
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D877/D877M − 13 D877/D877M − 19
Standard Test Method for
Dielectric Breakdown Voltage of Insulating Liquids Using
1
Disk Electrodes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D877/D877M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.
A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method describes two procedures, A and B, for determining the electrical breakdown voltage of insulating liquid
specimens. The breakdown test uses ac voltage in the power-frequency range from 45 to 65 Hz.
1.2 This test method is used to judge if the disk electrode breakdown voltage requirements are met for insulating liquids, as
delivered from the manufacturer, that have never been filtered or dried. See Specification determine the electrical discharge voltage
of in-use electrical liquids. It is no longer applicable to new insulating liquids upon receipt, in which case Test Method
D3487D1816, Specification shall D4652, Specification D6871 and Guide D5222 for the minimum specified electrical breakdown.
This test method should be used as recommended by professional organization standards such as IEEE C57.106.be used.
NOTE 1—It is understood that long-term histories for this test method exist, but this test method is no longer considered applicable as numerous deficits
exist that affect its usefulness. It is recommended to move all new and in-service electrical discharge voltage testing of electrical insulating liquids to Test
Method D1816.
1.3 Limitations of the Procedures:
1.3.1 The sensitivity of this test method to the general population of contaminants present in a liquid sample decreases as
applied test voltages used in this test method become greater than approximately 25 kV rms.
1.3.2 If the concentration of water in the sample at room temperature is less than 60 % of saturation, the sensitivity of this test
2
method to the presence of water is decreased. For further information refer to RR:D27-1006.
1.3.3 The suitability for this test method has not been determined for a liquid’s viscosity higher than 900 cSt at 40°C.40 °C.
1.4 Procedure Applications
1.4.1 Procedure A:
1.4.1.1 Procedure A is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products easily
settle during the interval between the required repeated breakdown tests. These liquids include petroleum oils, hydrocarbons,
natural and synthetic esters, and askarels (PCB) used as insulating and cooling liquids in transformers, cables, and similar
apparatus.
1.4.1.2 Procedure A may be used to obtain the dielectric breakdown of silicone fluid as specified in Test Methods D2225,
provided the discharge energy into the sample is less than 20 mJ (milli joule) per breakdown for five consecutive breakdowns.
1.4.2 Procedure B:
1.4.2.1 This procedure is used to determine the breakdown voltage of liquids in which any insoluble breakdown products do
not completely settle from the space between the disks during the 1–min1-min interval required in Procedure A. Procedure B,
modified in accordance with Section 17 of Test Methods D2225, is acceptable for testing silicone dielectric liquids if the
requirements of 1.4.1.2 can not be achieved.
1.4.2.2 Procedure B should also be applied for the determination of the breakdown voltage of liquid samples containing
insoluble materials that settle from the specimen during testing. These may include samples taken from circuit breakers, load tap
changers, and other liquids heavily contaminated with insoluble particulate material. These examples represent samples that may
have large differences between replicate tests. The use of Procedure B will result in a more accurate value of breakdown voltage
when testing such liquids.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D27 on Electrical Insulating Liquids and Gases and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D27.05
on Electrical Test.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published January 2014December 2019. Originally approved in 1946. Last previous edition approved in 20072013 as
D877–02(2007).D877/D877M–13. DOI: 10.1520/D0877_D0877M-13.10.1520/D0877_D0877M-19.
2
RR:D27-1006, Round-Robin Data Using Modified VDE Electrode Cell for Dielectric Strength Tests on Oil, is available from AS
...
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