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ASTM D4096-17

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Hi-Vol sampler is commonly used for the collection of the airborne particulate component of the atmosphere. Some physical and chemical parameters of the collected particulate matter are dependent upon the physical characteristics of the collection system and the choice of filter media. A variety of options available for the Hi-Vol sampler give it broad versatility and allow the user to develop information about the size and quantity of airborne particulate material and, using subsequent chemical analytical techniques, information about the chemical properties of the particulate matter.  
5.2 This test method presents techniques that when uniformly applied, provide measurements suitable for intersite comparisons.  
5.3 This test method measures the atmosphere presented to the sampler with good precision, but the actual dust levels in the atmosphere can vary widely from one location to another. This means that sampler location may be of paramount importance, and may impose far greater variability of results than any lack of precision in the method of measurement. In particular, localized dust sources may exert a major influence over a very limited area immediately adjacent to such sources. Examples include unpaved streets, vehicle traffic on roadways with a surface film of dust, building demolition and construction activity, or nearby industrial plants with dust emissions. In some cases, dust levels measured close to such sources may be several times the community wide levels exclusive of such localized effects (see Practice D1357).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volume of atmosphere, 1600 to 2400 m3  (55 000 to 85 000 ft 3), by means of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 to 1.70 m3/min (40 to 60 ft3/min) (1-4).2  
1.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diameters of less than 100 μm (stokes equivalent diameter) to be collected. However, the collection efficiencies for particles larger than 20 μm decreases with increasing particle size and it varies widely with the angle of the wind with respect to the roof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5). When glass fiber filters are used, particles within the size range of 100 to 0.1 μm diameters or less are ordinarily collected.  
1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined by plugging of the filter medium with sample material, which causes a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For very dusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary. The minimum amount of particulate matter detectable by this method is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler is operated at an average flow rate of 1.70 m3/min (60 ft3/min) for 24 h, this is equivalent to 1 to 2 μg/m3  (3).  
1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to further analyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Sep-2017
ICS
13.040.01 - Air quality in general
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.03 - Ambient Atmospheres and Source Emissions
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4096-91(2009) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High-Volume Sampler Method)
Effective Date
01-Oct-2017
Replaced By
ASTM D4096-17(2023) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
Effective Date
01-Nov-2023
Refers
ASTM D1356-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM D1357-95(2019) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Aug-2019
Refers
ASTM D3631-99(2017) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure
Effective Date
01-Mar-2017
Refers
ASTM D1356-15a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Oct-2015
Refers
ASTM D1356-15 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Refers
ASTM D1356-14b - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Refers
ASTM D1356-14a - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-May-2014
Refers
ASTM D1356-14 - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
15-Jan-2014
Refers
ASTM E1-13 - Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Effective Date
01-May-2013
Refers
ASTM D3631-99(2011) - Standard Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Refers
ASTM D1357-95(2011) - Standard Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
Effective Date
01-Oct-2011
Refers
ASTM D1356-05(2010) - Standard Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
Effective Date
01-Apr-2010
Refers
ASTM E1-07 - Standard Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
Effective Date
01-Nov-2007

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ASTM D4096-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)ASTM D4096-17 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D4096 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the
1
Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4096; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volume
3 3 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of atmosphere, 1600 to 2400 m (55 000 to 85 000 ft ), by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
means of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 to
3 3 2 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.70 m /min (40 to 60 ft /min) (1-4).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diam-
eters of less than 100 µm (stokes equivalent diameter) to be
2. Referenced Documents
collected. However, the collection efficiencies for particles
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
larger than 20 µm decreases with increasing particle size and it
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
varies widely with the angle of the wind with respect to the
Atmospheres
roof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5).
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
When glass fiber filters are used, particles within the size range
Atmosphere
of 100 to 0.1 µm diameters or less are ordinarily collected.
D2986 Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by the
1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined by
Monodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke Test
4
plugging of the filter medium with sample material, which
(Withdrawn 2004)
causes a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For very
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
dusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary.
Pressure
The minimum amount of particulate matter detectable by this
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
method is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler is
2.2 Other Documents:
3 3
operatedatanaverageflowrateof1.70m /min(60ft /min)for
EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
3
24 h, this is equivalent to 1 to 2 µg/m (3).
Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol I, Principles (De-
5
cember 1984 Rev.)
1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to further
EPA-600/4-77-027a Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
analyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.
Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol II, Ambient Air
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
5
Specific Methods
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3. Terminology
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other terms used in this
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test method, refer to Terminology D1356.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 absolute filter, n—afilterorfiltermediumofultra-high
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Atmospheres and Source Emissions. the ASTM website.
4
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4096 – 91 (2009). www.astm.org.
5
DOI: 10.1520/D4096-17. AvailablefromUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA),William
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
this standard. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Consho
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D4096 − 91 (Reapproved 2009) D4096 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the
1
Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4096; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
3 3
1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volume of atmosphere, 1600 to 2400 m (55 000 to 85 000 ft ), by means
3 3 2
of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 to 1.70 m /min (40 to 60 ft /min) (11-4, 2, 3 and 4).
1.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diameters of less than 100 μm (stokes equivalent diameter) to be collected.
However, the collection efficiencies for particles larger than 20 μm decreases with increasing particle size and it varies widely with
the angle of the wind with respect to the roof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5). When glass fiber filters
are used, particles within the size range of 100 to 0.1 μm diameters or less are ordinarily collected.
1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined by plugging of the filter medium with sample material, which causes
a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For very dusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary. The minimum
amount of particulate matter detectable by this method is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler is operated at an average
3 3 3
flow rate of 1.70 m /min (60 ft /min) for 24 h, this is equivalent to 1 to 2 μg/m (3).
1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to further analyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.
1.5 Values The values stated in SI units shall are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are shown for information
only.standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information
only and are not considered standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheres
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient Atmosphere
D2986 Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by the Monodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke Test (Withdrawn
4
2004)
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric Pressure
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Atmospheres
and Source Emissions.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2017. Published March 2009October 2017. Originally approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 20032009 as
D4096 – 91 (2003).(2009). DOI: 10.1520/D4096-91R09.10.1520/D4096-17.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to thea list of references at the end of this practice.standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
4
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4096 − 17
2.2 Other Documents:
EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol I, Principles (December 1984
5
Rev.)
EPA-600/4-77-027a Quality Assurance Handbook for Air Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol II, Ambient Air Specific
5
Methods
3. Terminology
3.1 Definiti
...

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D4096 − 17
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the
1
Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4096; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volume
3 3 ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
of atmosphere, 1600 to 2400 m (55 000 to 85 000 ft ), by
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
means of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 to
3 3 2 mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.70 m /min (40 to 60 ft /min) (1-4).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diam-
eters of less than 100 µm (stokes equivalent diameter) to be
2. Referenced Documents
collected. However, the collection efficiencies for particles
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
larger than 20 µm decreases with increasing particle size and it
D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of
varies widely with the angle of the wind with respect to the
Atmospheres
roof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5).
D1357 Practice for Planning the Sampling of the Ambient
When glass fiber filters are used, particles within the size range
Atmosphere
of 100 to 0.1 µm diameters or less are ordinarily collected.
D2986 Practice for Evaluation of Air Assay Media by the
1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined by
Monodisperse DOP (Dioctyl Phthalate) Smoke Test
4
plugging of the filter medium with sample material, which
(Withdrawn 2004)
causes a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For very
D3631 Test Methods for Measuring Surface Atmospheric
dusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary.
Pressure
The minimum amount of particulate matter detectable by this
E1 Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
method is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler is
2.2 Other Documents:
3 3
operated at an average flow rate of 1.70 m /min (60 ft /min) for
EPA-600/9-76-005 Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
3
24 h, this is equivalent to 1 to 2 µg/m (3).
Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol I, Principles (De-
5
cember 1984 Rev.)
1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to further
EPA-600/4-77-027a Quality Assurance Handbook for Air
analyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.
Pollution Measurement Systems, Vol II, Ambient Air
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
5
Specific Methods
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-
3. Terminology
tion only and are not considered standard.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of other terms used in this
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
test method, refer to Terminology D1356.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.1 absolute filter, n—a filter or filter medium of ultra-high
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
collection efficiency for very small particles (submicrometre
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.03 on Ambient Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Atmospheres and Source Emissions. the ASTM website.
4
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2017. Published October 2017. Originally The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
approved in 1982. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4096 – 91 (2009). www.astm.org.
5
DOI: 10.1520/D4096-17. Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), William
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20460,
this standard. http://www.epa.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D4096 − 17
siz
...

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Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Suspended Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere (High–Volume Sampler Method)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Hi-Vol sampler is commonly used for the collection of the airborne particulate component of the atmosphere. Some physical and chemical parameters of the collected particulate matter are dependent upon the physical characteristics of the collection system and the choice of filter media. A variety of options available for the Hi-Vol sampler give it broad versatility and allow the user to develop information about the size and quantity of airborne particulate material and, using subsequent chemical analytical techniques, information about the chemical properties of the particulate matter.  
5.2 This test method presents techniques that when uniformly applied, provide measurements suitable for intersite comparisons.  
5.3 This test method measures the atmosphere presented to the sampler with good precision, but the actual dust levels in the atmosphere can vary widely from one location to another. This means that sampler location may be of paramount importance, and may impose far greater variability of results than any lack of precision in the method of measurement. In particular, localized dust sources may exert a major influence over a very limited area immediately adjacent to such sources. Examples include unpaved streets, vehicle traffic on roadways with a surface film of dust, building demolition and construction activity, or nearby industrial plants with dust emissions. In some cases, dust levels measured close to such sources may be several times the community wide levels exclusive of such localized effects (see Practice D1357).
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1.1 This test method provides for sampling a large volume of atmosphere, 1600 m3 to 2400 m3 (55 000 ft3 to 85 000 ft3), by means of a high flow-rate vacuum pump at a rate of 1.13 m3/min to 1.70 m3/min (40 ft3/min to 60 ft3/min) (1-4).2  
1.2 This flow rate allows suspended particles having diameters of less than 100 μm (stokes equivalent diameter) to be collected. However, the collection efficiencies for particles larger than 20 μm decreases with increasing particle size and it varies widely with the angle of the wind with respect to the roof ridge of the sampler shelter and with increasing speed (5). When glass fiber filters are used, particles within the size range of 100 μm to 0.1 μm diameters or less are ordinarily collected.  
1.3 The upper limit of mass loading will be determined by plugging of the filter medium with sample material, which causes a significant decrease in flow rate (see 6.4). For very dusty atmospheres, shorter sampling periods will be necessary. The minimum amount of particulate matter detectable by this method is 3 mg (95 % confidence level). When the sampler is operated at an average flow rate of 1.70 m3/min (60 ft3/min) for 24 h, this is equivalent to 1 μg/m3 to 2 μg/m3 (3).  
1.4 The sample that is collected may be subjected to further analyses by a variety of methods for specific constituents.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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6.5 The use of elevated temperatures additionally facilitates screening tests for emissions of semi-volatile VOCs (SVOCs) such as some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a micro-scale chamber apparatus and associated procedures for rapidly screening materials and products for their vapor-phase emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) including formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds. It is intended to complement, not replace reference methods for measuring chemical emissions for example, small-scale chamber tests (Guide D5116) and emission cell tests (Practice D7143).  
1.2 This practice is suitable for use in and outside of laboratories, in manufacturing sites and in field locations with access to electrical power.  
1.3 Compatible material/product types that may be tested in the micro-scale chamber apparatus include rigid materials, dried or cured paints and coatings, compressible products, and small, irregularly-shaped components such as polymer beads.  
1.4 This practice describes tests to correlate emission results obtained from the micro-scale chamber with results obtained from VOC emission reference methods (for example, Guide D5116, Test Method D6007, Practice D7143, and ISO 16000-9 and ISO 16000-10).  
1.5 The micro-scale chamber apparatus operates at moderately elevated temperatures, 30 °C to 60 °C, to eliminate the need for cooling, to reduce test times, boost emission rates, and enhance analytical signals for routine emission screening, and to facilitate screening of semi-volatile VOC (SVOC) emissions such as emissions of some phthalate esters and other plasticizers.  
1.6 Gas sample collection and chemical analysis are dependent upon the nature of the VOCs targeted and are beyond the scope of this practice. However, the procedures described in Test Method D7339, Practice D6196 and ISO 16000-6 for analysis of VOCs and in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3 for analysis of formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds are applicable to this practice.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicabilit...

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ASTM
ASTM D8142-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determining Chemical Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation using Micro-Scale Environmental Test Chambers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 SPF insulation is applied and formed onsite, which creates unique challenges for measuring product emissions. This test method provides a way to measure post-application chemical emissions from SPF insulation.  
6.2 This test method can be used to identify compounds that emit from SPF insulation products, and the emission factors may be used to compare emissions at the specified sampling times and test conditions.  
6.3 Emission data may be used in product development, manufacturing quality control and comparison of field samples.  
6.4 This test method is used to determine chemical emissions from freshly applied SPF insulation samples. The utility of this test method for investigation of odors in building scale environments has not been demonstrated at this time.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is used to identify and to measure the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted from samples of cured spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation using micro-scale environmental test chambers combined with specific air sampling and analytical methods for VOCs.  
1.2 Specimens prepared from product samples are maintained at specified conditions of temperature, humidity, airflow rate, and elapsed time in micro-scale chambers that are described in Practice D7706. Air samples are collected periodically at the chamber exhaust at the flow rate of the micro-scale chambers.  
1.2.1 Samples for formaldehyde and other low-molecular weight carbonyl compounds are collected on treated silica gel cartridges and are analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as described in Test Method D5197 and ISO 16000-3.  
1.2.2 Samples for other VOCs are collected on multi-sorbent samplers and are analyzed by thermal-desorption gas chromatography / mass spectrometry (TD-GC/MS) as described in U.S. EPA Compendium Method TO-17 and ISO 16000-6.  
1.3 This test method is intended specifically for SPF insulation products. Compatible product types include two component, high pressure and two-component, low pressure formulations of open-cell and closed-cell SPF insulation.  
1.4 VOCs that can be sampled and analyzed by this test method generally include organic blowing agents such as 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, formaldehyde and other carbonyl compounds, residual solvents, and some amine catalysts. Emissions of some organic flame retardants can be measured after 24 h with this method, such as tris (chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP).  
1.5 This test method does not cover the sampling and analysis of methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI) or other isocyanates.  
1.6 Area-specific and mass-specific emission rates are quantified at the elapsed times and chamber conditions as specified in 13.2 and 13.3 of this test method.  
1.7 This test method is used to identify emitted compounds and to estimate their emission factors at specific times. The emission factors are based on specified conditions, therefore, use of the data to predict emissions in other environments may not be appropriate and is beyond the scope of this test method. The results may not be representative of other test conditions or comparable with other test methods.  
1.8 This test method is primarily intended for freshly applied, SPF insulation samples that are sprayed and packaged as described in Practice D7859. The measurement of emissions during spray application and within the first hour following application is outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.9 This test method can also be used to measure the emissions from SPF insulation samples that are collected from building sites where the insulation has already been applied. Potential uses of such measurements include investigations of odor complaints after product application. However, the specific details of odor investigations and other indoor air quality (IAQ) investigations are outside of the scope of this test method.  
1.10 The values stated in SI units are to be regarde...

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ASTM
ASTM D5791-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Using Probability Sampling Methods in Studies of Indoor Air Quality in Buildings

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Studies of indoor air problems are often iterative in nature. A thorough engineering evaluation of a building (1-4)3 is sometimes sufficient to identify likely causes of indoor air problems. When these investigations and subsequent remedial measures are not sufficient to solve a problem, more intensive investigations may be necessary.  
5.2 This guide provides the basis for determining when probability sampling methods are needed to achieve statistically defensible inferences regarding the goals of a study of indoor air quality. The need for probability sampling methods in a study of indoor air quality depends on the specific objectives of the study. Such methods may be needed to select a sample of people to be asked questions, examined medically, or monitored for personal exposures. They may also be needed to select a sample of locations in space and time to be monitored for environmental contaminants.  
5.3 This guide identifies several potential obstacles to proper implementation of probability sampling methods in studies of indoor air quality in buildings and presents procedures that overcome those obstacles or at least minimize their impact.  
5.4 Although this guide specifically addresses sampling people or locations across time within a building, it also provides important guidance for studying populations of buildings. The guidance in this document is fully applicable to sampling locations to determine environmental quality or sampling people to determine environmental effects within each building in the sample selected from a larger population of buildings.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers criteria for determining when probability sampling methods should be used to select locations for placement of environmental monitoring equipment in a building or to select a sample of building occupants for questionnaire administration for a study of indoor air quality. Some of the basic probability sampling methods that are applicable for these types of studies are introduced.  
1.2 Probability sampling refers to statistical sampling methods that select units for observation with known probabilities (including probabilities equal to one for a census) so that statistically defensible inferences are supported from the sample to the entire population of units that had a positive probability of being selected into the sample.  
1.3 This guide describes those situations in which probability sampling methods are needed for a scientific study of the indoor air quality in a building. For those situations for which probability sampling methods are recommended, guidance is provided on how to implement probability sampling methods, including obstacles that may arise. Examples of their application are provided for selected situations. Because some indoor air quality investigations may require application of complex, multistage, survey sampling procedures and because this standard is a guide rather than a practice, the references in Appendix X1 are recommended for guidance on appropriate probability sampling methods, rather than including expositions of such methods in this guide.  
1.4 This standard does not address non-probability sampling approaches. Non-probability sampling approaches may be needed, such as worst-case sampling, range finding sampling, and screening sampling as inputs to help guide and inform probability sampling methods.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D5953M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Non-methane Organic Compounds (NMOC) in Ambient Air Using Cryogenic Preconcentration and Direct Flame Ionization Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Many regulators, industrial processes, and other stakeholders require determination of NMOC in atmospheres.  
5.2 Accurate measurements of ambient NMOC concentrations are critical in devising air pollution control strategies and in assessing control effectiveness because NMOCs are primary precursors of atmospheric ozone and other oxidants (7, 8).  
5.2.1 The NMOC concentrations typically found at urban sites may range up to 1 ppm C to 3 ppm C or higher. In order to determine transport of precursors into an area monitoring site, measurement of NMOC upwind of the site may be necessary. Rural NMOC concentrations originating from areas free from NMOC sources are likely to be less than a few tenths of 1 ppm C.  
5.3 Conventional test methods based upon gas chromatography and qualitative and quantitative species evaluation are relatively time consuming, sometimes difficult and expensive in staff time and resources, and are not needed when only a measurement of NMOC is desired. The test method described requires only a simple, cryogenic pre-concentration procedure followed by direct detection with an FID. This test method provides a sensitive and accurate measurement of ambient total NMOC concentrations where speciated data are not required. Typical uses of this standard test method are as follows.  
5.4 An application of the test method is the monitoring of the cleanliness of canisters.  
5.5 Another use of the test method is the screening of canister samples prior to analysis.  
5.6 Collection of ambient air samples in pressurized canisters provides the following advantages:  
5.6.1 Convenient collection of integrated ambient samples over a specific time period,  
5.6.2 Capability of remote sampling with subsequent central laboratory analysis,  
5.6.3 Ability to ship and store samples, if necessary,  
5.6.4 Unattended sample collection,  
5.6.5 Analysis of samples from multiple sites with one analytical system,  
5.6.6 Collection of replicate samples for ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method2 presents a procedure for sampling and determination of non-methane organic compounds (NMOC) in ambient, indoor, or workplace atmospheres.  
1.2 This test method describes the collection of integrated whole air samples in silanized or other passivated stainless steel canisters, and their subsequent laboratory analysis.  
1.2.1 This test method describes a procedure for sampling in canisters at final pressures above atmospheric pressure (pressurized sampling).  
1.3 This test method employs a cryogenic trapping procedure for concentration of the NMOC prior to analysis.  
1.4 This test method describes the determination of the NMOC by the flame ionization detection (FID), without the use of gas chromatographic columns and other procedures necessary for species separation.  
1.5 The range of this test method is from 20 ppb C to 10 000 ppb C (1, 2).3  
1.6 This test method has a larger uncertainty for some halogenated or oxygenated hydrocarbons than for simple hydrocarbons or aromatic compounds. This is especially true if there are high concentrations of chlorocarbons or chlorofluorocarbons present.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Techn...

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ASTM
ASTM D8141-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selecting Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and Semi-Volatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs) Emission Testing Methods to Determine Emission Parameters for Modeling of Indoor Environments

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Emissions of VOCs are typically controlled by internal mass-transfer limitations (for example, diffusion through the material), while emissions of SVOCs are typically controlled by external mass-transfer limitations (migration through the air immediately above the material). The emission of some chemicals may be controlled by both internal and external mass-transfer limitations. In addition, due to their lower vapor pressure, SVOCs generally adsorb to different media (chamber walls, building materials, particles, and other surfaces) at greater rates than VOCs. This sorption can increase the amount of time required to reach steady-state SVOC concentrations using conventional VOC emission test methods to months for a single test (2).  
4.2 Thus, existing methods for characterizing emissions of VOCs may not be appropriate or practical to properly characterize emission rates of SVOCs for use in modeling SVOC concentrations in indoor environments. A mass-transfer framework is needed to accurately assess emission rates of SVOCs when predicting the SVOC indoor air concentrations in indoor environments. The SVOC mass-transfer framework includes SVOC emission characteristics and its partition to multimedia including sorption to indoor surfaces, airborne particles, and settled dust. Once the SVOC emission parameters and partitioning coefficients have been determined, these values can be used to modeling SVOC indoor concentrations.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to serve as a foundation for understanding when to use emission testing methods designed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) to determine area-specific emission rates that are typically used in modeling indoor air VOC concentrations and when to use emission testing methods designed for semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) to determine mass transfer emission parameters that are typically used to model indoor air, dust, and surface SVOC concentrations.  
1.2 This guide discusses how organic chemicals are conventionally categorized with respect to volatility.  
1.3 This guide presents a simplified mass-transfer model describing organic chemical emissions from a material to bulk air. The values of the model parameters are shown to be specific to material/chemical/chamber combinations.  
1.4 This guide shows how to use a mass-transfer model to estimate whether diffusion of the chemical within the material or convective mass transfer of the chemical from the surface of the material to the overlying air limits chemical emissions from the material surface.  
1.5 This guide describes the range of different chambers that are available for emission testing. The chambers are classified as either dynamic or static and either conventional or sandwich. The chambers are categorized as being optimal to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters.  
1.6 This guide discusses the roles sorption and convective mass-transfer coefficients play in selecting the appropriate emission chamber and analysis method to accurately and efficiently characterize emissions from indoor materials for use in modeling indoor chemical concentrations.  
1.7 This guide recommends when to choose an emission test method that is optimized to determine either the area-specific emission rate or mass-transfer emission parameters. For chemicals where the controlling mass-transfer process is unknown, the guide outlines a procedure to determine if the chemical emission is controlled by convective mass transfer of the chemical from the material.  
1.8 This guide does not provide specific guidance for measuring emission parameters or conducting indoor exposure modeling.  
1.9 Mechanisms controlling emissions from wet and dry materials and products are different. This guide considers the emission of chemicals from dry materials and products. Examples of functional uses of VOCs and SVOCs that this guide applies to include blowing agents, ...

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ASTM
ASTM D5110-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Calibration of Ozone Monitors and Certification of Ozone Transfer Standards Using Ultraviolet Photometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The reactivity and instability of O3 preclude the storage of O3 concentration standards for any practical length of time, and precludes direct certification of O3 concentrations as Standard Reference Materials (SRMs). Moreover, there is no available SRM that can be readily and directly adapted to the generation of O3 standards analogous to permeation devices and standard gas cylinders for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides. Dynamic generation of O3 concentrations is relatively easy with a source of ultraviolet (UV) radiation. However, accurately certifying an O3 concentration as a primary standard requires assay of the concentration by a comprehensively specified analytical procedure, which must be performed every time a standard is needed (10).  
5.2 This practice is not designed for the routine calibration of O3 monitors at remote locations (see Practices D5011).
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a means for calibrating ambient, workplace, or indoor ozone monitors, and for certifying transfer standards to be used for that purpose.  
1.2 This practice describes means by which dynamic streams of ozone in air can be designated as primary ozone standards.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 8 for specific precautionary statements.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D8445-22a(Practice)
Standard Practice for Measuring Chemical Emissions from Spray Polyurethane Foam (SPF) Insulation Samples in a Large-scale Ventilated Enclosure

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The demand for SPF insulation in homes and commercial buildings has increased as emphasis on energy efficiency increases. In an effort to protect the health and safety of both trade workers and building occupants due to the application of SPF, it is essential that reentry/reoccupancy-times into the structure where SPF has been applied, be established.  
5.2 Concentrations of chemical emissions determined in large-scale ventilated enclosure studies conducted by this practice may be used to generate source emission terms for IAQ models.  
5.3 The emission factors determined using this practice may be used to evaluate comparability and scalability of emission factors determined in other environments.  
5.4 This practice was designed to determine emission factors for chemicals emitted by SPF insulation in a controlled room environment.  
5.5 New or existing formulations may be sprayed, and emissions may be evaluated by this practice. The user of this practice is responsible for ensuring analytical methods are appropriate for novel compounds present in new formulations (see Appendix X1 for target compounds and generic formulations).  
5.6 This practice may be useful for testing variations in emissions from non-ideal applications. Examples of non-ideal applications include those that are off-ratio, applied outside of recommended range of temperature and relative humidity, or applied outside of manufacturer recommendations for thickness.  
5.7 The determined emission factors are not directly applicable to all potential real-world applications of SPF. While this data can be used for VOCs to estimate indoor environmental concentrations beyond three days, the uncertainty in the predicted concentrations increases with increasing time. Estimating longer term chemical concentrations (beyond three days) for SVOCs is not recommended unless additional data (beyond this practice) is used, see (1).4  
5.8 During the application of SPF, chemicals deposited on the non-applie...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes procedures for measuring the chemical emissions of volatile and semi-volatile organic compounds (VOCs and SVOCs) from spray polyurethane foam (SPF) insulation samples in a large-scale ventilated enclosure.  
1.2 This practice is used to identify emission rates and factors during SPF application and up to three days following application.  
1.3 This practice can be used to generate emissions data for research activities or modeled for the purpose to inform potential reentry and reoccupancy times. Potential reentry and re-occupancy times only apply to the applications that meet manufacturer guidelines and are specific to the tested formulation.  
1.4 This practice describes emission testing at ambient room and substrate temperature and relative humidity conditions recognizing chemical emissions may differ at different room and substrate temperatures and relative humidity.  
1.5 This practice does not address all SPF chemical emissions. This practice addresses specific chemical compounds of potential health and regulatory concern including methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), polymeric MDI (MDI oligomeric polyisocyanates mixture), flame retardants, aldehydes, and VOCs including blowing agents, and catalysts. Although specific chemicals are discussed in this practice, other chemical compounds of interest can be quantified (see target compound and generic formulation list in Appendix X1). Other chemical compounds used in SPF such as polyols, emulsifiers, and surfactants are not addressed by this practice. Particulate sizing and distribution are also outside the scope of this practice.  
1.6 Emission rates during application are determined from air phase concentration measurements that may include particle bound chemicals. SVOC deposition to floors and ceilings is also quantified for post application modeling inputs. SVOC emission rates should only be used for modeling purposes for the durati...

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ASTM
ASTM D8407-21(Guide)
Standard Guide for Measurement Techniques for Formaldehyde in Air

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The objective of this guide is to provide the user with an information base on commercially available instruments and technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations.  
5.2 This guide is intended as a repository for formaldehyde measurement technologies that other approved ASTM methods can reference to meet ASTM indoor air formaldehyde quantification needs.  
5.3 This guide does not discuss the equivalency of the technologies presented. Each technology may have positive or negative interferences that are unique to that technology. When using a new method, equivalence with old methods should be demonstrated for each matrix, measuring environment and media (that is, each type of wood for formaldehyde emission testing in chamber environments). This is especially true when the method is intended to generate regulatory compliance data. Demonstrating equivalence or compliance, or both, is beyond the scope of this method. For guidance equivalence see references such as 40 CFR § 136.6 and CEN Guide to the Demonstration of Equivalence of Ambient Air Monitoring Methods (1).5
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes analytical methods for determining formaldehyde concentrations in air.  
1.2 The guide is primarily focused on formaldehyde measurement technologies applicable to indoor (including in vehicle and workplace) air and associated environments (that is, chambers or bags, or both, used for formaldehyde emission testing). The described technologies may be applicable to other environments (ambient outdoor).  
1.3 This guide reviews a range of commercially available technologies that can be used to measure indoor air formaldehyde concentrations. These technologies typically can measure airborne formaldehyde concentrations with detection limits in the range of 0.04 ppbv (0.05 µg m-3) to 10 ppbv (12 µg m-3). The described technologies are typically applied to research or regulatory applications and not consumer level uses.  
1.4 This guide describes the principles behind each method and their advantages and limitations.  
1.5 This guide does not attempt to differentiate between the effectiveness of the methods nor determine equivalence of the methods.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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