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ASTM D2854-09(2019)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon

Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method provides a method for determining the packed density of a bed of granular activated carbon. Determination of the packed density is essential when designing vessels to hold the material and for ordering purposes when procuring materials to fill existing vessels.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the apparent density of granular activated carbon. For purposes of this test method, granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum of 90 % being larger than 80 mesh.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Aug-2019
ICS
71.040.30 - Chemical reagents
Technical Committee
D28 - Activated Carbon
Drafting Committee
D28.04 - Gas Phase Evaluation Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E177-14 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Refers
ASTM E177-13 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM E177-10 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Refers
ASTM D2867-09 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Nov-2009
Refers
ASTM D2862-97(2009) - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Refers
ASTM D2862-97(2009)e1 - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Sep-2009
Refers
ASTM E177-08 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Oct-2008
Refers
ASTM E542-01(2007) - Standard Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric Apparatus
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007
Refers
ASTM E177-06b - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
15-Nov-2006
Refers
ASTM E177-06a - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2006
Refers
ASTM E177-04e1 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Refers
ASTM E177-04 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Refers
ASTM E177-06 - Standard Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
Effective Date
01-Nov-2004
Refers
ASTM D2867-04 - Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004
Refers
ASTM D2862-97(2004) - Standard Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granular Activated Carbon
Effective Date
01-Apr-2004

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ASTM D2854-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated CarbonASTM D2854-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon
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ASTM D2854-09(2019) - Standard Test Method for Apparent Density of Activated Carbon
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2854 − 09 (Reapproved 2019)
Standard Test Method for
Apparent Density of Activated Carbon
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2854; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope 3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 Apparent density (bulk density) is determined on a
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the appar-
granular sample by measuring the volume packed by a free fall
ent density of granular activated carbon. For purposes of this
from a vibrating feeder into an appropriately sized graduated
test method, granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum
cylinder and determining the mass of the known volume. Other
of 90 % being larger than 80 mesh.
methods for determining apparent density of granular or
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
powdered materials exist. These may involve vibration or
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
tapping of the receiving vessel either while it is being filled or
standard.
afterwards. Application of these methods to granular activated
carbon may give packed density values that differ from those
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
determined by this test method.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Significance and Use
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4.1 This test method provides a method for determining the
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
packed density of a bed of granular activated carbon. Deter-
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
mination of the packed density is essential when designing
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
vessels to hold the material and for ordering purposes when
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
procuring materials to fill existing vessels.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5. Apparatus (see Fig. 1)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 Reservoir Funnel, fabricated of glass or metal.
2. Referenced Documents
5.2 Feed Funnel, glass or metal.
2.1 ASTM Standards: 5.3 Vibratory Feeder, such as shown in Fig. 1 or similar.
D2862 Test Method for Particle Size Distribution of Granu-
5.4 Cylinders,graduated100,250,or500mL,calibrated“to
lar Activated Carbon
contain” (TC).
D2867 Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon
5.5 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.1 g or better.
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
ASTM Test Methods
6. Procedure
E300 Practice for Sampling Industrial Chemicals
6.1 Select a 100, 250, or 500-mL graduated cylinder appro-
E542 Practice for Calibration of Laboratory Volumetric
priate for the particle size of the activated carbon to be tested.
Apparatus
The inside diameter of the cylinder shall be at least ten times
the mean particle diameter (MPD) as determined by Test
Method D2862.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D28 on
Activated Carbon and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D28.04 on Gas 6.2 If desired, the graduated cylinder may be calibrated by
Phase Evaluation Tests.
the user in accordance with Practice E542.
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2019. Published September 2019. Originally
approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D2854 – 09 (2014).
DOI: 10.1520/D2854-09R19.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or A suitable vibratory feeder is the model F-TO vibrating feeder with standard
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM trough 1 ⁄2 by 12 in. and controller. This unit is available from FMC Corporation,
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Material Handling Equipment Division, 57 Cooper Ave., Homer City, PA 15748.
the ASTM website. Similar equipment is available from other suppliers.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
...

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ASTM D5742-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Activity of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The butane activity as determined by this test method is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for the quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons. The butane activity is an indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon sample. This activity number does not necessarily provide an absolute or relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested carbon for other adsorbates or at other conditions of operation.  
5.2 The butane activity test can be used as a non-ozone depleting substitute for the carbon tetrachloride activity test in Test Method D3467. Fig. 1 shows an experimental correlation of activity values obtained using the two adsorbates.  
FIG. 1 Butane Versus Carbon Tetrachloride Correlation  
Note 1: This test has not been designed for use with powdered activated carbon, but it has been used successfully when the flow rate or time are adjusted or the sample volume is decreased to keep the pressure drop at an acceptable value.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the activation level of activated carbon. Butane activity (BA) is defined herein as the ratio (in percent) of the mass of butane adsorbed by an activated carbon sample to the mass of the sample, when the carbon is saturated with butane under the conditions listed in this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D5228-16(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Butane Working Capacity of Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The BWC, as determined by this test method, is a measure of the ability of an activated carbon to adsorb and desorb butane from dry air under specified conditions. It is useful for quality control and evaluation of granular activated carbons that are used in applications where the adsorption of butane and desorption with dry air are of interest. The BWC can also provide a relative measure of the effectiveness of the tested activated carbons on other adsorbates.  
5.2 The butane activity and retentivity can also be determined under the conditions of the test. The butane activity is an indication of the micropore volume of the activated carbon sample. The butane retentivity is an indication of the pore structure of the activated carbon sample.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the butane working capacity (BWC) of new granular activated carbon. The BWC is defined as the difference between the butane adsorbed at saturation and the butane retained per unit volume of carbon after a specified purge. The test method also produces a butane activity value that is defined as the total amount of butane adsorbed on the carbon sample and is expressed as a mass of butane per unit weight or volume of carbon.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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ASTM D5158-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Particle Size of Fine Mesh and Powdered Activated Carbon by Air-Jet Sieving

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The particle size of fine mesh and powdered activated carbon is sometimes used to evaluate filter cake filtration rates and the filter penetration in filtering applications.  
5.2 The selection and handling of fine mesh or powdered activated carbon, and operation of processes using fine mesh or powdered activated carbon, requires the knowledge of the particle size.  
5.3 This test method is intended for single sieve testing only. For determination of particle size distribution of a sample, the test must be repeated using sieves with different openings.
Note 1: Relative humidity (RH) can affect the repeatability and accuracy of this test. Activated carbon not at equilibrium with the RH of the ambient air may lose or gain weight accordingly, dependent upon whether the carbon picks up or loses moisture.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size of powdered activated carbons using an air-jet sieve device. For purposes of this test method, powdered activated carbon is defined as activated carbon in particle sizes predominantly in a range of 80 mesh (0.180 mm) through 500 mesh (0.025 mm).  
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ASTM D8176-18(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Mechanically Tapped Density of Activated Carbon (Powdered and Fine Mesh)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is used to determine the density expressed in g/mL for powdered or fine mesh carbon. Due to the nature of the small particles, the density of these carbon types cannot be measured using the same procedure as granular carbon.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mechanically tapped density of powdered and fine mesh activated carbon. For the purpose of this test method, “powdered carbon” is defined as having a mean particle diameter less than 45 µm, and “fine mesh carbon” is defined as having a particle size predominately between 80 and 325 U.S. Standard mesh.  
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Standard Test Methods for Moisture in Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The moisture content of activated carbon is often required to define and express its properties in relation to the net weight of the carbon.  
4.2 The moisture content of activated carbon packed in typical shipping containers will usually increase during transportation and storage. Users of activated carbon in applications where low moisture content is important should be aware of this effect.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods provide three procedures for the determination of the moisture content of activated carbon. The procedures may also be used to dry samples required for other tests. The oven drying and moisture balance methods are used when water is the only volatile material present and is in significant quantities, and the activated carbon is not heat sensitive (some activated carbons can ignite spontaneously at temperatures as low as 150 °C). The xylene extraction method is used when a carbon is known or suspected to be heat sensitive or to contain miscible organic compounds instead of or in addition to water. The interferences posed by miscible inorganic compounds has not been determined. The oven drying method described in these test methods may be used as the reference for development of instrumental techniques for moisture determination in activated carbon.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This method compares the performance of granular or pelletized activated carbons used in odor control applications, such as sewage treatment plants, pump stations, etc. The method determines the relative breakthrough performance of activated carbon for removing hydrogen sulfide from a humidified gas stream. Other organic contaminants present in field operations may affect the H2S breakthrough capacity of the carbon; these are not addressed by this test. This test does not simulate actual conditions encountered in an odor control application, and is therefore meant only to compare the hydrogen sulfide breakthrough capacities of different carbons under the conditions of the laboratory test.  
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1.1 This test method is intended to evaluate the performance of virgin, newly impregnated or in-service, granular or pelletized activated carbon for the removal of hydrogen sulfide from an air stream, under the laboratory test conditions described herein. A humidified air stream containing 1 % (by volume) hydrogen sulfide is passed through a carbon bed until 50 ppm breakthrough of H2S is observed. The H2S adsorption capacity of the carbon per unit volume at 99.5 % removal efficiency (g H2S/cm3 carbon) is then calculated. This test is not necessarily applicable to non-carbon adsorptive materials.  
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ASTM D3803-91(2022)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Nuclear-Grade Activated Carbon

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5.1 The results of this test method give a conservative estimate of the performance of nuclear-grade activated carbon used in all nuclear power plant HVAC systems for the removal of radioiodine.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a very stringent procedure for establishing the capability of new and used activated carbon to remove radio-labeled methyl iodide from air and gas streams. The single test method described is for application to both new and used carbons, and should give test results comparable to those obtained from similar tests required and performed throughout the world. The conditions employed were selected to approximate operating or accident conditions of a nuclear reactor which would severely reduce the performance of activated carbons. Increasing the temperature at which this test is performed generally increases the removal efficiency of the carbon by increasing the rate of chemical and physical absorption and isotopic exchange, that is, increasing the kinetics of the radioiodine removal mechanisms. Decreasing the relative humidity of the test generally increases the efficiency of methyl iodide removal by activated carbon. The water vapor competes with the methyl iodide for adsorption sites on the carbon, and as the amount of water vapor decreases with lower specified relative humidities, the easier it is for the methyl iodide to be adsorbed. Therefore, this test method is a very stringent test of nuclear-grade activated carbon because of the low temperature and high relative humidity specified. This test method is recommended for the qualification of new carbons and the quantification of the degradation of used carbons.  
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ASTM D6586-03(2021)(Practice)
Standard Practice for the Prediction of Contaminant Adsorption on GAC in Aqueous Systems Using Rapid Small-Scale Column Tests

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Granular activated carbon (GAC) is commonly used to remove contaminants from water. However if not used properly, GAC can not only be expensive but can at times be ineffective. The development of engineering data for the design of full-scale adsorbers often requires time-consuming and expensive pilot plant studies. This rapid standard practice has been developed to predict adsorption in large-scale adsorbers based upon results from small column testing. In contrast to pilot plant studies, the small-scale column test presented in this practice does not allow for a running evaluation of factors that may affect GAC performance over time. Such factors may include, for example, an increased removal of target compounds by bacterial colonizing GAC3 or long-term fouling of GAC caused by inorganic compounds or background organic matter.4 Nevertheless, this practice offers more relevant operational data than isotherm testing without the principal drawbacks of pilot plant studies, namely time and expense; and unlike pilot plant studies, small-scale studies can be performed in a laboratory using water sampled from a remote location.  
5.2 This practice known as the rapid small-scale column test (RSSCT) uses empty bed contact time (EBCT) and hydraulic loading to describe the adsorption process. Mean carbon particle diameter is used to scale RSSCT results to predict the performance of a full-scale adsorber.  
5.3 This practice can be used to compare the effectiveness of different activated carbons for the removal of contaminants from a common water stream.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a test method for the evaluation of granular activated carbon (GAC) for the adsorption of soluble pollutants from water. This practice can be used to estimate the operating capacities of virgin and reactivated granular activated carbons. The results obtained from the small-scale column testing can be used to predict the adsorption of target compounds on GAC in a large column or full-scale adsorber application.  
1.2 This practice can be applied to all types of water including synthetically contaminated water (prepared by spiking high-purity water with selected contaminants), potable waters, industrial wastewaters, sanitary wastes, and effluent waters.  
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ASTM D5159-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Dusting Attrition of Granular Activated Carbon

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Three forces can mechanically degrade a granular activated carbon: impact, crushing, and attrition. Of these three, attrition, or abrasion, is the most common cause of dust formation in actual service. Published test procedures to determine the “hardness” of activated carbons produce results that in general cannot be correlated with field experience. For example, the ball-pan hardness test applies all three forces to the sample in a variable manner determined by the size, shape, and density of the particles. The “stirring bar” abrasion test measures attrition so long as the particle size is smaller than 12 mesh. There is some evidence, however, that the results of this test method are influenced by particle geometry. The procedure set forth in this guide measures the effect of friction forces between vibrating or slowly moving particles during the test and may be only slightly dependent on particle size, shape, and density effects.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide presents a procedure for evaluating the resistance to dusting attrition of granular activated carbons. For the purpose of this guide, the dust attrition coefficient, DA, is defined as the weight (or calculated volume) of dust per unit time, collected on a preweighed filter, in a given vibrating device during a designated time per unit weight of carbon. The initial dust content of the sample may also be determined. Granular activated carbon is defined as a minimum of 90 % being larger than 80 mesh (0.18 mm) (see Test Methods D2867).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D4069-95(2020)(Specification)
Standard Specification for Impregnated Activated Carbon Used to Remove Gaseous Radio-Iodines from Gas Streams

ABSTRACT
This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams. The activated carbon furnished under this specification shall be virgin material. Each batch of impregnated activated carbon shall conform to the requirements for physical properties prescribed. The following test methods shall used to determine the physical properties and performance capability of the sample: apparent density; particle size distribution; ash content; moisture content; ignition temperature; ball-pan hardness; and pH.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Activated carbons used in containment systems for nuclear reactors must be capable of functioning under both normal operating conditions and those conditions which may exist following a design basis accident (DBA). Adsorbent beds that are part of recirculatory systems inside containment may be exposed to the peak pressure, temperature, and steam content of a post-DBA condition.  
5.2 Carbon beds outside containment will be protected by fast-acting shutoff valves from the sudden rise in pressure, temperature, and humidity of the containment atmosphere which would exist following a DBA. However, some rise in temperature and humidity will be experienced even by beds outside containment if they are reconnected to containment after the initial pressure rise (due to escape of steam into the containment volume) has been reduced by containment coolers. The amount of radioactivity that can reach either type of adsorption system is conceivably quite high; hence, there is a possibility of a bed temperature rise due to decay heating. The gaseous radioactive contaminants of most interest are organic iodides. In this test, CH3I is used to typify the performance of the carbon on organic iodine compounds in general. The test described here provide a reasonable picture of the effectiveness of an activated carbon for organic iodides under normal and post-DBA conditions. The equipment and methods described can be used, with discretion, for similar tests at different gas flow conditions and, to some extent, on different gaseous radioactive contaminants and other adsorbents.
SCOPE
1.1 This standard covers the specifications for physical properties and performance requirements of virgin impregnated activated carbon to be used for the removal of gaseous radioiodine species from gas streams.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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