ASTM D5598-01(2007)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5598 − 01(Reapproved 2007)
Standard Test Method for
Evaluating Unleaded Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
for Electronic Port Fuel Injector Fouling
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5598; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
This test method is based on a test procedure developed by the Coordinating Research Council
(CRC) and maintains as much commonality as possible with the original test. A similar test method
is described in the California Air Resource Board (CARB) report, “Test Method for Evaluating Port
Fuel Injector Deposits in Vehicle Engines.”
Driveability problems in PFI automobiles were first reported in 1984. These driveability problems
were caused by deposits in the tips of pintle-type fuel injectors. In response to this problem, the CRC
developed a program to evaluate a method of testing PFI deposit-forming tendencies in gasolines.
D235-h test cycle consisting of 15 min of operation at 88 kph (55 mph) followed by a 45-min soak
period was used for the program. This test cycle showed statistically significant differences in
deposit-forming tendencies of the test fuels on the vehicles’ fuel injectors. The results of the CRC
2 3
program are discussed in CRC Report No. 565, and SAE Paper 890213.
1. Scope priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
1.1 This test method covers a vehicle test procedure to
tionary statements are given throughout this test method.
evaluatethetendencyofanunleadedspark-ignitionenginefuel
to foul electronic port fuel injectors (PFI).
NOTE 1—If there is any doubt as to the latest edition of Test Method
D5598, contact ASTM Headquarters. Other properties of significance to
1.2 The test method is applicable to unleaded spark-ignition
spark-ignition engine fuel are described in Specification D4814.
engine fuels which may contain antioxidants, corrosion
inhibitors, metal deactivators, dyes, deposit control additives, 2. Referenced Documents
and oxygenates. 4
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
standard. The values in parentheses are provided for informa- (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
tion only. D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
Fuel
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
2.2 ANSI Standard:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
MC 96.1 Temperature Measurement Thermocouples
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
2.3 Other Standards:
“Test Method for Evaluating Port Fuel Injector (PFI)
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Deposits In Vehicle Engines,” State of California—Air
Petroleum Products and Lubricantsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
Resources Board (CARB), Stationary Source Div., March
D02.A0.01 on Gasoline and Gasoline-Oxygenate Blends.
1, 1991 (incorporated by reference in California Code of
Current edition approved May 1, 2007. Published June 2007. Originally
Regulations, Title 13, Section 2257).
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as D5598 – 01. DOI:
10.1520/D5598-01R07.
CRC Report No. 565 “A Program to Evaluate a Vehicle Test Method for Port
Fuel Injector Deposit-Forming Tendencies of Unleaded Base Gasolines,” February For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
1989. Available from Coordinating Research Council, Inc., 219 Perimeter Ctr. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Pkwy., Atlanta, GA 30346. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Tupa, Taniguchi, Benson, “A Vehicle Test Technique for Studying Port Fuel the ASTM website.
Injector Deposits—A Coordinating Research Council Program,” Society of Auto- Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
motiveEngineers(SAE)TechnicalPaperSeries:PaperNo.890213,1989,Available 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
from Society of Automotive Engineers International, 400 Commonwealth Dr., Available from California Air Resources Board, P.O. Box 2815, Sacramento,
Warrendale, PA 15096. CA 95812, http://www.arb.ca.gov.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5598 − 01 (2007)
Title 1—Provisions for Attainment and Maintenance of Na- lished test procedure, a data logger is active at all times after
tional Air Quality Standards, Clean Air Act Amendments the test has begun, during all mileage accumulation and soak
of 1990 Public Law 101-549, Nov. 15, 1990. times.
4.3 The vehicle is operated on a cycle consisting of 15 min
3. Terminology
at a speed of 88 kph (55 mph) and an engine soak time of 45
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
min. This cycle is repeated for a total of 16 100 km (10 000
3.1.1 base fuel, n—unleaded automotive spark-ignition en-
miles).
gine fuel that does not contain a deposit control additive, but
4.4 After the required mileage has been accumulated, the
may contain antioxidants, corrosion inhibitors, metal deactiva-
port fuel injectors are removed from the engine and the
tors, dyes, and oxygenates.
end-of-test flow rate is measured. The resultant flow loss is
3.1.2 deposit control additive, n—material added to the base
then calculated by comparing both end and start of test flow
fuel to prevent or remove deposits in the entire engine intake
rates. Operational and mechanical criteria are then reviewed to
system.
determine if the test shall be considered valid.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—For the purpose of this test method, the
5. Significance and Use
performance evaluation of a deposit control additive is limited
to the electronic port fuel injector tip areas. 5.1 Test Method—Deposits are prone to form on the meter-
ing surfaces of pintle-type electronic fuel injectors. These
3.1.3 driveability, n—the quality of a vehicle’s performance
deposits reduce fuel flow through the metering orifices. Reduc-
characteristics as perceived by the operator in response to
tionsinmeteredfuelflowresultinanupsetintheair-fuelratio,
changes in throttle position.
which can affect emissions and driveability. When heavy
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The performance characteristics may
enough, these deposits can lead to driveability symptoms such
includecoldstartingandwarmup,acceleration,vaporlock,and
as hesitation, hard starting, loss of power, or a combination
hot starting.
thereof, that are easily noticed by the average driver and lead
3.1.4 electronic port fuel injector (PFI), n—an electrome-
to customer complaints. The mechanism of the formation of
chanical device used to control fuel flow in an internal
deposits is not completely understood. It is believed to be
combustion engine.
influenced by many factors, including driving cycle, engine
3.1.5 fouling, v—formation of carbonaceous deposits on the
design, port fuel injector design, and composition of fuel used.
pintle or metering surfaces of an electronic fuel injector, which
The procedure in this test method has been found to build
reduces fuel flow rate.
deposits in injectors on a consistent basis.The deposits formed
3.1.6 pintle, n—needle-like metering device, that is part of by this procedure are similar to the deposits experienced in the
an electronic fuel injector, which controls flow rate and spray field in terms of composition and in amount of deposition.This
pattern. procedure can be used to evaluate differences in unleaded base
fuels and fuel additives.
3.1.7 test fuel, n—base fuel with or without the addition of
5.1.1 State and Federal Legislative and Regulatory
a deposit control additive which is used to accumulate mileage
Action—Legislative and regulatory activity, primarily by the
as described in this test method.
6 7
state of California and the Federal Government necessitate
the acceptance of a standard test method to evaluate the port
4. Summary of Test Method
fuel injector deposit-forming tendency of an automotive spark-
4.1 This test method describes a procedure for evaluating
ignition engine fuel.
the formation of deposits in port fuel injectors of a modern
5.1.2 Relevance of Results—The operating conditions and
spark-ignition engine. This test method described herein uti-
design of the engine and vehicle used in this test method are
lizes a 2.2-L Chrysler turbocharged engine equipped with an
not representative of all modern automobiles. These factors
overheadcamshaft,twovalvespercylinder,andelectronicport
must be considered when interpreting test results.
fuel injection. This test method includes a procedure for
5.2 Test Validity:
running a vehicle on a prescribed test cycle to form deposits in
5.2.1 Procedural Compliance—The test results are not con-
the port fuel injectors and a procedure for determining the
sideredvalidunlessthetestiscompletedincompliancewithall
resultant flow loss of a set of standardized injectors of known
requirements of this test method. Deviations from the param-
flow rate.
eter limits presented in Section 10 will result in a void test.
4.2 Each test begins with a new set of standardized fuel
Engineering judgment must be applied during conduct of the
injectors which have previously been flow rated. All routine
testmethodwhenassessinganyanomaliestoensurevalidityof
maintenance is performed in accordance with the Chrysler
the test results.
service manual. The entire fuel system is flushed and filled
5.2.2 Vehicle Compliance—A test is not considered valid
with the new test fuel. To ensure compliance with the estab-
unless the vehicle has met the quality control inspection
requirements in accordance with 8.2.
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, Available from Superintendent of 6. Apparatus
Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402.
6.1 Automobile—The vehicle to be used for this test method
Available from Chrysler Corp. Service Publications, 25999 Lawrence Ave.,
Center Line, MI 48015. is a Chrysler Corp. vehicle equipped with a 2.2-L, 4- cylinder
D5598 − 01 (2007)
TABLE 1 Allowable Vehicle List TABLE 2 Frequently Replaced Parts List
Chrysler Dodge Plymouth Part Part No.
Laser Daytona Caravelle Air conditioning belt 4343523
LeBaron 600 Lancer Air filter 4342801
LeBaron GTS Charger Sundance Distributor cap (1987) 5226546
New Yorker Shadow Omni GLH Distributor rotor (1987) 5226535
Exhaust pipe hanger 4150798
Fan relay package 4419169
Fuel injector 4306024
Fuel injector O-ring 5277919
turbocharged engine.An intercooled turbocharged engine may
Oil filter (1986) 4419970
Oil filter (1987) 4105409
also be used. Vehicles equipped with either manual or auto-
Oxygen Sensor 5227368
matic transmissions are acceptable. Hood vents shall be
Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) hose 4387387
plugged on vehicles so equipped. Only vehicles from model
Positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valve (1987) 3671076
Power steering belt 4343490
years 1985 through 1987, inclusive, shall be used. Allowable
Radiator cap 3781830
vehicle models are shown in Table 1.
A
Spark plug RN12YC
6.1.1 Electronic Port Fuel Injectors— Only Bosch EV1.1A
Spark plug wires 4419359
Temperature sensor 5226374
pintle-style injectors with plastic caps shall be used. These
Timing chain cover 4105714
injectors are Bosch part number 0280150360. The corre-
Voltage regulator 4275313
sponding Chrysler Corp. part number is 4306024 and is clearly
Water pump 4293898
Water pump with O-ring 5203542
marked on the injector. All tests shall begin with new,
Fuel pressure regulator 4275313
flow-tested injectors. Each new injector shall be qualified for
A
Champion, or equivalent.
leak rate prior to testing using the procedure in Annex A1.
6.1.2 Tires—All tires shall be of the same size and as
specified by the vehicle manfacturer. Tires shall be inflated to
themanufacturer’srecommendedpressureoruptoamaximum recommended.) (Warning—Adequate ventilation and fire pro-
pressure of 310 6 10 kPa (45 6 0.5 psi) for chassis tection are necessary concerning the venting of the vehicle
dynamometer use. exhaust and when working on vehicle fuel systems. Suitable
6.1.3 Miscellaneous Parts—All powertrain components, protective clothing is recommended.)
front-end accessory drive, air intake system, and exhaust 6.2.3 Chassis Dynamometer—A chassis dynamometer may
system, except as specified, shall be original equipment, be used for mileage accumulation. The dynamometer shall be
original equipment manufacturer replacement parts, or equiva- calibrated before the beginning of each series of tests and
lent.
monitored throughout each test. Both single- and dual-roll
6.1.4 New Engine/Vehicle Parts List—Table 2 contains dynamometers are acceptable for use.
those frequently replaced parts with the corresponding
6.2.4 Deposit Control Additive Blending Facilities
Chrysler/Mopar part number to be used for the buildup of the —Insteadofsupplyingafinishedtestfuel,thetestsponsormay
vehicleasrequiredbythistestmethod.Partnumberssuggested
supply concentrated additive in bulk to the test laboratory. The
in Table 2 or listed by the manufacturer may vary from test requestor shall obtain concurrence from the test laboratory
model-to-model.
regarding the supply of base fuels and additives and their
packaging. For those laboratories offering the capability of
6.2 Laboratory Facilities:
blending additive and base fuel, the laboratories must have the
6.2.1 Fuel Injector Testing Area—The ambient atmosphere
ability to handle and blend the additive into fuel supplied in
of the fuel injector testing area shall be reasonably free of
eitherbulk,210-L(55-gal)drums,orboth.Thelaboratoryshall
contaminants. The temperature shall be maintained at a uni-
have an appropriate balance or graduated cylinder to blend the
form temperature between 21 and 27°C (70 and 80°F).
additive at the recommended concentrations expressed as a
Uniform temperature is necessary to ensure repeatable injector
mass or volumetric ratio. The base fuel and additive shall be
flow measurements. (Warning—Provide adequate ventilation
placed, at the appropriate ratio, into 210-L drums or bulk
andfireprotectioninareaswhereflammableorvolatileliquids,
storage tanks and clearly labeled. Provisions to stir or recircu-
or both, and solvents are used. Suitable protective clothing is
late the fuel/additive blend to ensure a homogeneous mixture
recommended.)
are necess
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