ASTM D153-84(2020)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:D153 −84 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Methods for
Specific Gravity of Pigments
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D153; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Purity of Reagents
1.1 These test methods cover three procedures for determin- 3.1 PurityofWater—Reference to water shall be understood
ing the specific gravity of pigments, as follows: to mean reagent water as defined by Type II of Specification
Test Method A—For Routine Testing of Several Samples D1193.
Simultaneously.
TEST METHOD A—FOR ROUTINE TESTING OF
Test Method B—For Tests Requiring Greater Accuracy than
SEVERAL SAMPLES SIMULTANEOUSLY
Test Method A.
Test Method C—For Rapid and Accurate Testing of Single
4. Apparatus and Materials
Samples.
4.1 Pycnometer—A pycnometer (Note 1) having a 50-mL
1.2 The specific gravity value obtained by these procedures
capacity.
may be used with the weight of a dry pigment to determine the
NOTE 1—The Weld type with the cap seal on the outside of the neck of
volume occupied by the pigment in a coating formulation.
the bottle is preferred because there is less danger of trapping air just
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
under the capillary tube than with types having the ground glass seal on
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information the inside of the neck.
only.
4.2 Water Bath, maintained at 25 6 0.5°C and equipped
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the with a stirring device.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.3 Manometer, open- or closed-tube (see Part f of the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
apparatus for Test Method C), made of glass tubing 6 mm in
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
diameter, fitted with rubber pressure tubing attached to a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
T-joint leading to the desiccator and the pump. For the
For specific hazard statements, see Sections 5, 11, and 15.
open-tube type 860 mm of mercury shall be used. The
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
difference in levels of the mercury in the manometer when the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
system is in operation, subtracted from the barometer reading
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
taken at the same time, shall be considered the absolute
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
pressure of the system in millimetres of mercury.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
4.4 Desiccator, glass, constructed with heavy walls to with-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
stand a vacuum of one atmosphere, and with an opening at the
side.
2. Referenced Documents
2 4.5 VacuumPumps—Alaboratory water vacuum-type pump
2.1 ASTM Standards:
(Note 2), to remove the greater portion of air in the desiccator,
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
and an oil vacuum-type pump, motor-driven, and capable of
reducing the absolute pressure of the system to 3 mm.
1 NOTE 2—The water vacuum pump may be omitted if the rate of
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
evacuation with the oil pump can be controlled so as to avoid a rapid
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
ebullition of entrapped air and possible loss of specimen.
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
Current edition approved June 1, 2020. Published June 2020. Originally
4.6 Thermometer, having a range from 0 to 60°C, and
approved in 1923. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D153 – 84 (2014).
graduated in 0.1°C divisions.
DOI: 10.1520/D0153-84R20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.7 WeighingBottle, wide-mouth cylindrical glass (about 30
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
mm in height and 70 mm in diameter), provided with a
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. ground-glass stopper.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D153−84 (2020)
4.8 Immersion Liquid—Kerosine has been found to be a proper vacuum. When the manometer indicates that the abso-
good wetting vehicle for most pigments, and shall be used lute pressure is 3 mm and constant, cut off the oil pump for
generally as the immersion liquid. Refined, white kerosine of short periods, taking care that the vacuum does not change
narrow evaporation and boiling range shall be used.With some materially due to leakage. At first bubbles of air rise from the
pigments that are not wetted well with kerosine, other immer- pigments very rapidly, then this action gradually decreases and
sion liquids such as glycerin, ethylene glycol, finally stops. The time required for complete removal of air
tetrahydronaphthalene, etc., may be substituted. The liquid may vary from 30 min to 24 h, depending upon the nature of
must have a low evaporation rate and narrow boiling range, the pigment. When no more bubbles can be seen, it may be
and the same procedure shall be followed as with kerosine. assumed that the occluded air has been removed and that the
Water is not a preferred liquid because of the possibility of pigment is thoroughly wet with kerosine. Then slowly admit
frothing. air to the desiccator by means of the pinchcock.
7.6 Filling and Bringing to Temperature—Remove the py-
5. Hazards
cnometer from the desiccator, fill with kerosine at 24 to 25°C
5.1 Before a desiccator is used for the first time, wrap it in
taking care to add a sufficient quantity to prevent air bubbles
a towel and test under an absolute pressure of under 3 mm.
wherethepycnometerisclosed,andpermittocometoconstant
Exercise care in handling the desiccator when under vacuum,
temperature at 25 6 0.5°C in the water bath. Carefully stopper
since a sudden jar may cause it to collapse.
the pycnometer and remove excess kerosine with lens paper.
Take the pycnometer out of the bath, allow to come to room
6. Standardization of Pycnometer
temperature, and weigh.
6.1 Fill the pycnometer with freshly boiled water at 23 to
8. Calculation
24°C, gradually bring to 25 6 0.5°C, and then dry and weigh
as specified in 7.6. Empty the pycnometer, and clean, dry, and
8.1 Calculate the specific gravity, S, of the pigment as
reweigh it. Next fill the pycnometer with kerosine at 23 to
follows:
24°C, bring to 25 6 0.5°C, dry, and weigh as before. Calculate
P
the specific gravity, S, of the kerosine at 25/25°C as follows:
S 5 (2)
K
W 2
S 5 A/B (1)
D
where:
where:
A = weight of kerosine, g, and
P = weight of pigment used, g,
B = weight of water, g.
W = weight of water to fill the pycnometer, g,
K = weight of kerosine added to the pigment, g, and
7. Procedure
D = specific gravity of the kerosine.
7.1 Drying—Dry the pigment, preferably in an electric
oven, at 105 6 2°C for 2 h. 9. Precision
9.1 Duplicate determinations by this test method should not
7.2 Weighing—Transfer to a clean, dry, weighed
pycnometer,sufficientsampletoformalayerapproximately20 differ by more than 0.02.
mm ( ⁄4 in.) deep. For black, blue, and lake pigments of low
TEST METHOD B—FOR TESTS REQUIRING
specific gravity, use about1gof sample; for inert crystalline
GREATER ACCURACY THAN TEST METHOD A
pigments, about 4 g; for opaque white pigments, 7 to 10 g; and
for red lead, from 15 to 20 g.Weigh pigments of a hydroscopic
10. Apparatus (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2)
nature from the weighing bottle.
10.1 Pycnometer, Water Bath, Manometer, Vacuum Pump,
7.3 Number of Specimens—Run all samples at least in
Thermometer, Weighing Bottle, and Immersion Liquid—See
duplicate.
Section 4; also Fig. 2 (e) and (f ).
7.4 Addition of Kerosine—Add enough kerosine to the
pycnometer to form a clear layer approximately ⁄4 in. (6 mm)
above the pigment. When necessary, stir the specimen with a
polished round-bottom glass rod until completely covered by
kerosine, adding more kerosine if necessary.Wash the rod with
kerosine, adding the washings to the pycnometer.
7.5 Removal of Occluded Air—Place the pycnometer in the
desiccator. Close the desiccator and attach to the water pump
until the greater part of the air is removed from the system.
Complete this procedure within a period of 5 to 10 min. Close
the system with a pinchcock and attach the desiccator to the oil
pump for the removal of the small amounts of air given off at
the low pressures obtainable with the oil pump. Use the
manometer to indic
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