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ASTM E696-23

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Wire

Standard Specification for Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Wire

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for bare solid conductors made of tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use in either bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies. Unless otherwise noted, all information in this specification applies to both thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). Thermoelements should meet specified physical, mechanical, thermoelectric, and compositional requirements.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare, solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements having diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies.  
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information applies to both combinations unless otherwise noted.  
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-rhenium alloys.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Jun-2023
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E20 - Temperature Measurement
Drafting Committee
E20.13 - Thermocouples - Materials and Accessories Specifications
Current Stage
Ref Project

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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E696 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Wire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope E207 Test Method for Thermal EMF Test of Single Thermo-
element Materials by Comparison With Reference Ther-
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare,
moelement of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
having diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm
Comparison Techniques
(0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs. These thermoelements
E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive
shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire
Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed, ceramic insu-
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
lated thermocouple material or assemblies.
etry
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combina-
E452 Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Ther-
tions of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium
mocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer
(W3Re/W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-
E988 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for
26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information ap- 3
Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouples (Withdrawn 2011)
plies to both combinations unless otherwise noted.
E1751/E1751M Guide for Temperature Electromotive Force
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory (emf) Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermocouple
Combinations
and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing
atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be
3. Terminology
performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-
rhenium alloys.
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions used in this standard, see Terminology
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
E344.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
only.
3.2.1 dope, vt—in this specification, to add potassium,
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
silicon and aluminum compounds or other volatile substances
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
to the alloy powders during the preparation to produce a ductile
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4
wire. See NASA CR-72884.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Some alloy powders are doped.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.2.2 lot, n—a quantity of wire processed or heat treated as
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
a single continuous length and identified uniquely.
2. Referenced Documents
4. Ordering Information
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 A purchase order for thermocouple material conforming
E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Ma-
to this specification shall specify the following:
terials
4.1.1 Thermocouple Wire Composition—May be W3Re/
W25Re or W5Re/W26Re.
4.1.2 Wire Size—Specify size with each order.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
4.1.3 Wire Length—Specify total amount of each wire and
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.13
minimum continuous length.
on Thermocouples - Materials and Accessories Specifications.
Current edition approved July 1, 2023. Published July 2023. Originally approved
in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as E696 – 07 (2018). DOI:
3
10.1520/E0696-23. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or www.astm.org.
4
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM NASA CR-72884, “Some Studies on Behavior of W-Re Thermocouple Mate-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on rials at High Temperatures.” Available from National Aeronautics and Space
the ASTM website. Administration, 400 Maryland Ave. S.W., Washington, DC 20546.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E696 − 23
4.1.4 Thermocoup
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E696 − 07 (Reapproved 2018) E696 − 23 An American National Standard
Standard Specification for
1
Tungsten-Rhenium Alloy Thermocouple Wire
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E696; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This specification covers the requirements for bare, solid conductor, tungsten and rhenium alloy thermoelements having
diameters of 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) 0.127 mm (0.005 in.) to 0.508 mm (0.020 in.) supplied in matched pairs.
These thermoelements shall be suitable for use either in bead-insulated, bare-wire thermocouples, or in compacted metal-sheathed,
ceramic insulated thermocouple material or assemblies.
1.2 This specification covers the thermocouple combinations of tungsten-3 % rhenium versus tungsten-25 % rhenium (W3Re/
W25Re) and tungsten-5 % rhenium versus tungsten-26 % rhenium (W5Re/W26Re; Type C). All information applies to both
combinations unless otherwise noted.
1.3 It is recognized that the alloys described are refractory and are not suitable for use at high temperatures in oxidizing
atmospheres. All tests and processes described herein must be performed under conditions that are non-reactive to tungsten-
rhenium alloys.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E8E8/E8M Test Methods for Tension Testing of Metallic Materials [Metric] E0008_E0008M
E207 Test Method for Thermal EMF Test of Single Thermoelement Materials by Comparison With Reference Thermoelement
of Similar EMF-Temperature Properties
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E230E230/E230M Specification for Temperature-Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrometry
E452 Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer
3
E988 Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Tungsten-Rhenium Thermocouples (Withdrawn 2011)
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.13 on
Thermocouples - Materials and Accessories Specifications.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2018July 1, 2023. Published November 2018July 2023. Originally approved in 1979. Last previous edition approved in 20132018 as
E696 – 07 (2013).(2018). DOI: 10.1520/E0696-07R18.10.1520/E0696-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E696 − 23
E1751E1751/E1751M Guide for Temperature Electromotive Force (emf) Tables for Non-Letter Designated Thermocouple
Combinations
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 For definitions used in this standard, see Terminology E344.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 dope, vt—in this specification, to add potassium, silicon and aluminum compounds or other volatile substances to the alloy
4
powders during the preparation to produce a ductile wire. See NASA CR-72884.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Some alloy powders are doped.
3.2.2 lot, n—a quantity of wire processed or heat treated as a single continuous length and identified uniquely.
4. Ordering Information
4.1 A purchase order for thermocouple material conforming to this specification shall specify the following:
4.1.1 Thermocouple Wire Composition—May be W3Re/W25Re or W5Re/W26Re.
4.1.2 Wire Size—Specify size with each order.
4.1.3 Wire Length—Specify total amount of ea
...

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ASTM E452-02(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Calibration of Refractory Metal Thermocouples Using a Radiation Thermometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is intended to be used by wire producers and thermocouple manufacturers for certification of refractory metal thermocouples. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration of refractory metal thermocouples referenced to a calibrated radiation thermometer. Uncertainty in calibration and operation of the radiation thermometer, and proper construction and use of the test furnace are of primary importance.  
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1.1 This test method covers the calibration of refractory metal thermocouples using a radiation thermometer as the standard instrument. This test method is intended for use with types of thermocouples that cannot be exposed to an oxidizing atmosphere. These procedures are appropriate for thermocouple calibrations at temperatures above 800 °C (1472 °F).  
1.2 The calibration method is applicable to the following thermocouple assemblies:  
1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
1.2.4 Type 3—Swaged assemblies in which a refractory insulating powder is compressed around the thermoelements and encased in a thin-walled tube or sheath made of a high melting point metal or alloy.  
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ASTM E1350-18(2023)(Guide)
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
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5.5 These tests are not meant to ensure that the thermocouple assembly will measure temperatures accurately. Such assurance is derived from proper thermocouple and instrumentation selection and proper placement in the location at which the temperature is to be measured. For further information, the reader is directed to MNL 12, Manual on the Use of the Thermocouples in Temperature Measurement2 which is an excellent reference document on metal sheathed thermocouple uses.
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ABSTRACT
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FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
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ABSTRACT
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Standard Guide for the Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid Baths Used for Temperature Calibration by Comparison

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.  
5.2 This guide describes a procedure for determining the effective working space for a controlled temperature fluid bath.  
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5.4 This guide describes a procedure for determining the temperature uniformity of the working space of the controlled temperature fluid bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use with controlled temperature comparison baths that contain test fluids and operate within the temperature range of –100 °C to 550 °C.  
1.2 This guide describes the essential features of controlled temperature fluid baths used for the purpose of thermometer calibration by the comparison method.  
1.3 This guide does not address the details on the design and construction of controlled-temperature fluid baths.  
1.4 This guide describes a method to define the working space of a bath and evaluate the temperature variations within this space. Ideally, the working space will be as close as possible to isothermal.  
1.5 This guide does not address fixed point baths, ice point baths, or vapor baths.  
1.6 This guide does not address fluidized powder baths.  
1.7 This guide does not address baths that are programmed to change temperature.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2758-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Infrared Thermometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.  
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.  
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.  
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1502-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Fixed-Point Cells for Reference Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A pure material has a well defined phase transition behavior, and the phase transition plateau, a characteristic of the material, can serve as a reproducible reference temperature for the calibration of thermometers. The melting or freezing points of some highly purified metals have been designated as defining fixed points on ITS-90. The fixed points of other materials have been determined carefully enough that they can serve as secondary reference points (see Tables 1 and 2). This guide presents information on the phase transition process as it relates to establishing a reference temperature. (A) Defining fixed point for ITS-90.(B) Realized as melting point.(C) Based on recommendation of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT-WG2); published as: Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., "Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points", Metrologia, Vol 33, 1996, pp. 133. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3.  (A) Values for cells of good design, construction, and material purity used with careful technique. Cells of lesser quality may not approach these values.(B) Realized as melting point.  
5.2 Fixed-point cells provide users with a means of realizing melting and freezing points. If the cells are appropriately designed and constructed, if they contain material of adequate purity, and if they are properly used, they can establish reference temperatures with uncertainties of a few millikelvins or less. This guide describes some of the design and use considerations.  
5.3 Fixed-point cells can be constructed and operated less stringently than required for millikelvin uncertainty, yet still provide reliable, durable, easy-to-use fixed points for a variety of industrial calibration and heat treatment purposes. For example, any freezing-point cell can be operated, often advantageously, as a melting-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the essential features of fixed-point cells and auxiliary apparatus, and the techniques required to realize fixed points in the temperature range from 29 °C to 1085 °C.3  
1.2 Design and construction requirements of fixed-point cells are not addressed in this guide. Typical examples are given in Figs. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 Examples of Fixed-Point Cells  
FIG. 2 Example of Fixed-Point Furnace  
Note 1: This example shows an insulated furnace body and two alternative types of furnace cores. The core on the left is a three-zone shielded type. The core on the right employs a heat pipe to reduce temperature gradients.  
1.3 This guide is intended to describe good practice and establish uniform procedures for the realization of fixed points.  
1.4 This guide emphasizes principles. The emphasis on principles is intended to aid the user in evaluating cells, in improving technique for using cells, and in establishing procedures for specific applications.  
1.5 For the purposes of this guide, the use of fixed-point cells for the accurate calibration of thermometers is restricted to immersion-type thermometers that, when inserted into the reentrant well of the cell, (1) indicate the temperature only of the isothermal region of the well, and (2) do not significantly alter the temperature of the isothermal region of the well by heat transfer.  
1.6 This guide does not address all of the details of thermometer calibration.  
1.7 This guide is intended to complement special operating instructions supplied by manufacturers of fixed-point apparatus.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th...

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ASTM
ASTM E1594-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Expression of Temperature

ABSTRACT
This guide presents the uniform methods for expressing temperature, temperature values, and temperature differences. Also covered here are the practical scales, numerical formats, and unit symbol formats used in representing temperature.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers uniform methods for expressing temperature, temperature values, and temperature differences.  
1.2 This guide is intended as a supplement to IEEE/ASTM SI-10.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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