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ASTM D6473-99(2005)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control

Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Rock riprap and armor stone are composed of pieces of natural rock that are placed on construction projects to minimize the effects of erosion. The ability of rock to withstand deterioration from weathering affects both the effectiveness of the project and its cost. The specific gravity and absorption of rock provide useful information that can be used in evaluating possible deterioration of rock.
Bulk specific gravity and bulk specific gravity SSD may reflect the quality of rock and is important in that it may provide one indicator to the resistance of a rock to movement by water.
The absorption of water into rock may affect its durability under freezing conditions and salt crystallization conditions. In addition, the absorption test has been used as an index test in determining whether additional tests are needed to evaluate the durability of a rock.
Test specimens equal in size to the proposed design size would provide the best correlations between laboratory tests and actual field performance, however this is usually neither practical nor economically feasible.
The results of these tests are not to be used as the sole basis for determination of rock durability, but should be used in conjunction with the results of other tests.
These test methods have been used to evaluate different types of rocks. There have been rare occasions when test results have provided data that have not agreed with the durability of rock under actual field conditions. For example, some rocks with low absorption values have fragmented in actual usage and some with high absorption values have proven to be durable.
Note 2—The quality of the result produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies which meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this test method are cautioned t...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of specific gravity and absorption of rock for erosion control, commonly referred to as riprap or armor stone. The specific gravity may be expressed as bulk specific gravity or apparent specific gravity. Bulk specific gravity and absorption are based on a 24-h soaking time for the rock specimens tested.
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials is beyond the scope of this test method.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Jun-2005
ICS
13.080.01 - Soil quality and pedology in general
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.17 - Rock for Erosion Control
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D6473-99 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005
Replaced By
ASTM D6473-10 - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control
Effective Date
01-Oct-2010
Referred By
ASTM D4992-22 - Standard Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for Erosion Control
Effective Date
01-Jul-2005

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ASTM D6473-99(2005) - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion ControlASTM D6473-99(2005) - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control
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ASTM D6473-99(2005) - Standard Test Method for Specific Gravity and Absorption of Rock For Erosion Control
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6473 – 99 (Reapproved 2005)
Standard Test Method For
Specific Gravity And Absorption of Rock For Erosion
Control
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6473; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the determination of specific 3.1 Definitions—Definitions for terms in this test method
gravity and absorption of rock for erosion control, commonly shall be in accordance with Terminology D653 except as noted
referred to as riprap or armor stone. The specific gravity may in 3.2.
be expressed as bulk specific gravity or apparent specific 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
gravity. Bulk specific gravity and absorption are based on a 3.2.1 absorption—the increase in the mass of rock due to
24-h soaking time for the rock specimens tested. water in the pores of the material, but not including water
1.2 The use of reclaimed concrete and other materials is adhering to the outside surface of the particles. Absorption is
beyond the scope of this test method. expressed as a percentage of the dry mass. The rock is
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the considered “dry” if it has been maintained in an environment
standard. for sufficient time to remove all visible water.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2 apparent specific gravity—the ratio of (1) the mass in
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the air of a given volume of the impermeable portion of a
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- permeable material (that is, the solid matter including its
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- impermeable pores or voids) at a stated temperature to (2) the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. mass of an equal volume of distilled water at the same stated
temperature. The value is dimensionless.
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.3 bulk specific gravity—theratioof(1)themassinairof
2.1 ASTM Standards:
a given volume of a permeable solid (including both permeable
C127 Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific
and impermeable voids within the material) at a stated tem-
Gravity), and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate perature, to (2) the mass in air of an equal volume of distilled
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
water at the same stated temperature. The value is dimension-
Fluids less.
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
3.2.4 bulk specific gravity (saturated surface-dry) (SSD)—
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as the ratio of (1) the mass of a given volume of permeable solid,
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
(including the mass of water within the saturated permeable
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying voids) filled to the extent achieved by submerging in water for
Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
approximately 24 h at the stated temperature to (2) the mass of
Construction Materials Testing an equal volume of water at the same stated temperature. The
D4992 Practice for Evaluation of Rock to be Used for
value is dimensionless.
Erosion Control 3.2.5 specific gravity—the ratio of (1) the mass in air of a
given volume of solid at a stated temperature to (2) the mass of
an equal volume of distilled water at the same stated tempera-
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
ture. The value is dimensionless.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.17 on Rock and Erosion
Control.
4. Summary of Test Method
Current edition approved July 1, 2005. Published December 2005. Originally
4.1 An air-dried specimen (block, chunk, or slab) of rock is
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D6473–99. DOI:
10.1520/D6473-99R05.
submerged in water for 24 h after which it is weighed while
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
still submerged. It is then removed from the water, dried to a
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
surface dry condition, and weighed again. Finally it is dried in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. an oven for a specified length of time and weighed again. The
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D6473 – 99 (2005)
initial mass and increase in mass are used to determine the 7. Sampling
specimen’s specific gravity and percentage of water absorbed.
7.1 Practice D4992 provides guidance on sampling a source
of rock. A source that is macroscopically uniform in color,
NOTE 1—Immersion durations other than the 24-h period have been
texture, mineralogy, or some other visual property shall be
used. Specimens in those tests have been immersed in increments over a
represented by a sample consisting of a minimum of five
four-day period. Test results indicate a higher percentage of water
absorption than the 24 h test. Negligible differences in bulk specific
specimens of rock.Amacroscopically nonuniform source shall
gravity were measured after one-day soaking and four-day incremental
be represented by a sample consisting of a minimum of eight
soakings.
specimens of rock for testing. Rock types that comprise less
than 5 % of the total source, as determined from their macro-
5. Significance and Use
scopic properties may be ignored, unless their presence will
5.1 Rock riprap and armor stone are composed of pieces of
greatly affect the test results and subsequent proposed use of
natural rock that are placed on construction projects to mini-
therock.Sampletherocktypesintheirapproximateproportion
mize the effects of erosion. The ability of rock to withstand
to the types that occur at the source.
deterioration from weathering affects both the effectiveness of
7.2 Specimens shall be clean and without soil particles or
the project and its cost. The specific gravity and absorption of
other materials that will adhere to them and affect test results.
rock provide useful information that can be used in evaluating
Specimens shall have all loose parts and adhering material
possible deterioration of rock.
removed by brushing with a stiff brush (including the use of
5.2 Bulk specific gravity and bulk specific gravity SSD may water, as necessary) and shall be allowed to air dry.
reflect the quality of rock and is important in that it may 7.3 Each specimen shall be a minimum of 1 kg (2.2 lb) in
provide one indicator to the resistance of a rock to movement mass.The maximum mass shall be limited only by the capacity
by water.
of the scale and
...

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5.3 This test method is a performance test, but can also be used for acceptance testing to determine product conformance to project specifications. For project-specific conformance, unique project-specific conditions should be considered. Caution is advised since information regarding laboratory specific precision is incomplete at this time, and differences in soil and other environmental and geotechnical conditions may affect ECP performance.  
5.4 This standard can also be used as a comparative tool for evaluating the erosion control characteristics of different ECPs and can also be used to gain agency approvals.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to evaluate the ability of erosion control products (ECP) to protect slopes from rainfall-induced erosion using an adjustable tilting bed slope. The standard slopes range from 2.5:1 to 4:1 (H:V) having target rainfall intensities between 4.0 and 5.0 in./h [100 and 125 mm/h].  
1.2 There are three main elements the ECPs must have the ability to perform: 1. Absorb the impact force of raindrops, thereby reducing soil particle loosening and detachment through “splash” mechanisms; 2. Slow runoff and encourage infiltration, thereby reducing soil particle displacement and transport through “overland flow” mechanisms; and 3. Trap soil particles beneath the ECP. When comparing data from different ECPs under consideration, it is important to keep the test conditions the same for the ECPs being evaluated, for example, the rainfall intensity rate and the slope.  
1.3 The results of this test method can be used to evaluate performance and acceptability, and can be used to compare the effectiveness of different ECPs. This method provides a comparative evaluation of an ECP to baseline bare soil conditions under controlled and documented conditions. This test method can provide information about a product that is under consideration for a specific application where no performance information currently exists.  
1.4 This test method covers the use of three different soil types, ECP installation: sprayed, rolled, or dry applied, and a runoff collection procedure. This test is typically performed indoors, but may be performed outside as long as certain requirements are met. Partially enclosed facilities are acceptable providing the environmental conditions are met.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either inch-pound units or SI units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than inch-pound shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In the system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the units for mass is s...

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ASTM
ASTM D5255-15(2023)(Practice)
Standard Practice for Certification of Personnel Engaged in the Testing of Soil and Rock

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This practice provides basic criteria for the development and operation of a certification organization, selection of examination material for a written examination, and the scope and details of a performance test. The qualifications of the examiner and limitations on the relationship between the examiner and the examinee are given in this practice.  
4.2 The basic criteria provided by this practice is intended to be supplemented by more specific criteria serving the requirements of the certification organization.  
4.3 It is unrealistic and unintended that each individual be certified for every test the employing agency performs. Rather, it should be a goal of an agency that a majority of personnel normally performing a given test are certified. Depending on the purpose of the testing, it may be appropriate for the client to specify whether or not a certified technician should perform a given test.  
4.4 Although this practice calls for certification specific to a single ASTM test method, it is not intended the certification organization avoid grouping related test methods in the interest of efficiency.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice provides a guide for evaluation and certification procedures for personnel engaged in testing soil and rock in accordance with ASTM test methods and is intended for use by independent organizations providing certification services.  
1.2 Qualifications for certification candidates, qualifications of those administering the certification examinations, methods of administering the certification tests, and certain certification organization operating requirements are given.  
1.3 Certification is specific to a single ASTM test method. A monitored written examination and a monitored performance examination are normally required.  
Note 1: Personnel certification may be an important aspect of a quality system as described in Practice D3740. Certification of personnel is one means of meeting personnel qualifications given in Practice D3740.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8263/D8263M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining the Change in Mass of Rolled Erosion Control Products When Submerged in Water

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Rolled erosion control products are intended to protect seed beds from erosion and provide an environment that encourages seed germination. Maintaining a moist environment by gradually releasing absorbed moisture helps provide a beneficial growth environment. The ability of a product to absorb moisture is commonly specified. This test method can be used for quality control and to determine product conformance to a specification.  
5.2 Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may be used to control the quality of many RECPs. Change in mass of RECPs submerged in water has not been proven to relate to field performance for all materials.  
5.3 The change in mass of RECPs submerged in water may vary considerably depending on the composition of the materials used in the product or due to inconsistency within the product. This test method enables the characterization and control of product consistency.  
5.4 This test method may be used to determine the effect of different component materials and makeup of RECPs on the change in mass when submerged in water.  
5.5 This test method may be used for acceptance testing of commercial shipments of RECPs. Comparative tests as directed in 5.6 may be advisable.  
5.6 In case of a dispute arising from differences in reported test results when using this test method for acceptance testing of commercial shipments, the purchaser and the supplier shall conduct comparative tests to determine if there is a statistical bias between their laboratories. Competent statistical assistance is recommended for the evaluation of bias. As a minimum, the two parties shall take a group of test specimens that are as homogeneous as possible and that are formed from a lot of material of the type in question. The test specimens shall be randomly assigned in equal numbers to each laboratory for testing. The average results from the two laboratories shall be compared using Student’s t-test for unpaired date and an acceptable probability level ch...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the change in mass of a rolled erosion control product when specimens are submerged in water for a prescribed period of time. The change in mass is reported as a percentage of the original dry mass of the specimen.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units [given in brackets] are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.2.1 It is common practice in the engineering/construction profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass (lbm) and of force (lbf). This practice implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. It is scientifically undesirable to combine the use of two separate sets of inch-pound units within a single standard. As stated, this standard includes the gravitational system of inch-pound units and does not use/present the slug unit of mass. However, the use of balances and scales recording pounds of mass (lbf) or recording density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026, unless superseded by this test method.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded and calculated in the standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for t...

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ASTM
ASTM D7262-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Estimating the Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand of Soil and Aquifer Solids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test methods A and B are used to estimate the permanganate natural oxidant demand exerted by the soil or aquifer solids by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by naturally occurring species as a function of time. Test Method C is used to estimate the permanganate total oxidant demand exerted by soil, aquifer solids, chemical contaminants or any other reduced species by determining the quantity of potassium permanganate that is consumed by all components of the bulk aquifer as a function of time. Typically, the measurement of oxidant demand is used to screen potential sites for in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) with permanganate (Test Methods A and C) and provide information to aid in the design of remediation systems (Test Methods B and C).  
5.2 While some oxidizable species react relatively quickly (that is, days to weeks), others react more slower (weeks to months). Consequently, the PNODt is expected to be some fraction of the PNODmax.  
5.3 For ISCO injection applications, the PNOD may overestimate the demand exerted due to mass transport related issues. For soil blending applications, the PNOD is a more accurate measure of the demand exerted due to better mass to oxidant contact.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/and so forth.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the estimation of the permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) through the determination of the quantity of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) that organic matter and other naturally occurring oxidizable species present in soil or aquifer solids will consume under specified conditions as a function of time. Oxidizable species may include organic constituents and oxidizable inorganic ions, such as ferrous iron and sulfides. The following test methods are included:
Test Method A—48-hour Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand
Test Method B—Permanganate Natural Oxidant Demand Kinetics  
Test Method C—Permanganate Total Oxidant Demand  
1.2 These test methods are limited by the reagents employed to a permanganate natural oxidant demand (PNOD) of 40 g KMnO4 per kg soil or aquifer solids after a period of 48 hours (Methods A and C) or two weeks (Method B).  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to interpret the results of the data. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to interpret the results obtained and to determine the applicability of these results prior to use.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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