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ASTM D7291/D7291M-22

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material

Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method is designed to produce through-thickness failure data for structural design and analysis, quality assurance, and research and development. Factors that influence the through-thickness tensile strength, and should therefore be reported, include the following: material and fabric reinforcement, methods of material and fabric preparation, methods of processing and specimen fabrication, specimen stacking sequence, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, speed of testing, time at temperature, void content, and volume reinforcement content.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the through-thickness “flatwise” tensile strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced polymer matrix composite materials. A tensile force is applied normal to the plane of the composite laminate using adhesively bonded thick metal end-tabs. The composite material forms are limited to continuous fiber (unidirectional reinforcement or two-dimensional fabric) or discontinuous fiber (nonwoven or chopped) reinforced composites.  
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test method will in general not be comparable to Test Method D6415 since this method subjects a relatively large volume of material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method D6415 subjects a small volume of material to a non-uniform stress field.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
14-Oct-2022
ICS
83.120 - Reinforced plastics
Technical Committee
D30 - Composite Materials
Drafting Committee
D30.06 - Interlaminar Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM D5229/D5229M-20 - Standard Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite Materials
Effective Date
01-Mar-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20a - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM E251-20 - Standard Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM D7291/D7291M-22 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialASTM D7291/D7291M-22 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material
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REDLINE ASTM D7291/D7291M-22 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite MaterialREDLINE ASTM D7291/D7291M-22 - Standard Test Method for Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite Material
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7291/D7291M − 22
Standard Test Method for
Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic
Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7291/D7291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.1 Thistestmethoddeterminesthethrough-thickness“flat-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
wise” tensile strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced
polymer matrix composite materials.Atensile force is applied
2. Referenced Documents
normaltotheplaneofthecompositelaminateusingadhesively
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
bondedthickmetalend-tabs.Thecompositematerialformsare
D792Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Rela-
limited to continuous fiber (unidirectional reinforcement or
tive Density) of Plastics by Displacement
two-dimensional fabric) or discontinuous fiber (nonwoven or
D883Terminology Relating to Plastics
chopped) reinforced composites.
D2584Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test
Resins
method will in general not be comparable to Test Method
D2651GuideforPreparationofMetalSurfacesforAdhesive
D6415 since this method subjects a relatively large volume of
Bonding
material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method
D2734TestMethodsforVoidContentofReinforcedPlastics
D6415 subjects a small volume of material to a non-uniform
D3171Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite
stress field.
Materials
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-
D3878Terminology for Composite Materials
pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The
D5229/D5229MTestMethodforMoistureAbsorptionProp-
values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equiva-
erties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix
lents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each
Composite Materials
system shall be used independently of the other, and values
D5687/D5687MGuide for Preparation of Flat Composite
from the two systems shall not be combined.
Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Prepara-
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in
tion
brackets.
D6415 Test Method for Measuring the Curved Beam
Strength of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Compos-
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials,
ite
operations, and equipment.
E4Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Test-
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ing Machines
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
E122PracticeforCalculatingSampleSizetoEstimate,With
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Lot or Process
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ASTM Test Methods
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
E251Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Me-
tallic Bonded Resistance Strain Gages
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on
Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.06 on
2
Interlaminar Properties. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2022. Published November 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D7291/D7291M–15. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
DOI: 10.1520/D7291_D7291M-22. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7291/D7291M − 22
E456Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics 3.3.6 P —maximumforcecarriedbytestspecimenbefore
max
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to failure.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3.3.7 S —standard deviat
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7291/D7291M − 15 D7291/D7291M − 22
Standard Test Method for
Through-Thickness “Flatwise” Tensile Strength and Elastic
Modulus of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Matrix Composite
1
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7291/D7291M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method determines the through-thickness “flatwise” tensiontensile strength and elastic modulus of fiber reinforced
polymer matrix composite materials. A tensile force is applied normal to the plane of the composite laminate using adhesively
bonded thick metal end-tabs. The composite material forms are limited to continuous-fiber or discontinuous fiber (tape or
2-dimensional fabric, or both) continuous fiber (unidirectional reinforcement or two-dimensional fabric) or discontinuous fiber
(nonwoven or chopped) reinforced composites.
1.2 The through-thickness strength results using this test method will in general not be comparable to Test Method D6415 since
this method subjects a relatively large volume of material to an almost uniform stress field while Test Method D6415 subjects a
small volume of material to a non-uniform stress field.
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. Within the text, the
inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure
conformance with the standard, each system mustshall be used independently of the other. Combiningother, and values from the
two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.shall not be combined.
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems,concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and
determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D30 on Composite Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D30.06 on Interlaminar
Properties.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2015Oct. 15, 2022. Published November 2015November 2022. Originally approved in 2007. Last previous edition approved in 20072015
as D7291/D7291MD7291/D7291M – 15.-07. DOI: 10.1520/D7291_D7291M-15.10.1520/D7291_D7291M-22.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D7291/D7291M − 22
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D792 Test Methods for Density and Specific Gravity (Relative Density) of Plastics by Displacement
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D2584 Test Method for Ignition Loss of Cured Reinforced Resins
D2651 Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding
D2734 Test Methods for Void Content of Reinforced Plastics
D3171 Test Methods for Constituent Content of Composite Materials
D3878 Terminology for Composite Materials
D5229/D5229M Test Method for Moisture Absorption Properties and Equilibrium Conditioning of Polymer Matrix Composite
Materials
D5687/D5687M Guide for Preparation of Flat Composite Panels with Processing Guidelines for Specimen Preparation
D6415 Test Method for Measuring the Curved Beam Strength of a Fiber-Reinforced Polymer-Matrix Composite
E4 Practices for Force Calibration and Verification of Testing Machines
E6 Terminology Relating to Methods of Mechanical Testing
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate, With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic of a Lot or
Process
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E251 Test Methods for Performance Characteristics of Metallic Bonded Resistance Strain G
...

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5.1 This practice provides supplemental instructions that allow Test Methods D6264/D6264M (for quasi-static indentation testing) and D7136/D7136M (for drop-weight impact testing) to determine damage resistance properties of sandwich constructions. Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made using sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance properties of a sandwich panel is useful for product development and material selection.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Susceptibility to damage from concentrated out-of-plane forces is one of the major design concerns of many structures made of sandwich constructions. Knowledge of the damage resistance and residual strength properties of a sandwich construction is useful for product development and material selection.  
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1.1 This test method covers compression residual strength properties of sandwich constructions that have been subjected to quasi-static indentation or drop-weight impact per Practice D7766/D7766M.
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1.2 Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density) are not mandated by this test method; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 The method utilizes a flat, rectangular specimen, previously subjected to a damaging event, which is tested under edgewise compressive loading using a stabilization fixture.  
1.4 The properties generated by this test method are highly dependent upon several factors, which include; specimen geometry, sandwich component materials and dimensions (facesheet, core, and adhesive), methods of fabrication, the type, size, and location of damage and boundary conditions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other sandwich constructions, and are particular to the combination of geometric and physical conditions tested.  
1.5 This test method can be used to test undamaged specimens, but care should be taken to prevent undesirable failure modes such as end crushing. Test Methods C364 and D7249/D7249M are the recommended test methods for undamaged sandwich panel compression strength by edgewise compression or long beam flexure, respectively.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6.1 Within the text, t...

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ASTM
ASTM D8454/D8454M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Open-Hole Compressive Strength of Sandwich Constructions

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a standard method of determining the open-hole (notched) strength of the sandwich panel for structural design allowables, material specifications, and research and development.  
5.2 The reporting section requires items that tend to influence notched sandwich compressive strength to be reported; these include the following: facesheet and core materials, core density, cell size and wall thickness if applicable, film adhesive, methods of material fabrication, accuracy of lay-up orientation, facesheet stacking sequence and thickness, core thickness, overall specimen thickness, specimen geometry (including hole diameter, diameter-to-thickness ratio, and width-to-diameter ratio), specimen preparation (especially of the hole), specimen conditioning, environment of testing, type, specimen/fixture alignment, time at temperature, and speed of testing. Further, notched sandwich compressive strength may be different between precured/bonded and co-cured facesheets of the same material.  
5.3 The compression strength from this test may not be equivalent to the compression strength of sandwich structures subjected to flexural compression testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method determines the open-hole compressive strength of sandwich constructions in a direction parallel to the sandwich facesheet plane. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 Several important test specimen parameters (for example, facesheet thickness, core thickness, and core density) are not mandated by this test method; however, repeatable results require that these parameters be specified and reported.  
1.3 The method utilizes a flat, rectangular specimen, with a centrally located open through-hole, which is tested under edgewise compressive loading using a stabilization fixture.  
1.4 The properties generated by this test method are highly dependent upon several factors, which include: specimen geometry, sandwich component materials and dimensions (facesheet, core, and adhesive), methods of fabrication, and boundary conditions. Thus, results are generally not scalable to other sandwich constructions, and are particular to the combination of geometric and physical conditions tested.  
1.5 This test method can be used to test unnotched specimens, but care should be taken to prevent undesirable failure modes such as end crushing. ASTM Test Methods C364 or D7249/D7249M are the recommended test methods for unnotched sandwich panel compression strength or long beam flexure, respectively.  
1.6 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.6.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM C365/C365M-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Flatwise Compressive Properties of Sandwich Cores

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Flatwise compressive strength and modulus are fundamental mechanical properties of sandwich cores that are used in designing sandwich panels. Deformation data can be obtained, and from a complete force versus deformation curve, it is possible to compute the compressive stress at any applied force (such as compressive stress at proportional limit force or compressive strength at the maximum force) and to compute the effective modulus of the core.  
5.2 This test method provides a standard method of obtaining the flatwise compressive strength and modulus for sandwich core structural design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.  
5.3 In order to prevent local crushing of some honeycomb cores, it is often desirable to stabilize the facing plane surfaces with a suitable material, such as a thin layer of resin or thin facings. Flatwise compressive strength data may be generated using either stabilized specimens (reported as stabilized compression strength) or non-stabilized specimens (reported as bare compression strength). It is customary aerospace industry practice to determine compression modulus only when using stabilized specimens.  
5.4 Factors that influence the flatwise compressive strength and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material, methods of material fabrication, core geometry (cell size), core density, specimen geometry, specimen preparation, specimen conditioning, environment of testing, specimen alignment, loading procedure, and speed of testing.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of compressive strength and modulus of sandwich cores. These properties are usually determined for design purposes in a direction normal to the plane of the face sheets (also referred to as the facing plane) as the core would be placed in a structural sandwich construction. The test procedures pertain to compression in this direction in particular, but also can be applied with possible minor variations to determining compressive properties in other directions. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb).  
1.2 This test method does not cover the determination of compressive core crush properties. Reference Test Method D7336/D7336M for determination of static energy absorption properties of honeycomb sandwich core materials.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.3.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C366/C366M-16(2022)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Thickness of Sandwich Cores

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Normally, a close tolerance is desirable for core thickness so that sandwich panels may be manufactured with all the sandwich components fitting properly and without crushing the core.  
5.2 These test methods are designed for measuring thickness of core as it is produced and are not intended for use in determining dimensions of core specimens for other tests.  
5.3 These test methods provide standard methods of obtaining the core thickness of flat sandwich core materials, and provide a basis for determining average thickness dimensions. The thickness properties derived may be used in design properties, material specifications, research and development applications, and quality assurance.  
5.4 Factors that influence core thickness measurement and shall therefore be reported include the following: core material through-thickness rigidity, surface roughness, specimen geometry (including warpage), specimen preparation, methods of dimensional measurement, specimen conditioning, and moisture content during dimensional measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover plant manufacturing procedures for measuring the thickness of flat sandwich cores. Permissible core material forms include those with continuous bonding surfaces (such as balsa wood and foams) as well as those with discontinuous bonding surfaces (such as honeycomb). The two test methods covered include the following:  
1.1.1 Test Method A—Roller-Type Thickness Tester.  
1.1.2 Test Method B—Disk-Type Thickness Tester.
Note 1: These test methods are designed for measuring thickness of core as it is produced and are not intended for use in determining dimensions of core specimens for other tests.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined.  
1.2.1 Within the text, the inch-pound units are shown in brackets.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D3800-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density of High-Modulus Fibers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Fiber density is useful in the evaluation of new materials at the research and development level and is one of the material properties normally given in fiber specifications.  
5.2 Fiber density is used to determine fiber strength and modulus of both a fiber bundle and an individual filament. These properties are based on load or modulus slope over an effective area. Fiber density may be used with lineal mass of the fiber to give an approximation of effective tow area. Tow area divided by the average number of filaments in a tow gives an approximation of the effective area of an individual filament.  
5.3 Fiber density is used as a constituent property when determining reinforcement volume and void volume based on reinforcement mass and laminate density.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the density of high-modulus fibers and is applicable to both continuous and discontinuous fibers.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. See Section 9 for additional information.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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