ASTM D7357-07(2019)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7357 −07 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Specification for
Cellulose Fibers for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7357; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
1.1 This specification covers minimum requirements for 2.1 ASTM Standards:
cellulose fibers intended for use in fiber-reinforced concrete, C1116 Specification for Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
and other cementitious products. D6942 Test Method for Stability of Cellulose Fibers in
Alkaline Environments
1.2 This specification provides for measurement of
2.2 TAPPI (Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper
properties, definition of types, typical properties, and pre-
Industry):
scribes testing procedures to establish conformance to these
T 205 Forming handsheets for physical tests of pulps
requirements.
T 222 Acid-insoluble lignin in wood and pulp
1.3 In the case of conflict between a more stringent require-
T 231 Zero-span breaking strength of pulp (dry zero-span
ment of a product specification and a requirement of this
tensile)
specification,theproductspecificationshallprevail.Inthecase
T 232 Fiber length of pulp by projection
of a conflict between a requirement of the product specification
T 233 Fiber length of pulp by classification
or a requirement of this specification and a more stringent
T 234 Coarseness of pulp fibers
requirement of the purchase order, the purchase order shall
T 236 Kappa number of pulp
prevail. The purchase order requirements shall not take prece-
T 259 Species identification of non-wood plant fibers
dence if they, in any way, violate the requirements of the
T 263 Identification of wood and fibers from conifers
product specification or this specification; for example, by the
2.3 ACI (American Concrete Institute) Documents:
waiving of a test requirement or by making a test requirement
544.1R Committee Report on Fiber-Reinforced Concrete
less stringent.
2.4 ICC-ES Documents:
1.4 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
AC 217 Acceptance Criteria for Concrete with Virgin Cel-
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
lulose Fibers
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
3. Terminology
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
3.1 Definitions:
with the standard.
3.1.1 alkaline stability, n—resistance to strength loss due to
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
exposuretoalkalineenvironments,asmeasuredinTestMethod
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
D6942.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.1.2 coarseness, n—linear density given in units of mg/
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
100m. (See TAPPI T 234.) This unit is termed decigrex, and
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
can be converted to the standard textile linear density unit,
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
denier, which is weight in grams of 9000 meters of synthetic
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
fiber.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
1 3
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint Available from TechnicalAssociation of the Pulp and Paper Industry (TAPPI),
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of 15 Technology Parkway South, Norcross, GA 30092, http://www.tappi.org.
Subcommittee D01.36 on Cellulose and Cellulose Derivatives. Available fromAmerican Concrete Institute (ACI), P.O. Box 9094, Farmington
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2019. Published December 2019. Originally Hills, MI 48333-9094, http://www.aci-int.org.
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D7357 – 07 (2012). Available from ICC-ES, 5360 Workman Mill Road, Whittier, CA 90601,
DOI: 10.1520/D7357-07R19. http://www.icc-es.org, under “Approved Criteria.”
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7357 − 07 (2019)
3.1.3 durability/compatibility with concrete, n—resistance (poly-1,4-β-D-anhydroglucopyranose) and hemicellulose
to strength loss based on ZSSR testing (Test Method D6942) (polymers of mixed pentoses and hexoses).
using saturated calcium hydroxide and 1N sodium hydroxide
7.2 Unbleached, semibleached and fully bleached chemical
as alkaline environments. (See ICC-ES AC 217, section 4.6.)
wood pulps have cellulose as the predominant polymer. Unpu-
3.1.4 zero-span stability ratio (ZSSR), n—the ratio of the
rified vegetable fibers will have hemicelluloses as the predomi-
zero-span tensile after exposure to an alkaline environment to
nate polymer.
the zero-span tensile of the control fibers (that is, fibers not
7.3 Mechanical wood pulps will have approximately equal
exposed to an alkaline environment) as defined in Test Method
amounts of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin.
D6942.
7.4 Purified chemical (“fully bleached”) wood pulps do not
3.1.5 zero-span tensile, n—measurement of individual fiber
contain lignin, but mechanical, unbleached, and semi-bleached
strength, as defined in TAPPI Method T 231 based on testing
pulps still retain some residual lignin. Fibers that are not
standard handsheets made according to TAPPI Method T 205.
lignin-free should be certified by the level of lignin present
using either the kappa number test (TAPPI T 236) or the
4. Classification
acid-insoluble lignin test (TAPPI T 222).
4.1 Cellulose fibers are described in ACI 544.1R-96, chap-
ter 5 as a class of natural fibers. Specification C1116 also uses
8. Physical Properties
the term natural fiber to describe cellulosic fibers.
8.1 The average fiber length of the cellulosic fibers will be
4.2 Unknown cellulosic plant fibers must be identified as
specified based on projected length (TAPPI T 232), classified
such or identified by appropriate microscopic examination.
length (TAPPI T 233) or instrumental determination by a fiber
(TAPPIT 259providesfortheidentificationofnon-woodplant
analyzer.
fibers, and T 263 provides for the identification of fibers from
8.2 The average fiber coarseness of the cellulosic fibers will
conifers.)
be specified based on microscopic examination (TAPPI T 234)
4.3 If known, the common name
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