ASTM E1894-08
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources
Standard Guide for Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed X-Ray Sources
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Flash X-ray facilities provide intense bremsstrahlung radiation environments, usually in a single sub-microsecond pulse, which unfortunately, often fluctuates in amplitude, shape, and spectrum from shot to shot. Therefore, appropriate dosimetry must be fielded on every exposure to characterize the environment, see ICRU Report 34. These intense bremsstrahlung sources have a variety of applications which include the following:
Generation of X-ray and gamma-ray environments similar to that from a nuclear weapon burst.
Studies of the effects of X rays and gamma rays on materials.
Studies of the effects of radiation on electronic devices such as transistors, diodes, and capacitors.
Vulnerability and survivability testing of military systems and components.
Computer code validation studies.
This guide is written to assist the experimenter in selecting the needed dosimetry systems (often in an experiment not all radiation parameters must be measured) for use at pulsed X-ray facilities. This guide also provides a brief summary of the information on how to use each of the dosimetry systems. Other guides (see Section 3) provide more detailed information on selected dosimetry systems in radiation environments and should be consulted after an initial decision is made on the appropriate dosimetry system to use. There are many key parameters which describe a flash X-ray source, such as dose, dose rate, spectrum, pulse width, etc., such that typically no single dosimetry system can measure all the parameters simultaneously.
FIG. 1 Range of Available Bremsstrahlung Spectra from Flash X-ray Sources
SCOPE
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and dose-rate techniques are described.
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash x-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
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Designation: E1894 − 08
StandardGuide for
Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed
1
X-Ray Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2.10 Section 10: Description of how the experimenter de-
termines uncertainty in the dosimetry measurements.
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using
dosimetry systems in flash X-ray experiments. Both dose and 2.11 Section 11: References.
dose-rate techniques are described.
3. Referenced Documents
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash x-ray sources are
2
3.1 ASTM Standards:
given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and
1.3 Assistanceisprovidedtorelatethemeasureddosetothe
Dosimetry
response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed
E665PracticeforDeterminingAbsorbedDoseVersusDepth
to be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
inMaterialsExposedtotheX-RayOutputofFlashX-Ray
3
Machines (Withdrawn 2000)
2. Contents
E666Practice for CalculatingAbsorbed Dose From Gamma
2.1 Section 1: Scope of guide. or X Radiation
E668 Practice for Application of Thermoluminescence-
2.2 Section 2: Outline.
Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed
2.3 Section 3: Related ASTM and ICRU documents.
DoseinRadiation-HardnessTestingofElectronicDevices
E1249Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radia-
2.4 Section 4: Definition of terms.
tionHardnessTestingofSiliconElectronicDevicesUsing
2.5 Section 5: Significance and use of this document for the
Co-60 Sources
selection of dosimetry systems for use in pulsed x-ray sources.
ISO/ASTM 51261Guide for Selection and Calibration of
2.6 Section 6: Description of large flash x-ray sources and
Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
their characteristics. ISO/ASTM 51275Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film
Dosimetry system
2.7 Section 7: Measurement principles with an emphasis on
ISO/ASTM 51310Practice for Use of a Radiochromic
obtaining absorbed dose measurements for different spectral
Optical Waveguide Dosimetry system
conditions in the dosimeter, the DUT, and the relationship
3.2 International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU)
between them.
4
and Measurements Reports:
2.8 Section 8: The primary information in this guide. The
ICRU Report 14Radiation Dosimetry: X rays and Gamma
experimenterwillfinddetailsoneachdosimetrysystem.Listed
RayswithMaximumPhotonEnergiesBetween0.6and50
are details such as: 1) how the dosimeters works, i.e., physical
MeV
principles, 2) typical applications or instrumentation
ICRU Report 17Radiation Dosimetry: X rays Generated at
configurations, 3) advantages, 4) limitations, 5) sensitivity 6)
Potentials of 5 to 150 kV
procedures for calibration and proper use and finally reproduc-
ICRU Report 33Radiation Quantities and Units
ibility and accuracy.
ICRU Report 34The Dosimetry of Pulsed Radiation
2.9 Section 9: Suggested documentation requirements.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee the ASTM website.
3
E10.07 on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally www.astm.org.
4
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E1894–97(2002). Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and
DOI: 10.1520/E1894-08. Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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E1894 − 08
4. Terminology 4.9 equilibrium absorbed dose—absorbed dose at some
incremental volume within the material in which the condition
4.1 absorbed dose—quotientof de¯/dm,where de¯ isthemean
of electron equilibrium (the energies, number, and direction of
energy imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass dm:
charged particles induced by the radiation are constant
d
throughout the volume) exists. For lower energies where
D 5 e¯ (1)
dm
bremsstrahlung production is negligible the equilibrium ab-
sorbed dose is equal to the kerma.
See ICRU Report 33. T
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E1894–97 (Reapproved 2002) Designation: E 1894 – 08
Standard Guide for
Selecting Dosimetry Systems for Application in Pulsed
1
X-Ray Sources
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1894; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide provides assistance in selecting and using dosimetry systems in flash x-rayX-ray experiments. Both dose and
dose–ratedose-rate techniques are described.
1.2 Operating characteristics of flash x–rayx-ray sources are given, with emphasis on the spectrum of the photon output.
1.3 Assistance is provided to relate the measured dose to the response of a device under test (DUT). The device is assumed to
be a semiconductor electronic part or system.
2. Contents
2.1 Section 1: Scope of guide.
2.2 Section 2: Outline.
2.3 Section 3: Related ASTM and ICRU documents.
2.4 Section 4: Definition of terms.
2.5 Section5:Significanceanduseofthisdocumentfortheselectionofdosimetrysystemsforuseinpulsedx–rayx-raysources.
2.6 Section 6: Description of large flash x–rayx-ray sources and their characteristics.
2.7 Section 7: Measurement principles with an emphasis on obtaining absorbed dose measurements for different spectral
conditions in the dosimeter, the DUT, and the relationship between them.
2.8 Section 8: The primary information in this guide. The experimenter will find details on each dosimetry system. Listed are
details such as: 1) how the dosimeters works, i.e., physical principles, 2) typical applications or instrumentation configurations, 3)
advantages, 4) limitations, 5) sensitivity 6) procedures for calibration and proper use and finally reproducibility and accuracy.
2.9 Section 9: Suggested documentation requirements.
2.10 Section 10: Description of how the experimenter determines uncertainty in the dosimetry measurements.
2.11 Section 11: References.
3. Referenced Documents
3.1 ASTM Standards:
2
E170Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E 170 Terminology Relating to Radiation Measurements and Dosimetry
E 665 Practice for Determining Absorbed Dose Versus Depth in Materials Exposed to the X–rayX-ray Output of Flash
3
X–rayX-ray Machines
E 666 Practice for Calculating Absorbed Dose fromFrom Gamma or X Radiation
E 668 Practice for the Application of Thermoluminescence–-Dosimetry (TLD) Systems for Determining Absorbed Dose in
Radiation–-Hardness Testing of Electronic Devices
E 1249 Practice for Minimizing Dosimetry Errors in Radiation Hardness Testing of Silicon Electronic Devices Using
Co–60Co-60 Sources
3
E 1261 Guide for Selection and Calibration of Dosimetry Systems for Radiation Processing
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee 94E 10.07
on Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved June 10, 1997. Published July 1998.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E10 on Nuclear Technology and Applications and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E10.07 on
Radiation Dosimetry for Radiation Effects on Materials and Devices.
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published November 2008. Originally approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 1894 – 97 (2002).
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. ForAnnualBookofASTMStandards
, Vol 12.02.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, 7910 Woodmont Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD 20814, U.S.A.
3
Withdrawn. The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1894–08
3
E 1275 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Film Dosimetry System
3
E 1310 Practice for Use of a Radiochromic Optical Waveguide Dosimetry System
4
3.2 International Commission on Radiation Units (ICRU) and Measurements Reports:
ICRU Report 14– Radiation Dosimetry: X rays and Gamma Rays with Maximum Photon Energies Between 0.6 a
...
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