ASTM D3823-94
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sewing Threads
Standard Practice for Determining Ticket Numbers for Sewing Threads
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1.1 This practice establishes standard ticket numbers for sewing thread regardless of fiber content or type of thread.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard; the values in English units are provided as information only and are not exact equivalents.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: D 3823 – 94
Standard Practice for
Determining Ticket Numbers for Sewing Threads
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 3823; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope practice, refer to Terminology D 123. For other definitions of
terms relating to thread, refer to Methods D 204.
1.1 This practice establishes standard ticket numbers for
sewing thread regardless of fiber content or type of thread.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4.1 This system of sewing thread ticket numbers was
as the standard; the values in English units are provided as
developed to overcome the confusion arising from the use by
information only and are not exact equivalents.
the thread industry of a multiple number of undefined and
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
unrelated ticketing systems.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.2 The practice is used by the thread manufacturer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
determine the ticket number to be assigned to a thread. The
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
ticket number is an indicator of the amount of raw fiber in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thread. It is based on greige thread rather than finished thread
2. Referenced Documents because finishing processes such as bleaching, dyeing, stretch-
ing, mercerizing, or sewing finish application significantly
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 change the apparent thread size so that it may become an
D 123 Terminology Relating to Textiles
inadequate indicator of raw fiber present. Because of the
D 204 Methods of Testing Sewing Threads
foregoing it is not practical to verify the ticket number by
D 861 Practice for Use of the Tex System to Designate
sizing the finished thread.
Linear Density of Fibers, Yarn Intermediates, and Yarns
4.3 The ticket number shall be based on average resultant
2.2 Military Standard:
yarn number and shall be designated as indicated in Table 1.
MIL-STD-105E Sampling Procedures and Tables for In-
spection by Attributes
5. Sampling
3. Terminology 5.1 Lot—Unless otherwise agreed upon between the pur-
chaser and supplier, a lot shall be a discrete manufacturing unit
3.1 Definitions:
produced in a given period of time not to exceed a calendar
3.1.1 greige thread, n—unfinished sewing thread after final
month.
plying or an equivalent step in a processing sequence such as
5.2 Lot Sample—Select the number of specimens as di-
extruding, texturing or braiding.
rected in MIL-STD-105E using single sampling with a general
3.1.2 sewing thread, n—a flexible small diameter yarn or
inspection level of S1 and a 1.0 AQL.
strand, usually treated with a surface coating, lubricant, or
5.3 Laboratory Sample—As a laboratory sample for accep-
both, intended to be used to stitch one or more pieces of
tance testing, take each unit in the lot sample.
material or an object to a material.
5.4 Test Specimens—From each package in the laboratory
3.1.3 ticket number, n—the tex number assigned to a sewing
sample, take one specimen.
thread to designate its approximate linear density.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The ticket number is an indicator of the
6. Requirements
minimum amount of fiber present. The smaller the number, the
6.1 Thread ticket numbers shall be based on average result-
finer the thread (lesser amount of fiber); and the larger the
ant yarn number and shall be designated as indicated in Table
number, the coarser the thread (greater amount of fiber).
1.
3.1.4 For definitions of other textile terms used in this
7. Procedure
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D-13 on Textiles
7.1 Determine in tex the resultant yarn number of the greige
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D13.58 on Yarn Test Methods,
thread as directed in Methods D 204.
Genera
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of crimp contraction, residual fiber shrinkage and their variability of all types of filament yarns (partially oriented yarn (POY), fully oriented yarn (FOY), flat yarns, textured and bulked continuous filament (BCF) carpet yarns) using an automated tester.
Note 1: For another method of testing crimp in textured yarns, refer to Test Method D4031.
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5.1 Test Method D6612 for yarn number and yarn number variability is satisfactory for acceptance of commercial shipments and is used in the trade.
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5.1.2 The average results from the two laboratories should be compared using appropriate statistical analysis and a probability level chosen by the two parties before the testing is begun. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected or the purchaser and the supplier must agree to interpret future test results with consideration to the known bias.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of yarn number up to 4000 dtex (3600 denier) and related variability properties of filament and spun yarns using an automated tester with capability for measuring mass variability characteristics.
1.2 Yarn number variability properties include percent density spread (%DS), coefficient of variation (%CV), density frequency variation.
Note 1: For determination of yarn number by use of reel and balance, refer to Test Method D1907. For another method of measuring variability (unevenness) in yarn, refer to Test Method D1425.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore to ensure conformance with this standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method D1423 for testing twist in yarns by direct-counting is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because current estimates of between-laboratory precision are acceptable and the method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum use the samples for such comparative tests as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material that resulted in the disparate test results and randomly in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, at a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 The determination of twist in a straight section of a yarn is not the simple straightforward operation it appears to be, for the test results may be greatly influenced by variations in test procedures and techniques. In all manipulations, extreme care is necessary to prevent specimen rotation altering the twist level before testing begins.
5.3 The twist in a yarn before it is packaged may be different from that of the yarn after it has been withdrawn from the package because of changes in tension and the effect of the method of withdrawal. If the yarn is withdrawn over-end, a slight increase or decrease in twist will take place, depending upon the direction of the twist in the yarn, the direction of winding on the package, and the length of the wrap on the package.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount and direction of twist at the completion of any stage of twisting in single (spun or filament), plied, cabled, or novelty (exclusive of long-term repeat patterns) yarns. The procedures are designed primarily for yarns in packages, but, with special precautions, they are applicable to yarns taken from fabrics. The procedure for spun yarn in 9.2 is also applicable to rovings.
1.2 For plied yarns, this test method covers the determination of the twist of the plied yarns and the twist of the single yarn before plying. For cabled yarns, the test method covers the determination of the cable or hawser twist; the twist of the plied yarn after plying, but prior to the last twisting operation; and the twist of the single yarn before plying. Procedures are also included for the determination of the twists of the single and plied yarn components as they lie in the final structure. Also, directions are included for the determination of twist in plied yarn made with direct cabling technology.
1.3 This test method is not intended for yarns that extend more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 2.5 to 7.5 mN/tex [0.25 to 0.75 gf/tex]. Following the procedures of this test method for such yarns would be independent of the bias and precision determined for this test method. The report from such testing should include the tension used for this testing.
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Assigning a value to any property of the material in a container or in a lot, consignment, or delivery involves a measurement process that includes both sampling and testing procedures. The correctness of the value assigned depends upon the variability due to testing and sampling plan. Even when the variability due to testing is minimized by carefully developed procedures, correct and consistent estimates of the true value of the property are possible only when the sampling procedure avoids systematic bias, minimizes variations due to sampling, and provides a laboratory sample of adequate size.
5.2 Practice D2258 may not give the most efficient sampling plan that might be devised in special situations but does present a general procedure that gives satisfactory precision with an economical amount of sampling. Many plans that include stratified sampling can be found in textbooks and through the use of statistical software tools and calculators.
5.2.1 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define suitable production lots based on one or more of the following: supply lot, production shift/time segment, production equipment or production line, operator, designated shipment, production run, or a combination herein.
5.2.2 If not specified by the purchaser, the manufacturer will define sampling and testing frequency based on the following: process capability or capability analysis, historical trends, level of detection rate required, confidence level requirements, known variations or special causes, or both. Every attempt to ensure conforming product is being produced, identify potential nonconforming product or proper isolation and identification, will be carried out by the manufacturer.
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1.1 This practice describes a procedure for the division of shipments of yarn into test lots and the sampling of such lots for testing.
1.1.1 This practice can be used for lot sample testing of yarns for both pre-fabric production and post-fabric production.
1.2 This practice is applicable to single, plied, or cabled yarns, and cords, made of any fiber or mixture of fibers, and supported on any form of package, including beams.
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1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical...
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5.1 Acceptance Testing—Option A1 of Test Method D2256 is considered satisfactory for acceptance testing of commercial shipments because the test method has been used extensively in the trade for acceptance testing. However, this statement is not applicable to knot and loop breaking force tests, tests on wet specimens, tests on oven-dried specimens, or tests on specimens exposed to low or high temperatures and should be used with caution for acceptance testing because factual information on between-laboratory precision and bias is not available.
5.1.1 If there are differences of practical significance between reported test results for two laboratories (or more), comparative tests should be performed to determine if there is a statistical bias between them, using competent statistical assistance. As a minimum, use the samples for such a comparative tests that are as homogeneous as possible, drawn from the same lot of material as the samples that resulted in disparate results during initial testing and randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory. The test results from the laboratories involved should be compared using a statistical test for unpaired data, a probability level chosen prior to the testing series. If a bias is found, either its cause must be found and corrected, or future test results for that material must be adjusted in consideration of the known bias.
5.2 Fundamental Properties—The breaking tenacity, calculated from the breaking force and the linear density, and the elongation are fundamental properties that are widely used to establish limitations on yarn processing or conversion and on their end-use applications. Initial modulus is a measure of the resistance of the yarn to extension at forces below the yield point. The chord modulus is used to estimate the resistance to imposed strain. The breaking toughness is a measure of the work necessary to break the yarn.
5.3 Comparison to Skein Testing—The single-strand method gives a more a...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile properties of monofilament, multifilament, and spun yarns, either single, plied, or cabled with the exception of yarns that stretch more than 5.0 % when tension is increased from 0.05 to 1.0 cN/tex [0.5 to 1.0 gf/tex].
1.2 This test method covers the measurement of breaking force and elongation of yarns and includes directions for the calculation of breaking tenacity, initial modulus, chord modulus, and breaking toughness.
1.2.1 Options are included for the testing of specimens in: (A) straight, (B) knotted, and (C) looped form.
1.2.2 Conditions of test are included for the testing of specimens that are: (1) conditioned air, (2) wet, not immersed, (3) wet, immersed, (4) oven-dried, (5) exposed to elevated temperature, or (6) exposed to low temperature.
Note 1: Special methods for testing yarns made from specific fibers; namely, glass, flax, hemp, ramie, and kraft paper and for specific products; namely, tire cords and rope, have been published: Test Methods D885, and Specification D578.
Note 2: For directions covering the determination of breaking force of yarn by the skein method refer to Test Method D1578.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization estab...
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