Standard Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the particle size distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualify those materials as to their usefulness in the process under consideration. Since particle size analyses have only relative significance, the results should be considered only where they correlate with process characteristics. The parameter that is being measured in this test is the amount of material that will pass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. It must be remembered that all the holes are not square, nor uniform in size, and the question of whether a given particle will go through is a statistical one. Since each particle size analysis method measures a unique physical parameter, the results from one method may not agree with those from another. Particle size distributions play a role in such properties as bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Care should be taken, however, when interpretations are made from one or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc, titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves.  
1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containing agglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved to remove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates before performing the test. This technique is not applicable to materials that are, to any degree, water soluble.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units (in the case of sieve frame diameter and sieve number), that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-Jan-2024
Drafting Committee
C21.04 - Raw Materials

Relations

Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024
Effective Date
01-Feb-2024

Overview

ASTM C371-09(2024) – Standard Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders provides a recognized procedure for determining the particle size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders using wire-cloth sieves. This method is widely used across industries to assess key material characteristics essential for their effective use in various manufacturing and processing applications. Developed by ASTM, this international standard is aligned with global standardization principles and supports quality control, material qualification, and process optimization.

Key Topics

  • Particle Size Distribution
    The primary objective of ASTM C371 is to measure the fraction of powder particles passing through a series of sieves with defined mesh sizes. This data is critical for qualifying materials such as alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc, titanates, and zircon.

  • Test Methods

    • Dry and wet sieve analysis, with wet-sieving recommended for powders containing excessive fines or agglomerates unless the material is water-soluble.
    • Use of standardized, calibrated wire-cloth sieves conforming to relevant specifications.
    • Sampling techniques designed to ensure representative results for bulk shipments, promoting accurate quality assessments.
  • Significance and Interpretation
    Particle size analysis influences the evaluation of properties such as bulk density, dustiness, and handling behavior. The results of sieve analysis are most meaningful when interpreted in relation to process requirements and other material characteristics.

  • Apparatus

    • Accurate balances
    • Calibrated sieves of various mesh sizes
    • Mechanical shaking devices
    • Oven and drying pans to ensure consistent sample preparation

Applications

ASTM C371-09(2024) is widely used in industries producing or utilizing nonplastic ceramic powders, including:

  • Ceramic Manufacturing
    Determining the suitability of raw materials for tile, whiteware, and advanced ceramics by validating the particle size distribution.
  • Glass and Enameling
    Optimizing powder characteristics for use in glass-making, frit, and glaze formulations.
  • Refractories and Insulators
    Ensuring powders meet particle size requirements critical for high-temperature and electrical insulation products.
  • Quality Control Laboratories
    Routine testing for incoming raw materials and finished ceramic powders to maintain product consistency and meet specifications.
  • Research and Development
    Supporting the design and development of new materials, with data from the sieve analysis method guiding formulation choices.

The method also supports export/import validation and regulatory compliance, as it aligns with international principles outlined by the World Trade Organization's Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

Related Standards

Employing ASTM C371-09(2024) in conjunction with other standards ensures comprehensive material evaluation and quality management:

  • ASTM E11 – Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
    Details requirements for the sieves used in particle size analysis.

  • ASTM C322 – Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
    Provides guidelines for obtaining representative samples of ceramic materials.

  • ISO particle size analysis standards
    International methods that may be used alongside or compared to ASTM C371 to verify results and harmonize test practices.

Summary

ASTM C371-09(2024) is an essential standard for reliable sieve analysis of nonplastic ceramic powders, supporting quality assurance and process control in ceramics and related industries. Applying this method ensures consistent material properties and facilitates global trade through adherence to internationally recognized testing protocols and principles.

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Frequently Asked Questions

ASTM C371-09(2024) is a standard published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Test Method for Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the particle size distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualify those materials as to their usefulness in the process under consideration. Since particle size analyses have only relative significance, the results should be considered only where they correlate with process characteristics. The parameter that is being measured in this test is the amount of material that will pass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. It must be remembered that all the holes are not square, nor uniform in size, and the question of whether a given particle will go through is a statistical one. Since each particle size analysis method measures a unique physical parameter, the results from one method may not agree with those from another. Particle size distributions play a role in such properties as bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Care should be taken, however, when interpretations are made from one or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc, titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves. 1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containing agglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved to remove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates before performing the test. This technique is not applicable to materials that are, to any degree, water soluble. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units (in the case of sieve frame diameter and sieve number), that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the particle size distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualify those materials as to their usefulness in the process under consideration. Since particle size analyses have only relative significance, the results should be considered only where they correlate with process characteristics. The parameter that is being measured in this test is the amount of material that will pass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. It must be remembered that all the holes are not square, nor uniform in size, and the question of whether a given particle will go through is a statistical one. Since each particle size analysis method measures a unique physical parameter, the results from one method may not agree with those from another. Particle size distributions play a role in such properties as bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Care should be taken, however, when interpretations are made from one or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve. SCOPE 1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc, titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves. 1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containing agglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved to remove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates before performing the test. This technique is not applicable to materials that are, to any degree, water soluble. 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units (in the case of sieve frame diameter and sieve number), that are provided for information only and are not considered standard. 1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. 1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

ASTM C371-09(2024) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 81.060.10 - Raw materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.

ASTM C371-09(2024) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C371-09(2018), ASTM C1285-21, ASTM C750-18, ASTM C1065-08(2022), ASTM C429-21, ASTM C1098-08(2022). Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.

ASTM C371-09(2024) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.

Standards Content (Sample)


This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C371 − 09 (Reapproved 2024)
Standard Test Method for
Wire-Cloth Sieve Analysis of Nonplastic Ceramic Powders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C371; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Significance and Use
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the particle
3.1 Sieve analyses are carried out to determine the particle
size distribution of nonplastic ceramic powders such as
size distribution of powders which, in turn, are used to qualify
alumina, silica, feldspar, pyrophyllite, nepheline syenite, talc,
those materials as to their usefulness in the process under
titanates, and zircon using wire cloth sieves.
consideration. Since particle size analyses have only relative
significance, the results should be considered only where they
1.2 Materials containing a large amount of fines, containing
correlate with process characteristics. The parameter that is
agglomerates, or that are nonfree-flowing, are wet-sieved to
being measured in this test is the amount of material that will
remove excessive fines or to disperse agglomerates before
pass through a cloth having theoretically square openings. It
performing the test. This technique is not applicable to mate-
must be remembered that all the holes are not square, nor
rials that are, to any degree, water soluble.
uniform in size, and the question of whether a given particle
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
will go through is a statistical one. Since each particle size
standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
analysis method measures a unique physical parameter, the
conversions to inch-pound units, or are other customary units
results from one method may not agree with those from
(in the case of sieve frame diameter and sieve number), that are
another. Particle size distributions play a role in such properties
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
as bulk density, dustiness, and handling characteristics. Care
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the should be taken, however, when interpretations are made from
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the one or two points (sieves) on the distribution curve.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Apparatus
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 Balance, having a sensitivity of 0.05 g.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard- 4.2 Sieves, clean, unblinded, 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the and conforming to Specification E11. At all times they shall be
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom- certified by, or shall be calibrated with sieves certified by, the
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical National Institute of Standards and Technology. For wet-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. sieving, use full-height 50-mm (2-in.) sieves; these sieves and
pan may be used for dry-sieving also. Half-height 25-mm
(1-in.) sieves and pan shall be used for dry-sieving only. The
2. Referenced Documents
sieves to be used may range from 45 μm (No. 325) through
2.1 ASTM Standards:
212 μm (No. 70).
C322 Practice for Sampling Ceramic Whiteware Clays
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test 4.3 Drying Pans, about 205 mm (8 in.) in diameter and
Sieves
25 mm or 50 mm (1 in. or 2 in.) high.
4.4 Dryer—For drying, the use of an oven maintained
automatically at 100 °C to 110 °C is recommended.
This method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C21 on Ceramic
4.5 Mechanical Shaking Device—The shaking device shall
Whitewares and Related Productsand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C21.04 on Raw Materials. be such as to produce a lateral and vertical motion of the sieve,
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2024. Published February 2024. Originally
accompanied by a jarring action so as to keep the sample
approved in 1955. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as C371 – 09 (2018).
moving continuously over the surface of the sieve.
DOI: 10.1520/C0371-09R24.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
4.6 In wet-sieving, the water should be slightly above room
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
temperature (for example, a hot-cold mixer tap) and should be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. supplied by means of a fixed or hand-held spray.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C371 − 09 (2024)
5. Sampling 6.4 When sieving is complete, pass a sponge over the
underside of the sieve-cloth to draw out as much of the water
5.1 Unit for Sampling—Each carload shall be considered a
a
...

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