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ASTM E2292-04(2012)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents

Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approximately 300 deaths annually in the United States, (excluding fire deaths) and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of individuals to seek medical attention.  
3.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this procedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be taken to prevent future incidents.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and preserving information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.  
1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination in closed air systems. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations .  
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Oct-2012
ICS
13.300 - Protection against dangerous goods
Technical Committee
E58 - Forensic Engineering
Drafting Committee
E58.05 - Industrial Processes
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E2292-04 - Standard Practice for Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012
Referred By
ASTM E2713-18 - Standard Guide to Forensic Engineering
Effective Date
01-Nov-2012

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ASTM E2292-04(2012) - Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning IncidentsASTM E2292-04(2012) - Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
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ASTM E2292-04(2012) - Standard Practice for Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Incidents
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E2292 − 04(Reapproved 2012)
Standard Practice for
Investigation of Investigating Carbon Monoxide Poisoning
Incidents
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2292; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This practice covers guidelines for collecting and pre- 3.1 Carbon monoxide poisoning is responsible for approxi-
serving information and physical evidence related to incidents mately300deathsannuallyintheUnitedStates,(excludingfire
involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide. deaths) and carbon monoxide poisoning causes thousands of
individuals to seek medical attention.
1.2 This practice is not intended to be a guide for investi-
gating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or 3.2 This practice is intended for use by individuals who
contamination in closed air systems. Guidance on the investi- investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If
gation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be this procedure is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide
found in NFPA 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investiga- poisoning incident may be determined, and steps can be taken
tions. to prevent future incidents.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
4. Equipment
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
4.1 Electronic Carbon Monoxide Monitor—Aproperly cali-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
brated direct reading electronic monitor having a range of 0 to
and are not considered standard.
1000 ppm is useful in that its output provides almost instanta-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
neous concentration data, and it therefore has the capability to
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
warn the investigator if carbon monoxide levels are reaching
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
dangerous concentrations.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.2 Reagent Tube Indicator—Several types of reagent tube
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
indicators are available for measuring carbon monoxide, car-
bon dioxide, and fuel gases. Reagent tubes capable of respond-
2. Referenced Documents
ing to concentrations of 0 to 100 ppm, 0 to 1000 ppm, and 0 to
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1 % carbon monoxide in air are recommended.
E678 Practice for Evaluation of Scientific or Technical Data
4.3 Ventilation Equipment—A fan or similar device should
E860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are
be available to allow flushing the air space around equipment
Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil Litigation
between tests.
E1020 Practice for Reporting Incidents that May Involve
Criminal or Civil Litigation
4.4 All equipment shall be calibrated at least annually.
2.2 NFPA Standards:
5. Safety
NFPA 54 National Fuel Gas Code
NFPA 921 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations 5.1 Testing equipment suspected of causing carbon monox-
ide poisoning can yield definitive results that cannot be
obtained any other way. Testing equipment that may have
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E58 on Forensic
injured individuals; however, is a potentially dangerous
Engineering and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E58.05 on Industrial
undertaking, in that the investigator runs the risk of becoming
Processes.
exposed to carbon monoxide being produced by improperly
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2012. Published November 2012. Originally
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E2292 – 04. DOI:
functioning equipment.
10.1520/E2292-04R12.
5.2 Safe testing procedures are of the utmost importance.
For referenced ASTM standards. visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Before any testing is planned, a safety officer shall be identi-
Standardsvolume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
fied. The safety officer’s responsibilities shall be to protect the
the ASTM website.
safety and health of the investigator and any individuals who
Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch
Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7471, http://www.nfpa.org. may be affected by the testing.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
E2292 − 04 (2012)
5.3 Stable communications should be assured between the cases, this planning will involve preparation of a written
site and emergency service providers. protocol for tests to be carried out. Refer to Practice E678 in
planning any tests.
5.4 Until its safe operation has been verified, only one
6.6.1 This plan will typically include the turning on of
person at a time should be allowed into any space where a
equipment and observing its performance using the carbon
pieceofequipmentisbeingtestedforcarbonmonoxideoutput.
monoxide monitoring devices described in Section 5.
That person should remain within sight of the safety officer or
6.6.2 Identify the individuals who will be conducting the
another individual capable of rescuing that individual from the
tests, including the safety officer.
space.
6.6.3 Identify any individuals who may have an interest in
5.5 All testing shall be discussed in detail with all individu-
the outcome of the testing.
als involved in the testing, prior to the beginning of any test.
6.6.3.1 Such individuals may include the property owner,
representatives of the victim(s), equipment manufacturers,
6. Procedure
equipment service personnel, law enforcement officers, code
6.1 Scene Security—The fi
...

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3.1 This guide is intended for use by individuals who investigate incidents involving carbon monoxide poisoning. If this guide is followed, the cause for the carbon monoxide poisoning incident may be determined, and corrective action may be identified to prevent future incidents.  
3.2 When attempting to identify the source of carbon monoxide, consider that it is produced at some level in virtually every fuel-burning engine, boiler, furnace, burner, stove or fire. All carbon-based fuels (for example, gasoline, diesel fuel, natural gas, propane, coal, wood, paper products, plastics) produce carbon monoxide as a result of incomplete combustion. When there is insufficient air for complete combustion, carbon monoxide can become a major product of combustion. In properly-operating fuel-fired combustion appliances (for example, residential furnaces and water heaters), the level of carbon monoxide produced may be as little as a hundred parts per million or less (that is, 0.01 %). In those same appliances, malfunctions can potentially result in significantly higher carbon monoxide concentrations (10 000 ppm to 100 000 ppm, or higher). Properly-operating internal combustion engines may also generate carbon monoxide concentrations on the order of 10 000 ppm or higher.  
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1.1 This guide covers collection and preservation of information and physical evidence related to incidents involving the poisoning of individuals by carbon monoxide.  
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1.3 This guide is not intended to be a guide for investigating carbon monoxide poisoning caused by hostile fires, or contamination in closed air systems or confined spaces. Guidance on the investigation of carbon monoxide poisonings related to fire can be found in NFPA 921.  
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Note 2: For hydrocarbons, the break point between nonflammability and flammability occurs over a narrow concentration range at the lower flammability limit, but the break point is less distinct at the upper limit. For materials found to be non-reproducible per 13.1.1 that are likely to have large quenching distances and may be difficult to ignite, such as ammonia and certain halogenated hydrocarbon, the lower and upper limits of these materials may both be less distinct. That is, a wider range exists between flammable and nonflammable concentrations (see Annex A1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the lower and upper concentration limits of flammability of chemicals having sufficient vapor pressure to form flammable mixtures in air at atmospheric pressure at the test temperature. This test method may be used to determine these limits in the presence of inert dilution gases. No oxidant stronger than air should be used.  
Note 1: The lower flammability limit (LFL) and upper flammability limit (UFL) are sometimes referred to as the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL), respectively. However, since the terms LEL and UEL are also used to denote concentrations other than the limits defined in this test method, one must examine the definitions closely when LEL and UEL values are reported or used.  
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SCOPE
1.1 These test methods are used to determine grain size from measurements of grain intercept lengths, intercept counts, intersection counts, grain boundary length, and grain areas.  
1.2 These measurements are made with a semiautomatic digitizing tablet or by automatic image analysis using an image of the grain structure produced by a microscope.  
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1.4 These test methods are applicable to measurement of other grain-like microstructures, such as cell structures.  
1.5 This standard deals only with the recommended test methods and nothing in it should be construed as defining or establishing limits of acceptability or fitness for purpose of the materials tested.  
1.6 The sections appear in the following order:    
Section  
Section  
Scope  
1  
Referenced Documents  
2  
Terminology  
3  
Definitions  
3.1  
Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard  
3.2  
Symbols  
3.3  
Summary of Test Method  
4  
Significance and Use  
5  
Interferences  
6  
Apparatus  
7  
Sampling  
8  
Test Specimens  
9  
Specimen Preparation  
10  
Calibration  
11  
Procedure:  
Semiautomatic Digitizing Tablet  
12  
Intercept Lengths  
12.3  
Intercept and Intersection Counts  
12.4  
Grain Counts  
12.5  
Grain Areas  
12.6  
ALA Grain Size  
12.6.1  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
12.7  
Procedure:  
Automatic Image Analysis  
13  
Grain Boundary Length  
13.5  
Intersection Counts  
13.6  
Mean Chord (Intercept) Length/Field  
13.7.2  
Individual Chord (Intercept) Lengths  
13.7.4  
Grain Counts  
13.8  
Mean Grain Area/Field  
13.9  
Individual Grain Areas  
13.9.4  
ALA Grain Size  
13.9.8  
Two-Phase Grain Structures  
13.10  
Calculation of Results  
14  
Test Report  
15  
Precision and Bias  
16  
Grain Size of Non-Equiaxed Grain Structure Specimens  
Annex A1  
Examples of Proper and Improper Grain Boundary Delineation  
Annex A2  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental pra...

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ASTM
ASTM G125-00(2023)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Liquid and Solid Material Fire Limits in Gaseous Oxidants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides for measuring of the minimum conditions of a range of parameters (concentration of oxidant in a flowing mixture of oxidant and diluent, pressure, temperature) that will just support sustained propagation of combustion. For materials that exhibit flaming combustion, this is a flammability limit similar to the lower flammability limit, upper flammability limit, and minimum oxidant for combustion of gases (1).4 However, unlike flammability limits for gases, in two-phase systems, the concept of upper and lower flame limits is not meaningful. However, limits can typically be determined for variations in other parameters such as the minimum oxidant for combustion (the oxidant index), the pressure limit, the temperature limit, and others. Measurement and use of these data are analogous to the measurement and use of the corresponding data for gaseous systems. That is, the limits apply to systems likely to experience complete propagations (equilibrium combustion). Successful ignition and combustion below the measured limits at other conditions or of a transient nature are not precluded below the threshold. Flammability limits measured at one set of conditions are not necessarily the lowest thresholds at which combustion can occur. Therefore direct correlation of these data with the burning characteristics under actual use conditions is not implied.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for measuring the threshold-limit conditions to allow equilibrium of combustion of materials in various oxidant gases under specific test conditions of pressure, temperature, flow condition, fire-propagation directions, and various other geometrical features of common systems.  
1.2 This test method is patterned after Test Method D2863-95 and incorporates its procedure for measuring the limit as a function of oxidant concentration for the most commonly used test conditions. Sections 8, 9, 10, 11, 13, and  for the basic oxidant limit (oxygen index) procedure are quoted directly from Test Method D2863-95. Oxygen index data reported in accordance with Test Method D2863-95 are acceptable substitutes for data collected with this standard under similar conditions.  
1.3 This test method has been found applicable to testing and ranking various forms of materials. It has also found limited usefulness for surmising the prospect that materials will prove “oxygen compatible” in actual systems. However, its results do not necessarily apply to any condition that does not faithfully reproduce the conditions during test. The fire limit is a measurement of a behavioral property and not a physical property. Uses of these data are addressed in Guides G63 and G94.  
Note 1: Although this test method has been found applicable for testing a range of materials in a range of oxidants with a range of diluents, the accuracy has not been determined for many of these combinations and conditions of specimen geometry, outside those of the basic procedure as applied to plastics.
Note 2: Test Method D2863-95 has been revised and the revised Test Method has been issued as D2863-97. The major changes involve sample dimensions, burning criteria and the method for determining the oxygen index. The aim of the revisions was to align Test Method D2863 with ISO 4589-2. Six laboratories conducted comparison round robin testing on self-supporting plastics and cellular materials using D2863-95 and D2863-97. The results indicate that there is no difference between the means provided y the two methods at the 95 % confidence level. No comparison tests were conducted on thin films. The majority of ASTM Committee G4 favors maintaining the D2863-95 as the backbone of G125 until comprehensive comparison data become available.  
1.4 One very specific set of test conditions for measuring the fire limits of metals in oxygen has been codified in Test Method G124. Test Method G124 measures the minimum pressure limit in oxygen fo...

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