ASTM D3154-00

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Designation:D3154–00
Standard Test Method for
Average Velocity in a Duct (Pitot Tube Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D3154; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D3796 Practice for Calibration of Type S Pitot Tubes
E1 Specification for ASTM Thermometers
1.1 This test method describes measurement of the average
E337 Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
velocity of a gas stream for the purpose of determining gas
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
flow in a stack, duct, or flue.Although technically complex, it
peratures)
is generally considered the most accurate and often the only
2.2 EPA Standards:
practical test method for taking velocity measurements.
EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
1.2 Thistestmethodissuitableformeasuringgasvelocities
Pollution Measurement Systems. Vol I. Principles
above 3 m/s (10 ft/s).
EPA-600/4-77-027b Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
1.3 This test method provides procedures for determining
Pollution Measurement Systems. Vol. III. Stationary
stack gas composition and moisture content.
Source Specific Methods
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
2.3 ASME Standards:
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for
ASME Performance Test Code: PTC 19.10-1968, Flue and
information only.
Exhaust Gas Analysis
1.5 This test method is applicable to conditions where
ASME Performance Test Code: PTC 19.10-1981 Part 10,
steady-state flow occurs, and for constant fluid conditions. If
Flue and Exhaust Measurements: Instruments and Appa-
these conditions are not meant, other methods must be used.
ratus
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ASME PerformanceTest Code: PTC 38-1980, Determining
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the Concentration of Particulate Matter in a Gas Stream
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.4 Code of Federal Regulation:
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
CFR Part 50 Standards of Performance for Stationary
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Sources, Appendix A; Test Methods 1 through 4
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
D1071 Test Methods for Volumetric Measurement of Gas-
2 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method, refer
eous Fuel Samples
to Terminology D1356.
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3.2 Descriptions of Symbols Specific to This Standard:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling andAnalysis of
Atmospheres
D3195 Practice for Rotameter Calibration 2 2
A = cross-sectional area of stack, m (ft ).
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
B = water vapor in the gas stream, proportion
ws
Pressure
by volume.
D3685/D3685M Test Methods for Sampling and Deter-
C = pitot tube coefficient, dimensionless.
p
mination of Particulate Matter in Stack Gases
D = internal diameter of stack, cm, (in.).
s
K = pitot tube constant:
p
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on
Sampling andAnalysis ofAtmospheres and is the direct responsibility of Subcom-
mittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved Sept. 10, 2000. Published November 2000. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.03.
published as D3154–72. Last previous edition D3154–91(1995). Available from Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.05. Office, Washington, DC 20402.
3 7
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.01. Available from American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 345 East 47th
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.03. Street, New York, NY 10017.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D3154–00
1/2
~g/g 2mol!
= V = volume of water vapor collected in silica
wsg (std)
128.9m/s , (SI),
F G 3
~K! gel, corrected to standard conditions, sm
(sft ).
1/2
~lb/lb 2mol!
=
W = final mass of silica gel or silica gel plus
f
85.29ft/s , (inch-
F G
~R! impinger, g.
pound).
W = initial mass of silica gel or silica gel plus
i
m = mean velocity, m/s (ft/s).
impinger, g.
M = molecular weight of stack gas, dry basis,
d Y = dry gas meter calibration factor.
g/g−mol (lb/lb−mol).
0.28 = molecular weight of nitrogen or carbon
M = molecular weight of stack gas, wet basis,
s
monoxide, divided by 100.
g/g−mol (lb/lb−mol).
0.32 = molecular weight of oxygen, divided by
M = molecular weight of water, 18.0 g/g−mol
w 100.
(18.0 lb/lb−mol).
0.44 = molecular weight of carbon dioxide, di-
N = number of sampling points across a diam-
vided by 100.
eter.
3600 = conversion factor, s/h.
n = nth sampling point from center of stack.
Dp = velocity head of stack gas, kPa (in. water). 4. Summary of Test Method
P = staticpressureofstackgas,kPa(in.water).
static
4.1 This test method describes the use of instrumentation,
P = barometric pressure, kPa (in. Hg).
bar
equipment, and operational procedures necessary for the mea-
P = absolute pressure at the dry gas meter (for
m
surement and calculation of the average velocity of air or gas
this test method it equals P ), kPa (in.
bar
flowsinflues,ducts,orstacksutilizingthepitottubeprinciple,
Hg).
withamanometerordraftgageforpressuremeasurement.The
P = absolute stack gas pressure, kPa (mm Hg).
s
stack gas composition and moisture content are determined,
P = standard ambient atmospheric pressure,
std
using an Orsat analyzer for composition, and condensation
101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg).
techniques for moisture.
%CO = percent CO in the stack gas, by volume,
2 2
dry basis.
5. Significance and Use
%(N +CO) = sum of the percents of N and CO in the
2 2
5.1 The procedures presented in this test method are avail-
stack gas, by volume, dry basis.
able, in part, in Test Method D3685/D3685M, as well as the
% O = percentO inthestackgas,byvolume,dry
2 2
ASME Methods given in 2.3 and Footnote 8, the CFR given
basis.
in 2.4, and the publication given in Footnote 9.
Q = dry volumetric stack gas flow rate cor-
std
rected to standard conditions, dsm /h
6. Apparatus
(dsft /h).
6.1 Pitot Tube, used in conjunction with a suitable manom-
R = ideal gas constant, 0.08312 (kPa) (m )/g −
eter, provides the method for determining the velocity in a
mol) (K)−(SI system) or 21.85 (in. Hg)
duct. The construction of a standard pitot tube and the method
(ft )/(lb−mole) (°R)−(inch-pound).
r = radial distance from center of stack to nth of connecting it to a draft gage are shown in Fig. 1. Details are
n
shown in Fig. 2.
sampling point, cm (in.).
r = density of water, 0.9971 g/mL (0.002194
6.1.1 Tominimizethestemeffectwhenthephysicaldimen-
w
lb/mL) at 25°C (77°F). sions of the pitot tube are too large with respect to the flow
S = between laboratory bias, m/s (ft/s).
scale, the diameter of the pitot tube barrel shall not exceed ⁄30
T
S = among single laboratory bias, m/s (ft/s).
the size of the duct diameter.
s
T = absolute average dry gas meter tempera-
m
6.1.2 At locations where the standard pitot tube cannot be
ture, K (°R).
used in accordance with the sampling plan (see 8.1), or where
T = stack gas temperature, K (° R).
s
dust or moisture or both are present that may clog the small
T = standard absolute temperature, 298 K
std
holes in this instrument, a calibrated Staubscheibe pitot tube,
(537° R).
commonly called a Type “S” pitot tube, shown in Fig. 3, shall
V = initial volume of condenser water, mL.
i
be used.
V = final volume of condenser water, mL.
f
6.1.3 The Type “S” pitot tube may be used in all applica-
V = volumeofgassamplemeasuredbythedry
m
tions,providedthatithasbeencalibrated.SeePracticeD3796.
3 3
gas meter, dm (dft ).
v = stack gas velocity, m/s (ft/s).
s
V = volumeofgassamplemeasuredbythedry
m(std) 8
Colen, P., Corey, R. C., and Meyers, J. W., “Methods and Instrumentation for
gas meter, corrected to standard condi-
Furnace Heat Absorption Studies; Temperature and Composition of Gases at
3 3
tions, dm (dft ). FurnaceOutlets”TransactionoftheAmericanSocietyofMechanicalEngineers, 71,
pp. 965–78, 1949.
V = volume of water vapor condensed, cor-
wc(std)
3 3 Bulletin WP-50, Western Precipitation Division, Joy Manufacturing Co.,
rected to standard conditions, sm (sft ).
“Methods for Determination of Velocity, Dust, and Mist Content of Gases.”
D3154–00
Metric Equivalents
in. mm in. mm
1 1
⁄8 3.2 ⁄2 12.7
5 15
⁄32 4.0 ⁄16 23.8
1 1
⁄4 6.4 2 ⁄2 63.5
⁄16 7.9 5 127
FIG. 2 Standard Pitot Tube Details
FIG. 3 Type 3 Pitot Tube (Special)
head. See Fig. 1. It is equipped with a 250 mm (10 in.) water
column inclined manometer that has 0.25 mm (0.01 in.)
divisions on the 0-to-25 mm (1 in.) inclined scale, and 2.5 mm
(0.1 in.) divisions on the 25 to 250-mm (1 to 10-in.) vertical
scale. This type manometer (or other gauge of equivalent
sensitivity) is satisfactory for measurements of Dp values as
low as 12.5 Pa (0.05 in. H O).
6.3 U-Tube Manometer—A water or mercury filled instru-
FIG. 1 Pitot Tube ment capable of measuring stack pressures to within 0.33 kPa
(2.5 mm Hg).
However, use of the standard pitot tube, where feasible, will 6.4 Thermocouple—A device for measuring temperature
give additional accuracy. utilizing the fact that a small voltage is generated whenever
6.2 DifferentialPressureGage—Aliquid-filledinclinedma- two junctions of two dissimilar metals in an electric circuit are
nometer or an equivalent device used to measure the velocity at different temperature levels.
D3154–00
6.4.1 Potentiometer—An instrument for measuring small
voltages, or for comparing small voltages with a known
voltage, used in conjuncture with the thermocouple.
6.4.2 Thermometer—An ASTM thermometer meeting the
requirements of Specification E1, for measuring the gas
temperatures of small ducts.
6.5 Mercury Barometer—Aninstrumentcapableofmeasur-
ingambientatmosphericpressureto0.5kPa.SeeTestMethods
D3631.
6.6 Gas Density Determination Equipment—See Fig. 4.
6.6.1 Probe—A stainless steel or borosilicate glass tube,
equipped with an in-stack or out-of-stack filter to remove
particulate matter.
6.6.2 Condenser—A water-cooled condenser that will not
removeO,CO ,CO,andN ,toremoveexcessmoistureifthe
2 2 2
gas stream contains over 2% moisture by volume. The main
consideration is that the condenser volume be kept to the
minimum size because it will be more difficult to purge the
sample train before collecting a sample if the condenser is too
large. A 63-mm (0.25-in.) stainless steel coil, or equivalent,
FIG. 5 Orsat Apparatus
connected to a water collection chamber with a capacity of
about 40 mL is sufficient.
6.6.3 Valve—A needle valve to adjust the sample gas flow
stack gas concentrations, by successively passing the gas
rate.
through adsorbents that remove the specific gaseous compo-
6.6.4 Pump—Aleak-free diaphragm pump, to transport the
nents. The difference in gas volumes before and after the
sample gas to the flexible bag. A small surge tank shall be
absorptions represents the amount of constituent gas in the
installed between the pump and the rate meter to eliminate the
sample.
pulsation effect of the pump on the rate meter. Leak-test the
6.6.8.1 The analyzer shown in Fig. 5 includes a glass buret
pump, surge tank and rate meter (see 6.6.5), as described in
to measure the gas volume of the sample, a water jacket to
9.4.2.
maintain constant temperature, a manifold to control the gas
6.6.5 Rate Meter—A rotameter or equivalent rate meter,
flow, three absorption pipets (to remove CO,O , and CO),
2 2
capableofmeasuringflowratestowithin 62%oftheselected
rubber expansion bags, and a liquid-filled leveling bottle to
flow rate.
move the gas sample within the analyzer.
6.6.6 FlexibleBag—Aleak-freeinertplasticbag,havingthe
6.6.8.2 For CO values >4%, a standard Orsat gas analyzer
capacity adequate for the selected flow rate and length of time
with a buret with 0.2 mL divisions and spacings divisions of
ofthetest.Acapacityof90L(3.2ft )isusuallysufficient.The
about 1 mm (0.14 in.) is satisfactory. For lower CO values or
bag shall be leak-tested before each test, as described in 9.4.3.
for O values >15%, a buret with 0.1 mL divisions with
6.6.7 Vacuum Gage—A mercury manometer, or equivalent
spacings of >1 mm shall be used.
of 101.3 kPa (760 mm Hg) capacity, to be used for the sample
6.6.8.3 The analyzer shall be leak-tested before and after
train leak test. Test the gage as described in 9.4.5.
each test, as described in 9.4.1.1.
6.6.8 Orsat Gas Analyzer—See Fig. 5. The Orsat gas
6.7 Gas Moisture Measuring Equipment— See Fig. 6.
analyzerisusedtoanalyzethegassampleforCO ,O ,andCO
2 2
6.7.1 Probe—See 6.6.1.
FIG. 4 Integrated Gas Sampling Train FIG. 6 Moisture Sampling Train
D3154–00
6.7.1.1 Probe Heater—A heating system to maintain the 7.3 Alkaline Pyrogallic Acid Reagent, used as O absorp-
exitgasstacktemperatureat120 614°C(250 625°F)during tion solution. Mix 40 mL of pyrogallic acid solution (see 7.9)
sampling. with 69 mLof KOH solution (see 7.8). Mix just before use. In
6.7.1.2 The probe shall be checked for breaks and leaks cold weather, some KOH may precipitate. If so, add enough
before each test, and the heater shall be checked to verify that water to redissolve the KOH.
it can maintain an exit air temperature of 100°C (212°F) when
7.4 Confining Solution —Add 200 g of sodium sulfate
air is passed through the system at about 20 L/min (0.75
(Na SO ) (see 7.11) to 50 mL of concentrated sulfuric acid
2 4
ft /min). (H SO ) (see 7.12), and add a few drops of methyl orange
2 4
6.7.2 Condensers—Four glass impingers connected in se-
indicator solution (see 7.7). Dilute to 1 L.
ries with leak-free ground-glass fittings or equivalent leak-free
7.5 Cuprous Chloride Solution, (135 g/L)—Dissolve 180
noncontaminating fittings.
gofcuprouschloride(Cu Cl )in1LofconcentratedHCl(see
2 2
6.7.2.1 The first, third and fourth impingers shall be a
7.6).Add330mLofwater,andboilgentlyinalooselycovered
Greenburg-Smith type, modified by replacing the inserts with
flaskcontainingcoilsofsheetcopperuntilthecolordisappears.
unconstricted 13 mm (0.5 in.) inside diameter glass tube
Cool and transfer to a stock bottle, containing a few pieces of
extending to within 13 mm of the flask bottom. The second
copper coil or wire. This solution is used for absorbing CO.
im
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