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ASTM E430-23

(Test Method)

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry

Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The gloss of metallic finishes is important commercially on metals for automotive, architectural, and other uses where these metals undergo special finishing processes to produce the appearances desired. It is important for the end-products, which use such finished metals that parts placed together have the same glossy appearance.  
5.2 It is also important that automotive finishes and other high-gloss nonmetallic surfaces possess the desired finished appearance. The present method identifies by measurements important aspects of finishes. Those having identical sets of numbers normally have the same gloss characteristics. It usually requires more than one measurement to identify properly the glossy appearance of any finish (see Refs 3 and 4).
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.  
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2),2 the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.  
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2023
ICS
17.040.20 - Properties of surfaces
Technical Committee
E12 - Color and Appearance
Drafting Committee
E12.03 - Geometry
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM E1347-06(2020) - Standard Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged GoniophotometryASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
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REDLINE ASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged GoniophotometryREDLINE ASTM E430-23 - Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E430 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged
1
Goniophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E430; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and
Solid Plastics
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the
E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier
reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance
Packaging
of high-gloss surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular
ASTM Test Methods
angles of 20° and 30°, respectively. These test methods are not
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for
suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color,
Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties
another appearance attribute.
of Materials
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs
E284 Terminology of Appearance
2
1 and 2), the test methods were applied only to bright metals.
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using
Recently they have been applied to high-gloss automotive
the CIE System
finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.
E430 Test Methods for Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss
Surfaces by Abridged Goniophotometry
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of
its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
limited to flat or flattenable surfaces.
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Mea-
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
surement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3. Terminology
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1 Definitions:
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.1.1 Appearance terms in this test method are in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
dance with Terminology E284.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.1.2 Terms that are defined in Terminology E284, but have
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
a specific definition in this method are
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
3.1.3 reflectance, p, n—ratio of the reflected radiant or
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions.
(Terminology E284)
2. Referenced Documents
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The term reflectance is often used in a
3
2.1 ASTM Standards: general sense or as an abbreviation for reflectance factor. Such
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss usage is not assumed in this method. The definition may
require that the term be modified by adjectives denoting the
spectral and geometric conditions of measurement.
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Color and Appearance and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on
Geometry. 3.2.1 reflection haze, H, n—for a specified specular angle,
Current edition approved June 1, 2023. Published August 2023. Originally
ratio of flux reflected at a specified angle (or angles) from the
approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as E430 – 19. DOI:
specular direction to the flux similarly reflected at the specular
10.1520/E0430-23.
2
angle by a specified gloss standard.
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of
this method.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—Modifiers may be used to specify the
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
angles at which the haze is measured (for example, 2°, –5° or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
15°); whether –H or a logarithmic form is to be stated; or
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. whether H is to be compensated for the luminance of the
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ------------
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E430 − 19 E430 − 23
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Gloss of High-Gloss Surfaces by Abridged
1
Goniophotometry
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E430; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the measurement of the reflection characteristics responsible for the glossy appearance of high-gloss
surfaces. Two test methods, A and B, are provided for evaluating such surface characteristics at specular angles of 20° and 30°,
respectively. These test methods are not suitable for diffuse finish surfaces nor do they measure color, another appearance attribute.
2
1.2 As originally developed by Tingle and others (see Refs 1 and 2), the test methods were applied only to bright metals. Recently
they have been applied to high-gloss automotive finishes and other nonmetallic surfaces.
1.3 The DOI of a glossy surface is generally independent of its curvature. The DOI measurement by this test method is limited
to flat or flattenable surfaces.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D523 Test Method for Specular Gloss
D2457 Test Method for Specular Gloss of Plastic Films and Solid Plastics
E171 Practice for Conditioning and Testing Flexible Barrier Packaging
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions for Measurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties of Materials
E284 Terminology of Appearance
E308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects by Using the CIE System
E430
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E1347 Test Method for Color and Color-Difference Measurement by Tristimulus Colorimetry
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color and Appearance and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.03 on Geometry.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2019June 1, 2023. Published December 2019August 2023. Originally approved in 1971. Last previous edition approved in 20112019
as E430 – 11.E430 – 19. DOI: 10.1520/E0430-19.10.1520/E0430-23.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this method.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E430 − 23
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Appearance terms in this test method are in accordance with Terminology E284.
3.1.2 Terms that are defined in Terminology E284, but have a specific definition in this method are
3.1.3 reflectance, p, n—ratio of the reflected radiant or luminous flux to the incident flux in the given conditions. (Terminology
E284)
3.1.3.1 Discussion—
The term reflectance is often used in a general sense or as an abbreviation for reflectance factor. Such usage is not assumed in this
method. The definition may require that the term be modified by adjectives denoting the spectral and geometric conditions of
measurement.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 reflection haze, H, n—for a specified specular angle, ratio of flux reflected at a specified angle (or angles) from the specular
direction to the flux similarly reflected at the specular angle by a specified gloss standard.
3.2.1.1 Discussion—
Modifiers may be used to specify the angles at which the haze is measured (for example, 2°, –5° or 15°);
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The Miller Number5 is an index of the relative abrasivity of slurries. Its primary purpose is to rank the abrasivity of slurries in terms of the wear of a standard reference material. The wear damage on the standard wear block is worse as the Miller Number gets higher.  
5.2 The SAR Number is an index of the relative abrasion response of materials as tested in any particular slurry of interest. The SAR Number is a generalized form of the Miller Number applicable to materials other than the reference material used for the Miller Number determination. A major purpose is to rank construction materials for use in a system for pumping and fluid handling equipment for a particular slurry. It can also be used to rank the abrasivity of various slurries against any selected construction material other than the reference material specified for a Miller Number determination. The slurry damage on the specimen of material being tested is worse as the SAR Number gets higher.  
5.3 Experience has shown that slurries with a Miller Number or a SAR Number of approximately 50 or lower can be pumped with minor abrasive damage to the system. Above a number of 50, precautions must be observed and greater damage from abrasion is to be expected. Accordingly, the Miller Number and the SAR Number provide information about the slurry or the material that may be useful in the selection of pumps and other equipment and to predict the life expectancy of liquid-end parts of the pumps involved.  
5.4 The SAR Number can be used to determine the most suitable materials for certain slurry systems.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a single laboratory procedure that can be used to develop data from which either the relative abrasivity of any slurry (Miller Number) or the response of different materials to the abrasivity of different slurries (SAR Number), can be determined.  
1.2 The test data obtained by this procedure is used to calculate either a number related to the rate of mass loss of duplicate standard-shaped 27 % chromium iron wear blocks when run for a period of time in the slurry of interest (Miller Number), or to calculate a number related to the rate of mass loss (converted to volume loss) of duplicate standard-shaped wear specimens of any material of interest when run for a period of time in any slurry of interest (SAR Number).  
1.3 The requirement for a finished flat wearing surface on the test specimen for a SAR Number test may preclude application of the procedure where thin (0.051 mm to 0.127 mm), hard, wear-resistant coatings will not allow for surface finishing. The 6 h total duration of the SAR Number Test may not allow establishment of a consistent rate-of-mass-loss of the unfinished surface.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM G65-16(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Using the Dry Sand/Rubber Wheel Apparatus

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The severity of abrasive wear in any system will depend upon the abrasive particle size, shape, and hardness, the magnitude of the stress imposed by the particle, and the frequency of contact of the abrasive particle. In this practice these conditions are standardized to develop a uniform condition of wear which has been referred to as scratching abrasion (1 and 3). The value of the practice lies in predicting the relative ranking of various materials of construction in an abrasive environment. Since the practice does not attempt to duplicate all of the process conditions (abrasive size, shape, pressure, impact, or corrosive elements), it should not be used to predict the exact resistance of a given material in a specific environment. Its value lies in predicting the ranking of materials in a similar relative order of merit as would occur in an abrasive environment. Volume loss data obtained from test materials whose lives are unknown in a specific abrasive environment may, however, be compared with test data obtained from a material whose life is known in the same environment. The comparison will provide a general indication of the worth of the unknown materials if abrasion is the predominant factor causing deterioration of the materials.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory procedures for determining the resistance of metallic materials to scratching abrasion by means of the dry sand/rubber wheel test. It is the intent of this test method to produce data that will reproducibly rank materials in their resistance to scratching abrasion under a specified set of conditions.  
1.2 Abrasion test results are reported as volume loss in cubic millimetres for the particular test procedure specified. Materials of higher abrasion resistance will have a lower volume loss.  
Note 1: In order to attain uniformity among laboratories, it is the intent of this test method to require that volume loss due to abrasion be reported only in the metric system as cubic millimetres. 1 mm3 = 6.102 × 10−5 in.3.  
1.3 This test method covers five recommended procedures which are appropriate for specific degrees of wear resistance or thicknesses of the test material.  
1.3.1 Procedure A—This is a relatively severe test which will rank metallic materials on a wide volume loss scale from low to extreme abrasion resistance. It is particularly useful in ranking materials of medium to extreme abrasion resistance.  
1.3.2 Procedure B—A short-term variation of Procedure A. It may be used for highly abrasive resistant materials but is particularly useful in the ranking of medium- and low-abrasive-resistant materials. Procedure B should be used when the volume–loss values developed by Procedure A exceeds 100 mm3.  
1.3.3 Procedure C—A short-term variation of Procedure A for use on thin coatings.  
1.3.4 Procedure D—This is a lighter load variation of Procedure A which is particularly useful in ranking materials of low-abrasion resistance. It is also used in ranking materials of a specific generic type or materials which would be very close in the volume loss rates as developed by Procedure A.  
1.3.5 Procedure E—A short-term variation of Procedure B that is useful in the ranking of materials with medium- or low-abrasion resistance.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM B748-90(2021)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measurement of Thickness of Metallic Coatings by Measurement of Cross Section with a Scanning Electron Microscope

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is useful for the direct measurement of the thicknesses of metallic coatings and of individual layers of composite coatings, particularly for layers thinner than normally measured with the light microscope.  
4.2 This test method is suitable for acceptance testing.  
4.3 This test method is for the measurement of the thickness of the coating over a very small area and not of the average or minimum thickness per se.  
4.4 Accurate measurements by this test method generally require very careful sample preparation, especially at the greater magnifications.  
4.5 The coating thickness is an important factor in the performance of a coating in service.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of metallic coating thicknesses by examination of a cross section with a scanning electron microsope (SEM).  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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