ASTM D2454-23
(Practice)Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Most coatings are designed for a specific baking time and temperature. For a variety of reasons (line stoppages, rerouting back through ovens, oven overheating, etc.) the prescribed time or temperature, or both, of the bake is often exceeded. This practice has been found to be useful in evaluating the effects of overbakes on coatings.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the time-temperature effect of overbaking on the physical and chemical properties of organic coatings.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 31-Jan-2023
- Technical Committee
- D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
- Drafting Committee
- D01.27 - Accelerated Testing
Relations
- Effective Date
- 15-Jan-2024
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2020
- Refers
ASTM D1731-09(2020) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum Surfaces for Painting - Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Feb-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2017
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2016
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2015
- Effective Date
- 01-Dec-2014
- Refers
ASTM D1731-09(2014) - Standard Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum Surfaces for Painting - Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2014
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2014
Overview
ASTM D2454-23 is the international standard practice for determining the effect of overbaking on organic coatings. Developed by ASTM, this standard provides a systematic method to assess how exceeding the recommended baking time or temperature can impact the physical and chemical properties of organic coatings. In industrial coating processes, deviations from prescribed curing parameters often occur due to equipment malfunctions, production line interruptions, or process rerouting. This standard is a valuable tool for manufacturers, suppliers, and quality assurance professionals to evaluate coating durability and performance under overbake conditions.
Key Topics
- Scope of the Standard: Covers evaluation of time-temperature effects caused by overbaking on organic coatings using controlled panel preparation, baking, and subsequent testing.
- Sample Preparation: Outlines procedures for preparing panels with organic coatings on substrates such as cold-rolled steel, aluminum, and zinc-coated steel. Includes guidelines for primer and topcoat systems.
- Overbake Simulation: Provides detailed baking schedules to simulate overbake scenarios, including increased time and/or temperature, as typically encountered in real-world manufacturing environments.
- Property Testing: Specifies a range of ASTM test methods for assessing key coating attributes post-bake:
- Gloss (D523)
- Color (D1729, E805, D2244)
- Flexibility (D522, D4145)
- Adhesion (D2197, D3359)
- Impact resistance (D2794)
- Hardness (D3363)
- Chemical resistance (D1308)
- Reporting: Requires documentation of substrate type, coating system, film thickness, baking parameters, test methods used, and observed property changes.
Applications
ASTM D2454-23 is widely used across industries where organic coatings are applied, particularly in sectors such as:
- Automotive Manufacturing: Ensuring that painted components withstand unplanned oven fluctuations during mass production.
- Appliance and Metal Fabrication: Evaluating the robustness of coatings on white goods and metal parts when exposed to excess baking.
- Architectural and Building Products: Assessing coating reliability for exterior panels and cladding systems subject to variable production conditions.
- Coating Development and QA: Supporting R&D and quality assurance teams in benchmarking new formulations or verifying compliance with manufacturing tolerances.
- Contract Manufacturing: Facilitating clear agreements between buyers and suppliers regarding process limits and performance expectations for coated products.
Using ASTM D2454-23 helps prevent coating failures, such as discoloration, gloss loss, reduced adhesion, or brittleness, which can occur when coatings are subject to higher-than-intended curing conditions.
Related Standards
Several ASTM standards are referenced within ASTM D2454-23 for specific property evaluations and substrate preparations, including:
- D522 - Mandrel Bend Test of Attached Organic Coatings
- D523 - Specular Gloss
- D609 - Preparation of Steel Panels for Testing Paints and Coatings
- D823 - Film Thickness Application for Test Panels
- D1005 - Dry Film Thickness by Micrometers
- D1308 - Effect of Household Chemicals on Coating Systems
- D1640 - Drying, Curing, Film Formation of Organic Coatings
- D1730, D1731, D2201, D6386, D7396 - Substrate Preparation Standards
- D2197, D3359 - Adhesion Test Methods
- D2794 - Impact Resistance
- D3363 - Film Hardness by Pencil Test
- D4145 - Coating Flexibility for Prepainted Sheet
- E805 - Color Measurement Methods
Practical Value
By adhering to ASTM D2454-23, manufacturers and coating suppliers can:
- Identify potential issues related to process deviations.
- Optimize coating formulations for robust performance.
- Improve product quality and consistency.
- Build trust with clients through standardized testing and clear reporting.
Incorporating this standard into quality control protocols ensures that products with organic coatings remain durable, attractive, and fit-for-purpose even when exposed to unintended overbake conditions.
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ASTM D2454-23 - Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM D2454-23 is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Practice for Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Most coatings are designed for a specific baking time and temperature. For a variety of reasons (line stoppages, rerouting back through ovens, oven overheating, etc.) the prescribed time or temperature, or both, of the bake is often exceeded. This practice has been found to be useful in evaluating the effects of overbakes on coatings. SCOPE 1.1 This practice covers the determination of the time-temperature effect of overbaking on the physical and chemical properties of organic coatings. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 5.1 Most coatings are designed for a specific baking time and temperature. For a variety of reasons (line stoppages, rerouting back through ovens, oven overheating, etc.) the prescribed time or temperature, or both, of the bake is often exceeded. This practice has been found to be useful in evaluating the effects of overbakes on coatings. SCOPE 1.1 This practice covers the determination of the time-temperature effect of overbaking on the physical and chemical properties of organic coatings. 1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard. 1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7. 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ASTM D2454-23 is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 87.020 - Paint coating processes. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM D2454-23 has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM D2794-93(2024), ASTM D1005-95(2020), ASTM D1731-09(2020), ASTM D1730-09(2020), ASTM D7396-14(2020), ASTM D823-17, ASTM D6386-16, ASTM D2244-15a, ASTM D2244-15, ASTM D2244-15e1, ASTM D7396-14, ASTM D1731-09(2014), ASTM D1730-09(2014), ASTM D2244-14, ASTM D523-14. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM D2454-23 is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2454 − 23
Standard Practice for
Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* Clear and Pigmented Coating Systems
D1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the time-
of Organic Coatings
temperature effect of overbaking on the physical and chemical
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color
properties of organic coatings.
Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
standard.
D1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum Sur-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
faces for Painting
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D2197 Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by
responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
Scrape Adhesion
establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental prac- D2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-
tices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations
Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and Related
prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7. Coating Products
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Coordinates
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
2. Referenced Documents
D4145 Test Method for Coating Flexibility of Prepainted
Sheet
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D6386 Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galva-
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached
nized) Coated Iron and Steel Product and Hardware
Organic Coatings
Surfaces for Painting
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels
Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to
for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and
Ferrous Metals and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coat-
Related Coating Products
ings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
D7396 Guide for Preparation of New, Continuous Zinc-
of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on
3. Terminology
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and
3.1 Definitions:
Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
3.1.1 overbaking, n—an exposure of the coating to a mod-
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.
erately higher temperature or to a longer period of baking, or
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2023. Published March 2023. Originally
both, than recommended by the manufacturer of the coating for
approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as D2454 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/D2454-23.
normal curing.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
3.1.1.1 Discussion—This condition is in contrast to “heat
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
resistance” which is a parameter relating to the service life of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. a coating.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2454 − 23
4. Summary of Practice chaser and the seller may also be used. In the absence of a
specific agreement between the purchaser and the seller in
4.1 Four panels are prepared and baked at the schedule
regard to film thickness, apply the coatings by automatic spray.
normally recommended for the coating. Two of the panels are
(Refer to Practices D823, Method A) at a dry film thickness of
then removed and the remaining two are subjected to an
2 mils 6 0.2 mils (50 μm 6 5 μm). Multiple coats may be used
additional overbake in which the time and temperature are
to obtain this film thickness where necessary due to the nature
mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
of the coating material (Note 2). Manual spray application or
The sets of panels, after a suitable conditioning interval, are
the drawdown method with wire-wound draw bars may be used
then evaluated for the properties that are compatible with the
when automatic equipment is not available.
substrate. Among these are gloss, color, flexibility, adhesion,
impact resistance, and resistance to reagents.
NOTE 2—Dry film thickness should be measured in accordance with
NOTE 1—Glass substrates should not be tested for impact, and zinc-
Test Method D1005 or Practice D7091, whichever is applicable. The
coated substrates can influence both flexibility and impact.
adhesion, flexibility, and color can vary considerably with thickness.
8.2 Baking:
5. Significance and Use
8.2.1 The baking schedule for each coating including
5.1 Most coatings are designed for a specific baking time
primer, topcoat, and primer/topcoat systems shall be mutually
and temperature. For a variety of reasons (line stoppages,
agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller and shall
rerouting back through ovens, oven overheating, etc.) the
include the following:
prescribed time or temperature, or both, of the bake is often
8.2.1.1 Normal Baking Schedule (Time and Temperature)
exceeded. This practice has been found to be useful in
recommended for the development of optim
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2454 − 18 D2454 − 23
Standard Practice for
Determining the Effect of Overbaking on Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2454; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This practice covers the determination of the time-temperature effect of overbaking on the physical and chemical properties
of organic coatings.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of whoever uses this standard to consult and establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in Section 7.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D522 Test Methods for Mandrel Bend Test of Attached Organic Coatings
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D609 Practice for Preparation of Cold-Rolled Steel Panels for Testing Paint, Varnish, Conversion Coatings, and Related Coating
Products
D823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Coatings and Related Products on Test Panels
D1005 Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
D1308 Test Method for Effect of Household Chemicals on Clear and Pigmented Coating Systems
D1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings
D1729 Practice for Visual Appraisal of Colors and Color Differences of Diffusely-Illuminated Opaque Materials
D1730 Practices for Preparation of Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Surfaces for Painting
D1731 Practices for Preparation of Hot-Dip Aluminum Surfaces for Painting
D2197 Test Method for Adhesion of Organic Coatings by Scrape Adhesion
D2201 Practice for Preparation of Zinc-Coated and Zinc-Alloy-Coated Steel Panels for Testing Paint and Related Coating
Products
D2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances and Color Differences from Instrumentally Measured Color Coordinates
D2794 Test Method for Resistance of Organic Coatings to the Effects of Rapid Deformation (Impact)
D3359 Test Methods for Rating Adhesion by Tape Test
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.27 on Accelerated Testing.
Current edition approved July 1, 2018Feb. 1, 2023. Published July 2018March 2023. Originally approved in 1966. Last previous edition approved in 20142018 as
D2454 – 14.D2454 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/D2454-18.10.1520/D2454-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2454 − 23
D3363 Test Method for Film Hardness by Pencil Test
D4145 Test Method for Coating Flexibility of Prepainted Sheet
D6386 Practice for Preparation of Zinc (Hot-Dip Galvanized) Coated Iron and Steel Product and Hardware Surfaces for Painting
D7091 Practice for Nondestructive Measurement of Dry Film Thickness of Nonmagnetic Coatings Applied to Ferrous Metals
and Nonmagnetic, Nonconductive Coatings Applied to Non-Ferrous Metals
D7396 Guide for Preparation of New, Continuous Zinc-Coated (Galvanized) Steel Surfaces for Painting
E805 Practice for Identification of Instrumental Methods of Color or Color-Difference Measurement of Materials
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 overbaking, n—an exposure of the coating to a moderately higher temperature or to a longer period of baking, or both, than
recommended by the manufacturer of the coating for normal curing.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—
This condition is in contrast to “heat resistance” which is a parameter relating to the service life of a coating.
4. Summary of Practice
4.1 Four panels are prepared and baked at the schedule normally recommended for the coating. Two of the panels are then
removed and the remaining two are subjected to an additional overbake in which the time and temperature are mutually agreed
upon between the purchaser and the seller. The sets of panels, after a suitable conditioning interval, are then evaluated for the
properties that are compatible with the substrate. Among these are gloss, color, flexibility, adhesion, impact resistance, and
resistance to reagents.
NOTE 1—Glass substrates should not be tested for impact, and zinc-coated substrates can influence both flexibility and impact.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 Most coatings are designed for a specific baking time and temperature. For a variety of reasons (line stoppages, rerouting back
through ovens, oven overheating, etc.) the prescribed time or temperature, or both, of the bake is often exceeded. This practice has
been found to be useful in evaluating the effects of overbakes on coatings.
6. Materials
6.1 Standard Baking-Type Coating mutually agreed upon between the purchaser and the seller.
7. Hazards
7.1 The flash points of most solvents used in many organic coatings and related products are low enough that adequate ventilation
is needed to avoid exceeding 25 % of the lower explosive limits of the solvents when test panels are being prepared and baked.
As these materials are considered toxic, take care to avoid inhalation of solvent vapor and unnecessary contact of solvent with the
skin.
8. Procedure
8.1 Application of Organic Coating:
8.1.1 Apply coatings to steel panels prepared in accordance with Practice D609.
8.1.2 Apply coatings to zinc-coated surfaces prepared in accordance with Guide D7396 or Practice D6386, when zinc has been
applied by the hot-dip method or by electroplating.
8.1.3 Apply coatings to nonpassivated galvanized steel prepared in accordance with Guide D7396 or Practice D2201, when the
zinc is applied by a continuous galvanizing method using an aluminum-bearing zinc.
8.1.4 Apply coatings to a
...
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