ASTM C497M-20a

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C497M − 20 C497M − 20a
Standard Test Methods for
Concrete Pipe, Concrete Box Sections, Manhole Sections,
or Tile (Metric)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C497M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover testing of concrete pipe, concrete box sections, manhole sections, and tile. The test methods
described are used in production testing and acceptance testing to evaluate the properties provided for in the specifications.
1.2 The test methods appear in the following order:
Section
External Load Crushing Strength 4
Flat Slab Top 5
Base Section Test 6
Core Strength 7
Absorption 8
Hydrostatic 9
Permeability 10
Manhole Step 11
Cylinder 12
Gasket Lubricant 13
Joint Shear 14
Alkalinity 15
Gasket Measurements 16
Off-Center Hydrostatic Joint Test 17
Hydrostatic External Joint Test Method 18
Welded Splice Pull Test 19
1.3 The test specimens shall not have been exposed to a temperature below 4°C for the 24 h immediately preceding the test.
1.4 If any test specimen fails because of mechanical reasons such as failure of testing equipment or improper specimen
preparation, it shall be discarded and another specimen taken.
1.5 Specimens shall be selected in accordance with the specifications for the type of pipe or tile being tested.
1.6 These methods are the metric companion of Test Methods C497.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C31/C31M Practice for Making and Curing Concrete Test Specimens in the Field
C39/C39M Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C42/C42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C13 on Concrete Pipe and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C13.09 on Methods of Test.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2020May 1, 2020. Published March 2020May 2020. Originally approved in 1980. Last previous edition approved in 20192020 as
C497M – 19a.C497M – 20. DOI: 10.1520/C0497M-20.10.1520/C0497M-20A.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C497M − 20a
C617 Practice for Capping Cylindrical Concrete Specimens
C670 Practice for Preparing Precision and Bias Statements for Test Methods for Construction Materials
C822 Terminology Relating to Concrete Pipe and Related Products
C1231/C1231M Practice for Use of Unbonded Caps in Determination of Compressive Strength of Hardened Cylindrical
Concrete Specimens
D2240 Test Method for Rubber Property—Durometer Hardness
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms relating to concrete pipe, see Terminology C822.
4. External Load Crushing Strength Test by the Three-Edge Bearing Test Method
4.1 Summary of Test Method—The test specimen is tested in a machine designed to apply a crushing force upon the specimen
in a plane through the vertical axis extending along the length of the specimen.
4.2 Significance and Use—The crushing test method shall be either a quality control test performed to establish that the finished,
shippable pipe has sufficient strength to withstand the crushing loads stated in the specifications or a proof of design test performed
to prove the adequacy of design.
4.3 Apparatus:
4.3.1 The testing machine shall be of any type of sufficient capacity and shall be capable of providing the rate of loading
prescribed in 4.5.3.
4.3.2 The testing machine shall be substantial and rigid throughout, so that the distribution of the load will not be affected
appreciably by the deformation or yielding of any part.
4.3.3 The three-edge-bearing method of loading shall be used. The test specimen shall be supported on a lower bearing of two
parallel longitudinal strips and the load applied through an upper beam (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the option of the
manufacturer, either or both the lower bearing and the upper bearing shall extend the full length or any portion of the length of
the specimen.
4.3.4 The lower bearings shall consist of wood or hard rubber strips. Wooden strips shall be straight, have a cross section of
not less than 50 mm in width and not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm in height and shall have the top inside corners rounded
to a radius of 13 mm. Hard rubber strips shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60. They shall be
rectangular in cross section, having a width of not less than 50 mm, a thickness of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm,
and shall have the top inside corner rounded to a radius of 13 mm.
4.3.5 The lower bearing strips shall be fastened to a wooden or steel beam or directly to a concrete base, any of which shall
provide sufficient rigidity so that the deflection is not greater than ⁄720 of the specimen length when the maximum load is applied.
The rigid base shall be at least 150 mm wide. The interior vertical sides of the strips shall be parallel and spaced a distance apart
of not more than 25 mm per 300 mm of specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm. The bearing faces of the lower strips
shall not vary from a straight line vertically or horizontally by more than 2.5 mm/m of length under no load.
4.3.6 The upper bearing shall be a rigid wood beam with or without an attached hard rubber strip. The wood shall be sound,
free of knots, and straight and true from end to end. It shall be fastened to a steel or wood-faced steel beam of such dimensions
that deflections under maximum load will not be greater than ⁄720 of the specimen length. The bearing face of the upper bearing
shall not deviate from a straight line by more than 2.5 mm/m of length. When a hard rubber strip is used on the bearing face it
shall have a durometer hardness of not less than 45 nor more than 60, and shall have a width of not less than 50 mm and a thickness
of not less than 25 mm nor more than 38 mm and shall be secured to a wood beam meeting the above requirements.
4.3.7 If mutually agreed upon by the manufacturer and the owner prior to the test, before the specimen is placed, a fillet of
plaster of paris not exceeding 25 mm in thickness shall be cast on the surface of the upper and lower bearings. The width of the
fillet cap, upper or lower, shall be not more than 80 mm/m of the specimen diameter, but in no case less than 25 mm.
4.3.8 The equipment shall be so designed that the load will be distributed about the center of the overall length (L ) of the
specimen (Fig. 1, Fig. 2, Fig. 3, and Fig. 4). At the option of the manufacturer, the center of the load shall be applied at any point
of the overall length (L ) of the specimen. The load shall be applied either at a single point or at multiple points dependent on the
length of the specimen being tested and the rigidity of the test frame.
NOTE 1—The user of these test methods is advised that multiple points of load applications to the upper bearing will permit use of lighter beams without
excessive deflection.
4.4 Calibration—The loading device shall be one which shall provide an accuracy of 62 % at the specified test loads. A
calibration curve shall be used. The machines used for performing the three-edge-bearing tests shall be verified in accordance with
Practices E4.
4.5 Conditioning—The moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.
4.6 Procedure:
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NOTE 1—The figures illustrate a method of applying the load to the pipe
FIG. 1 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Circular Pipe
NOTE 1—The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.
FIG. 2 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Arch Pipe
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NOTE 1—The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe.
FIG. 3 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Horizontal Elliptical Pipe
NOTE 1—The figure illustrates a method of applying the load to the pipe. Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical Pipe
FIG. 4 Three-Edge-Bearing Test, Vertical Elliptical Pipe
FIG. 5 Lower Bearing Strip Detail
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4.6.1 Place the specimen on the two lower bearing strips in such a manner that the pipe or tile rests firmly and with uniform
bearing on each strip.
4.6.2 Mark the two ends of the specimen at a point midway between the lower bearing strips and then establish the diametrically
opposite point on each end. Place the upper bearing so that it is aligned with these marks.
4.6.3 For reinforced concrete pipe, any rate or load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute
shall be used up to 75 % of the specified design strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to a maximum uniform
rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute. If both the design strength and the ultimate strength are being determined, a
specified rate of loading need not be maintained after the design strength has been reached. For nonreinforced concrete pipe, any
rate of load application up to a maximum of 109.4 kN/linear metre of pipe per minute shall be used up to 75 % of the specified
ultimate strength, at which time the rate of loading shall be reduced to the maximum uniform rate of 43.8 kN/linear metre of pipe
per minute.
4.6.4 As defined in Terminology C822, the design strength is the maximum load, expressed as a D-load, supported by the pipe
before a crack having a width of 0.3 mm occurs throughout a continuous length of 300 mm or more measured parallel to the
longitudinal axis of the pipe barrel. The crack is 0.3 mm in width when the point of the measuring gauge will, without forcing,
penetrate 1.5 mm at 75 mm maximum intervals, throughout the specified distance of 300 mm. Measure the width of the crack by
means of a gauge made from a leaf in thickness (as in a set of standard machinist gauges), ground to a point of 1.5 mm in width
with corners rounded and with a taper of 0.25 mm/mm as shown in Fig. 6.
NOTE 2—As used in this specification, the 0.3-mm crack is a test criterion for pipe tested in three-edge bearing test and is not intended as an indication
of overstressed or failed pipe under installed conditions.
4.6.5 As defined in Terminology C822, the ultimate strength is the maximum load supported by the pipe.
NOTE 3—Ultimate strength of concrete pipe in the buried condition is dependent on varying soil bedding factors and varying failure modes and shall
have no relationship to the ultimate strength as defined under three-edge bearing conditions.
4.7 Calculations:
4.7.1 Strength test results shall be calculated in terms of pounds per linear foot. The length used in calculating the strength
values shall be that indicated by the manufactured length (L) in Figs. 1-4. For pipe with a bell, the manufactured length (L) is the
length from the spigot/tongue end face to the bell/groove inside shoulder. For straight wall pipe, no bell, the manufactured length
(L) is the same as for pipe with a bell or the alternate of the length from the spigot/tongue outside shoulder to the socket/groove
end face. For plain end or cut pipe, no bell or spigot, the manufactured length (L) is the same as the overall length (L ). For pipe
having a spigot on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shall be the distance from the plain end
to the center of the joint. For pipe having a bell on one end with the opposite end being plain, the manufactured length (L) shall
be the distance from the plain end to the bell inside shoulder. See Terminology C822 for definitions of manufactured length (L)
and overall length (L ).
4.7.2 The ultimate strength in pounds per linear metre shall be calculated by dividing the maximum test load applied to the pipe
by the manufactured length, (L).
4.7.3 The D-load strength in newtons per linear metre per millimetre of inside diameter or horizontal span shall be either the
0.3-mm crack D-load strength or the ultimate D-load strength. The 0.3-mm crack D-load shall be calculated by dividing the test
load required to produce the 0.3-mm crack by the manufactured length, (L), and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span.
The ultimate D-load strength shall be calculated by dividing the ultimate test load applied to the pipe by the manufactured length,
(L), and by the pipe inside diameter or horizontal span.
4.8 Precision and Bias—The user of these test methods is advised that the true value for the strength of a concrete pipe cannot
be determined because the specimen is tested to destruction and exact duplicate specimens cannot be obtained. Therefore, no
calculations of precision and bias are presently possible. Specifications that include this test method for the various types of
concrete pipe should include a provision for additional tests of one or more specimens.
5. Flat Slab Top Test Method
5.1 Summary of Test Method—A load is applied to the flat slab top and the supporting capacity of the flat slab top is measured.
5.2 Significance and Use—The test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.
5.3 Conditioning—The moisture requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.
FIG. 6 Gauge Leaf for Measuring Cracks
C497M − 20a
5.4 Procedure—Place the section that has been designated to receive the flat slab top on a firm, even surface. Assemble the flat
slab top to this section. If a frame or riser has been designed to be fitted to the access portion of the flat slab top, assemble it to
the slab top. Apply the test load to the riser or frame as assembled to the flat slab top. If no access opening has been provided to
the flat slab top, apply the test load to the center of the flat slab top by means of a 300 by 300 by 100-mm wood bearing block.
See Fig. 7. Calculate the test load as follows:
P 5 1.3 D12.17L~11I! (1)
u
where:
P = applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load, N,
u
D = total calculated field dead load on the slab, N,
L = calculated live load on the flat slab top, and
I = impact factor, 30 % minimum.
6. Base Section Test Method
6.1 Summary of Test Method—A load is applied to the base section and the supporting capacity of the base section is measured
(See 1.7 for safety concerns).
6.2 Significance of Use—The test method is a proof of design test performed to prove the adequacy of the design.
6.3 Conditioning—The temperature requirements of 1.3 are not required, at the option of the manufacturer.
6.4 Procedure—Place the Type (1) or (2) base section or the Type (3) base section riser that has been designed to be seated on
the base, upside down on a firm, even surface. Assemble the Type (3) base to the riser section. Apply the test load to the center
of the base section by means of a load distribution block. The load distribution block, if circular shall not be more than 60 % of
the slab diameter or manhole riser OD, whichever is smaller. If the distribution block is rectangular, the diagonal shall not be more
than 60 % of the slab diameter or manhole riser OD, whichever is less (see Fig. 7c - f). The load distribution block shall be wood
and placed on a rubber bearing pad. Calculate the test load as follows:
P 5 1.3D12.17L 1 1 I 2B (2)
~ !
u
where:
P = applied minimum ultimate proof-of-design test load, N,
u
D = total calculated field dead load on the base section, N,
L = calculated live load, N,
I = impact factor, 30 % minimum, and
B = calculated weight of the bearing block, N.
If hydrostatic head pressure is found to be present, the following may, at the option of the owner, be added to the minimum
ultimate proof-of-design test load, P :
u
P 5 10.79*γ*H *S (3)
w h A
where:
P = hydrostatic head force acting on base section, N,
w
γ = unit weight of water, kg/m ,
H = hydrostatic head based on depth of water above base section, m, and
h
FIG. 7 Flat Slab Top Test
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C497M − 20a
FIG. 7 Flat Slab Top Test (continued)
S = surface area of base section on which the hydrostatic force acts upon, m .
A
7. Core Strength Test Method
7.1 Summary of Test Method—The compressive strength of the concrete in the pipe is determined by making crushing tests of
cores cut from the pipe.
7.2 Significance and Use—The core strength test is a quality control test performed to establish the fact that the finished,
shippable precast concrete product has sufficient concrete strength to meet the strengths stated in the specifications.
7.3 Apparatus—A core drill shall be used for securing cylindrical core specimens from the wall of the pipe; a shot drill or a
diamond drill shall be used.
7.4 Test Specimens:
7.4.1 A core specimen for the determination of compressive strength shall have a diameter at least three times the maximum
size of the coarse aggregate used in the concrete. If cores are cut from the wall of the pipe and tested, the length to diameter ratio
shall lie between one and two after the curved surfaces have been removed from the cut core.
7.4.2 Moisture Conditioning—Unless the agency for which the testing is being done directs otherwise, the core test specimens
shall be submerged in lime-saturated water in accordance with the provisions of Test Method C42/C42M.
7.5 Procedure:
7.5.1 End Preparation and Capping—Core specimens to be tested in compression shall have ends that are essentially smooth
and perpendicular to the axis and of the same diameter as the body of the specimen. Before making the compression test, cap the
ends of the specimen in order to meet the requirements of Practice C617.
7.5.2 Measurement—Prior to testing, measure the length of the capped specimen to the nearest 2.5 mm and determine its
average diameter to the nearest 2.5 mm from two measurements taken at right angles near the center of the length.
7.5.3 Test specimens as prescribed in Section 5 of Test Method C39/C39M. See also Practice C31/C31M.
7.6 Calculation and Report—Calculate the compressive strength of each specimen in pascals based on the average diameter of
the specimen. If the ratio of length to diameter is less than two, make allowance for the ratio of length to diameter by multiplying
the compressive strength by the applicable correction factor given in the following table (determine values not given in the table
by interpolation):
Ratio Length of Cylinder Strength Correction
to Diameter, I/d Factor
1.75 0.98
1.50 0.96
1.25 0.93
1.10 0.89
1.00 0.87
7.7 Precision and Bias—The user of these test methods for testing concrete pipe for strength is considered satisfactory for
acceptance testing of commercial shipments since the test method has been used extensively for acceptance testing. In cases of
disagreement arising from differences in values reported by the owner and the manufacturer when using this method for acceptance
testing, the statistical bias, if any, between the laboratory of the owner and the laboratory of the manufacturer should be determined
with each comparison being based on testing specimens randomly drawn from one pipe of the type being evaluated.
8. Absorption Test Method
8.1 Summary of Test Method—This test method covers the testing of a specimen that is a sample or core from the wall of the
pipe. The test specimen is first subjected to drying, then to immersion to determine the specimen’s absorption of water when tested
by the described procedures. Two alternative procedures for conducting the test are presented. Test Method A is the standard test
and referee and will require 3 to 6 days to complete. Test Method B is intended as an accelerated test that requires about 1 ⁄2 days
to complete.
8.2 Significance and Use—The test method is a quality control test performed to establish the fact that the finished, shippable
pipe meets the absorption limits stated in the specifications.
8.3 Test Specimens:
8.3.1 Test Method A Specimens—Test Method A absorption test specimens shall be in accordance with the requirements of the
applicable pipe specification and shall be used for the absorption procedure that requires 5 h for boiling and a natural water cooling
period of 14 to 24 h.
8.3.2 Test Method B Specimens—Test Method B absorption test specimens shall consist of three 38-mm diameter cores as taken
from the two ends and the center area of each tile, pipe, or section.
8.4 Procedure for Boiling Absorption Test Method:
C497M − 20a
8.4.1 Drying Specimens—Dry specimens in a ventilated mechanical convection oven at a temperature of 105 to 115°C.
8.4.1.1 Test Method A—Dry specimens until two successive weighings at intervals of not less than 6 h show an increment of
loss not greater than 0.10 % of the last oven-dry mass of the specimen. Dry specimens with a wall thickness of 38 mm or less for
a minimum of 24 h; dry specimens with a wall thickness of 38 to 75 mm for a minimum of 48 h; dry specimens with a wall
thickness exceeding 75 mm for a minimum of 72 h. Use the last 6 h of the minimum drying time to determine whether or not the
sample had obtained the proper dried mass.
8.4.1.2 Test Method B—Dry specimens for a minimum of
24 h.
8.4.2 Weighing Dried Specimens—Weigh the oven-dried specimens immediately upon removal from the oven where the drying
temperature is 105 to 115°C.
8.4.3 Immersion and Boiling:
8.4.3.1 Test Method A Specimen—Within 24 h, carefully place the dried specimen that has been weighed in a suitable receptacle
that contains clean water at a temperature of 10 to 24°C. Use distilled water, rain water, or tap water that is known to have no effect
on test results. Heat the water to boiling in not less than 1 h and not more than 2 h. Do not apply live steam to the water to shorten
the preboil period until 1 h of heating by gas or electricity has been completed. Continue the boiling for 5 h. At the end of the 5-h
boiling period, turn off the heat, and allow the specimen to cool in the water to room temperature by natural loss of heat for not
less than 14 h nor more than 24 h.
8.4.3.2 Test Method B Specimen—Within 24 h, carefully place the dried specimen that has been weighed in a suitable receptacle
that contains clean water at a temperature of 10 to 24°C. Use distilled water, rain water, or tap water that is known to have no effect
on test results. Heat the water to boiling in not less than 1 h and not more than 2 h. Do not apply live steam to the water to shorten
the preboil periods until 1 h of heating by gas or electricity has been completed. Continue the boiling for 3 h. At the end of the
3-h boiling period, turn off the heat and cool the specimen for a period of 3 h by running cold tap water into the boiler, or by placing
the specimen in a separate container of water. The temperature of the cooling water shall not exceed 18°C.
8.4.4 Reweighing Wet Specimens—Remove the water-cooled specimens from the water, place on an open drain rack, and allow
to drain for 1 min. Remove the remaining superficial water by quickly blotting the specimen with a dry absorbent cloth or paper.
Weigh the specimen immediately following blotting.
8.4.5 Scale Sensitivity—Weigh specimens weighing less than 1 kg to an accuracy of 0.10 % of the specimen mass. Weigh
specimens weighing more than 1 kg to an accuracy of 1 g.
8.5 Calculation and Report:
8.5.1 Test Method A Specimen—Take the increase in mass of the boiled specimen over its dry mass as the absorption of the
specimen, and express it as a percentage of the dry mass. Report the results separately for each specimen.
8.5.2 Test Method B Specimen—Take the increase in mass of the boiled specimen over its dry mass as the absorption of the
specimen, and express it as a percentage of the dry mass. Report the result as an average of the three 38-mm diameter cores as
taken from one tile or pipe. The absorption, as calculated by the Test Method B procedure, shall be considered satisfactory when
its value does not exceed a value that is 0.5 % less than the absorption designated in the Test Method A procedure. When the
absorption, as computed by the Test Method B procedure, does not meet the specified requirement, the manufacturer is not
prohibited from performing a retest using Test Method A.
8.6 Procedure for 10-Min Soaking Absorption Test—Test specimens for the determination of the 10-min water soaking
absorption shall be the same as are later used for the 5-h boiling absorption test. After drying and weighing as specified in 8.4.1
and 8.4.2, immerse the specimens in clear water for 10 min at room temperature. Then remove the specimens and weigh in
accordance with 8.4.4, calculate the percentage absorption, and report in accordance with the provisions described in 8.5.
NOTE 4—There is no significant correlation between the results of this test and those of Test Method A or Test Method B.
8.7 Precision and Bias—The user of these test methods is advised of the following:
8.7.1 Single-Operator Precision:
8.7.1.1 Test Method A—The single operator standard deviation has been found to be 0.143 %. Therefore, results of two properly
conducted tests by the same operator on the same material should not differ by more than 0.40 %.
8.7.1.2 Test Method B—The single operator standard deviation has been found to be 0.157 %. Therefore, results of two properly
conducted tests by the same operator on the same material should not differ by more than 0.44 %.
NOTE 5—The numbers in 8.7.1.1 and 8.7.1.2 represent, respectively, the (1S) and (D2S) limits described in Practice C670.
8.7.1.3 10 Min Soak Test Method—Precision for this method of test has not been determined but is being investigated. A
statement will be included when proper data have been collected and analyzed.
8.7.2 Multilaboratory Precision—Multilaboratory precision of Test Methods A, B, and the 10-min soak test method have not
been determined but are being investigated. Statements will be included for each when the proper data have been obtained and
analyzed.
8.7.3 Bias—Bias for Test Methods A, B, and the 10-min soak test method cannot be determined since the true value of
absorption is not known and cannot be determined except by application of tests for which the bias is not known.
C497M − 20a
9. Hydrostatic Test Method
9.1 Summary of Test Method—The section of pipe or manhole is subjected to hydrostatic pressure and observed for leakage at
the joint or on the surface of the wall. The joint is defined as a connection between the concrete section of pipe or manhole that
provides alignment and the flexible watertight seal using either rubber gaskets, sealing bands, or preformed flexible joint sealant.
9.2 Significance and Use—The test method is a quality control test performed to establish the fact that the finished, shippable
pipe or manhole meets the hydrostatic requirements stated in the specifications for the installed wall or joint, or both.
9.3 Procedure:
9.3.1 The equipment for making the test shall be such that, when the specimen under test is filled with water to the exclusion
of air and subject to the required hydrostatic pressure, there shall not be enough leakage of water from the ends of the pipe to
interfere with the test. The specimen under test shall be free of all visible moisture prior to the initiation of the test.
9.3.2 Do not test when the temperature of the specimen, the air around the specimen, or the water within the specimen is below
1°C.
9.3.3 If the joint seal or flexible connector is being tested, it shall be the sole element providing joint watertightness. No mortar
or concrete coatings, fillings, or packing shall be used prior to the test.
9.3.4 Connect a standardized pressure gauge to the specimen. If being tested in a vertical position, the gauge shall be placed
at or as close to as is practical above the joint or section being tested. If the pipe is being tested in a horizontal position, the gauge
shall be placed to measure pressure at or as close to as practical above the horizontal axis. Raise the pressure of the water in
approximately 1 min to the required level and hold for the specified time. There shall be no visible leakage. Moisture appearing
in the form of patches or beads adhering to the surface shall not be considered leakage. If leakage occurs, the manufacturer is not
prohibited from extending the soak time to 24 h.
9.3.5 If the owner does not require the wall of the pipe to be tested, the manufacturer has the option to test the pipe joint for
watertightness to the parameters established in 9.3.4 by methods that pressurize the joint either internally or externally.
9.4 Precision and Bias—No justifiable statement is presently capable of being made either on precision or on the bias of this
method of testing for leakage under hydrostatic pressure since the test result merely states whether there is conformance to the
criteria for success specified.
10. Permeability Test Method
10.1 Summary of Test Method—A section of pipe is kept filled with water for a specified time and the outer surface is tested
for moisture.
10.2 Significance and Use—The test method is a quality control test performed to establish the fact that the finished, shippable
pipe meets the leakage limits stated in the specifications.
10.3 Procedure—The pipe specimen under test shall be free of all visible moisture prior to the initiation of the test. Perform tests
by placing a section of pipe, with the spigot end down on a soft rubber mat or its equivalent, weighted if necessary, and kept filled
with water to a level of the base of the socket during the test period. Make the initial inspection approximately 15 min after the
test has begun. If the pipe shows moist or damp spots on the outer surface of the pipe at that time, continue the tests for a period
not to exceed 24 h at the option of the manufacturer. Examine the pipe during the extended period for existence of moist or damp
spots.
10.4 Precision and Bias—No justifiable statement can be
...