ASTM D7862-13

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Designation:D7862 −13
StandardSpecification for
Butanol for Blending with Gasoline for Use as Automotive
Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7862; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D1613 Test Method for Acidity in Volatile Solvents and
Chemical Intermediates Used in Paint, Varnish, Lacquer,
1.1 This specification covers butanol intended to be blended
and Related Products
with gasoline at 1 to 12.5 volume % for use as an automotive
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
spark-ignition engine fuel.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
1.1.1 Butanol contains 22 mass % oxygen. The mass % of
D3120 Test Method for Trace Quantities of Sulfur in Light
oxygen of a butanol blend with gasoline depends on the
Liquid Petroleum Hydrocarbons by Oxidative Microcou-
volume%ofbutanolblended,thedensityofthebutanolisomer
lometry
and the density of the base blendstock.
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
1.1.2 The maximum limit on blending is not a performance
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
limit but a current regulatory limit in the United States.
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
1.2 This specification covers three butanol isomers:1-
Petroleum Products
butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol. This specifica-
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
tion specifically excludes 2-methyl-2-propanol (that is, tert-
Products, and Lubricants
butyl alcohol).
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
1.2.1 Tert-butyl alcohol has different physical properties
Petroleum Products
(melting point, water miscibility) than the other three isomers.
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel
standard.
D5453 Test Method for Determination of Total Sulfur in
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Light Hydrocarbons, Spark Ignition Engine Fuel, Diesel
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Engine Fuel, and Engine Oil by Ultraviolet Fluorescence
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
D5854 Practice for Mixing and Handling of Liquid Samples
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D6299 Practice for Applying Statistical Quality Assurance
and Control Charting Techniques to Evaluate Analytical
2. Referenced Documents
Measurement System Performance
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D7319 Test Method for Determination of Existent and Po-
D381 Test Method for Gum Content in Fuels by Jet Evapo-
tential Sulfate and Inorganic Chloride in Fuel Ethanol by
ration
Direct Injection Suppressed Ion Chromatography
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
Determine Conformance with Specifications
ucts by Hydrometer Method
E203 Test Method for Water Using Volumetric Karl Fischer
Titration
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
E1064 Test Method for Water in Organic Liquids by Coulo-
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
metric Karl Fischer Titration
D02.A0 on Gasoline and Oxygenated Fuels.
Current edition approved June 15, 2013. Published August 2013. DOI: 10.1520/
D7862-13.
3. Terminology
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.1 For general terminology, refer to Terminology D4175.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. NOTE 1—The user is advised that the definitions used by various
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7862−13
industries, marketers, and regulatory bodies can differ from those specific
5.2 The product shall be free of any adulterant or contami-
to this specification. It is the responsibility of the user to ensure that the
nant that can render the material unacceptable for its com-
terms used in a particular context are clearly understood.
monly used applications.
3.2 Definitions:
5.2.1 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoid
3.2.1 gasoline, n—a volatile mixture of liquid
butanol contaminated by silicon-containing materials. Silicon
hydrocarbons, generally containing small amounts of
contamination of gasoline-oxygenate blends has led to fouled
additives, suitable for use as a fuel in spark-ignition, internal
vehicle components (for example, spark plugs, exhaust oxygen
combustion engines. D4814
sensors, catalytic converters) requiring parts replacement and
3.2.2 oxygenate, n—an oxygen-containing, ashless, organic repairs.
compound, such as an alcohol or ether, which may be used as 5.2.2 Manufacturers and importers of butanol shall avoid
a fuel or fuel supplement. D4814
butanol contaminated by acetone. Acetone contamination of
gasoline-oxygenate blends can degrade elastomers used in fuel
3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
system components as well as paint and/or clearcoat finishes
3.3.1 butanol, n—butanol or butyl alcohol refers to
used on vehicles.
1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl 1-propanol, three isomeric
alcohols with the molecular formula C H OH, either individu-
4 9
6. Sampling, Containers, and Sample Handling
ally or as mixtures.
6.1 The user is strongly advised to review all intended test
4. Performance Requirements
methods prior to sampling to understand the importance and
4.1 Butanol—Butanol shall conform to the requirements
effects of sampling technique, proper containers, and special
shown in Table 1 at the time of blending with a gasoline. (See
handling required for each test method.
Note 2.)
6.2 Correct sampling procedures are critical to obtain a
NOTE 2—Commercial processes used to manufacture butanol from
sample representative of the lot intended to be tested. Use
biological feedstock typically yield some fusel oil or alcohols such as
appropriate procedures in Practice D4057 or Practice E300 for
pentanol and other higher alcohols.
manual method sampling and in Practice D4177 for automatic
4.1.1 For purposes of determining conformance with these
method sampling, as applicable.
specification limits, an observed value or a calculated value
6.3 The correct sample volume and appropriate container
shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the right-most
selection are important decisions that can impact test results.
significant digit used in expressing the specification limit, in
Refer to Practice D4306 for aviation fuel container selection
accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29. For a
for tests sensitive to trace contamination. Refer to Practice
specification limit expressed as an integer, a trailing zero is
D5854 for procedures on container selection and sample
significantonlyifthedecimalpointisspecified.Foraspecified
mixing and handling. All sampling and storage containers
limit expressed as an integer, and the right-most digit is
should be evaluated for durability and contamination of buta-
non-zero, the right-most digit is significant without a decimal
nol prior to use. Butanol may be sampled in glass containers;
point being specified. This convention applies to specified
however sodium leaching from glass containers has been
limits in Table 1 and will not be observed in the remainder of
shown to interfere with sulfate analysis. HDPE (high density
this specification.
polyethylene)containersmaybeusedinplaceofglasstoavoid
4.2 Other Properties—Limits more restrictive than those
sodium leaching. If samples must be collected in metal
specified above, or the specification of additional properties
containers,donotusesolderedmetalcontainers.Solderingflux
suchascolor,maybeagreeduponbetweenthesupplierandthe
in the containers and lead in the solder can contaminate the
purchaser.
sample.
5. Workmanship 6.4 Sample Size—A minimum of about 1 L or 1 U.S. qt is
recommended.
5.1 The butanol shall be visually free of sediment and
suspended matter. It shall be clear and bright at the ambient 6.5 Lot Size—A lot shall normally consist of the amount
temperature or 21°C, whichever is higher. contained in a tanker compartment or other bulk container in
TABLE 1 Requirements
Property Limit Method
Butanol, volume %, min 96.0 Annex A1
1-butanol, volume % Report Annex A1
2-butanol, volume % Report Annex A1
2-methyl 1-propanol, volume % Report Annex A1
Methanol, volume % max 0.4 Annex A1
Water content, volume %, max 1.0 E203 or E1064
Acidity (as acetic acid CH COOH), mass % (mg/L), max 0.007 (56) D1613
Inorganic Chloride, mg/kg (mg/L), max 8 (6) D7319
Solvent-washed gum, mg/100 mL, max 5.0 D381
Sulfur, mg/kg, max 30. D2622, D5453
Existent sulfate, mg/kg, max 4. D7319
D7862−13
which it is delivered. If this definition does not apply, the as long as these alternative test method results are correlated to
definition of a lot shall be agreed upon between the supplier the US EPAdesignated Test Method D2622 when determining
and purchaser. compliance with US Federal EPA sulfur standards.
NOTE 3—See Sections 5, 6, and 7 on Significance, Safety, and
7.6 Inorganic Chloride—Test Method D7319.
Statistical Considerations, respectively, of Practice E300 for a detailed
discussion of the statistics of sampling.
7.7 Butanol (1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methyl 1-propanol)—
7. Test Methods See Annex A1 for a test method.
7.1 The scope of some of the test methods listed below do
7.8 Methanol—See Annex A1 for a test method.
not include butanol. The precisions of those test methods can
7.9 Total Sulfate—Test Method D7319.
differ from the reported precisions when testing butanol.
7.2 Water Content—Test Methods E203 or E1064.
8. Keywords
7.3 Solvent-Washed Gum Content—Test Method D381, air
8.1 acidity; automotive spark-ignition engine fuel; base
jet apparatus.
gasoline; bio-butanol; butanol; chloride ion content; corrosion
7.4 Acidity—Test Method D1613.
inhibitors; fuel; gasoline; gasoline-butanol blend; impurities;
7.5 Sulfur Content—In the United States, US EPA allows oxygenate; solvent-washed gum; sulfate ion content; sulfur
TestMethodsD3120orD5453formeasuringsulfuringasoline content; water content
ANNEX
(Mandatory Information)
A1. TEST METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF BUTANOL AND ACETONE CONTENT OF BUTANOL FOR BLENDING
WITH GASOLINE BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
A1.1. Scope A1.2. Referenced Documents
A1.2.1 ASTM Standards:
A1.1.1 This test method covers the gas chromatographic
D1364 Test Method for Water in Volatile Solvents (Karl
determination of the butanol content of butanol for blending
Fischer Reagent Titration Method)
with gasoline.
D4307 Practice for Preparation of Liquid Blends for Use as
A1.1.2 Butanol is determined from 95 to 99.9 mass %,
Analytical Standards
acetone is determined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %, ethanol is
D4626 Practice for Calculation of Gas Chromatographic
determined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %, and methanol is deter-
Response Factors
mined from 0.02 to 1.5 mass %. Equations used to convert
E355 Practice for Gas ChromatographyTerms and Relation-
these individual components from mass % to volume % are
ships
provided.
E594 Practice for Testing Flame Ionization Detectors Used
in Gas or Supercritical Fluid Chromatography
A1.1.3 This test method does identify and quantify acetone
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
but does not purport to identify all individual components that
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
can be present in butanol for gasoline blending.
A1.3. Terminology
A1.1.4 Waterisdeterminedbythetestmethodreferencedin
Table 1.
A1.3.1 Definitions—This test method makes reference to
many common gas chromatographic procedures, terms, and
A1.1.5 This test method is inappropriate for impurities that
relationships. Detailed definitions can be found in Practices
boil at temperatures higher than 225°C or for impurities that
E355 and E594.
cause poor or no response in a flame ionization detector, such
as water.
A1.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
A1.3.2.1 butanol, n—for the purposes of this method, buta-
A1.1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
nol or butyl alcohol refers to 3 of the structural isomers of
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
butanol – 1-butanol, 2-butanol, and 2-methyl-1-propanol.
standard.
A1.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. the ASTM website.
D7862−13
A1.3.2.1.1 Discussion—Thismethodhasnotbeenevaluated noted that inadequate splitter design, poor injection technique,
for use with the butanol isomer 2-methyl-2-propanol. and overloading the column can result in poor resolution.
Avoid overloading, particularly of the butanol peak(s), and
A1.4. Summary of Test Method
eliminate this condition during analysis.
A1.4.1 A representative aliquot of the butanol sample is
A1.6.3 Column,Thistestmethodutilizesafusedsilicaopen
introduced into a gas chromatograph equipped with a polydim-
tubular column with non-polar polydimethylsiloxane bonded
ethylsiloxane bonded phase capillary column. Helium carrier
(cross-linked)phaseinternalcoating.Anycolumnwithequiva-
gas transports the vaporized aliquot through the column where
lent or better chromatographic efficiency and selectivity to
the components are separated by the chromatographic process.
those described in A1.6.3.1 may be used.
Components are sensed by a flame ionization detector as they
A1.6.3.1 Open tubular column with a non-polar polydim-
elute from the column. The detector signal is processed by an
ethylsiloxane bonded (cross-linked) p
...