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ASTM C856-02

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete

SCOPE
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected to laboratory tests. The phrase "concrete constructions" is intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
Note 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction products discussed in Sections 7-12 and Table 1-6 are available as Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are applicable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout, plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the material for examination is designated as "concrete," even though the commentary may be applicable to the other mixtures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than concrete.
1.3 outlines an uranyl acetate method for identifying locations where alkali-silica gel may be present. It is a requirement that the substances in those locations must be identified using any other more definitive techniques, such as petrographic microscopy.
1.4 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic examination of hardened concrete are given in the following sections:SectionQualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians3Purposes of Examination4Apparatus5Selection and Use of Apparatus6Samples 7Examination of Samples8Specimen Preparation9Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination10Polarizing Microscope Examination11Paste Features12Report13
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for information purposes only.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard statement is given in 5.2.10.1.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Aug-2002
ICS
91.100.30 - Concrete and concrete products
Technical Committee
C09 - Concrete and Concrete Aggregates
Drafting Committee
C09.65 - Petrography
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C856-95e1 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Replaced By
ASTM C856-04 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
01-Jan-2004
Referred By
ASTM C1084-19 - Standard Test Method for Portland-Cement Content of Hardened Hydraulic-Cement Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1778-22 - Standard Guide for Reducing the Risk of Deleterious Alkali-Aggregate Reaction in Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM C1528/C1528M-20 - Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM C823/C823M-12(2017) - Standard Practice for Examination and Sampling of Hardened<brk/> Concrete in Constructions
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM D4619-12(2018) - Standard Practice for Inspection of Linings in Operating Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM C457/C457M-23 - Standard Test Method for Microscopical Determination of Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002
Referred By
ASTM C151/C151M-18 - Standard Test Method for Autoclave Expansion of Hydraulic Cement
Effective Date
10-Aug-2002

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ASTM C856-02 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened ConcreteASTM C856-02 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
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ASTM C856-02 - Standard Practice for Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C 856 – 02
Standard Practice for
1
Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 856; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
Section
Report 13
1.1 This practice outlines procedures for the petrographic
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
examination of samples of hardened concrete. The samples
as the standard. The SI units in parentheses are provided for
examined may be taken from concrete constructions, they may
information purposes only.
be concrete products or portions thereof, or they may be
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
concrete or mortar specimens that have been exposed in natural
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
environments, or to simulated service conditions, or subjected
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
to laboratory tests. The phrase “concrete constructions” is
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
intended to include all sorts of objects, units, or structures that
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. A specific hazard
have been built of hydraulic cement concrete.
statement is given in 5.2.10.1.
NOTE 1—A photographic chart of materials, phenomena, and reaction
products discussed in Sections 7-12 and Tables 1-6 are available as
2. Referenced Documents
Adjunct C856 (ADJCO856).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.2 The petrographic procedures outlined herein are appli-
C 42/C 42M Test Method for Obtaining and Testing Drilled
cable to the examination of samples of all types of hardened 2
Cores and Sawed Beams of Concrete
hydraulic-cement mixtures, including concrete, mortar, grout,
C 215 Test Method for Fundamental Transverse, Longitu-
plaster, stucco, terrazzo, and the like. In this practice, the 2
dinal, and Torsional Frequencies of Concrete Specimens
material for examination is designated as “concrete,” even
C 227 Test Method for Potential Alkali Reactivity of
though the commentary may be applicable to the other mix- 2
Cement-Aggregate Combinations (Mortar-Bar Method)
tures, unless the reference is specifically to media other than
C 294 Descriptive Nonmenclature for Constituents of Con-
concrete. 2
crete Aggregates
1.3 Annex A1 outlines an uranyl acetate method for identi-
C 295 Guide for Petrographic Examination of Aggregates
fying locations where alkali-silica gel may be present. It is a 2
for Concrete
requirement that the substances in those locations must be
C 342 Test Method for Potential Volume Change of
identified using any other more definitive techniques, such as 2
Cement-Aggregate Combinations
petrographic microscopy.
C 441 Test Method for Effectiveness of Mineral Admixtures
1.4 The purposes of and procedures for petrographic exami-
or Ground Blast-Furnace Slag in Preventing Excessive
nation of hardened concrete are given in the following sections: 2
Expansion of Concrete Due to the Alkali-Silica Reaction
Section
C 452 Test Method for Potential Expansion of Portland-
3
Cement Mortars Exposed to Sulfate
Qualifications of Petrographers and Use of Technicians 3
Purposes of Examination 4 C 457 Test Method for Microscopical Determination of
2
Apparatus 5
Parameters of the Air-Void System in Hardened Concrete
Selection and Use of Apparatus 6
C 496 Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylin-
Samples 7
2
drical Concrete Specimens
Examination of Samples 8
2
Specimen Preparation 9
C 597 Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete
Visual and Stereomicroscope Examination 10
C 637 Specification for Aggregates for Radiation-Shielding
Polarizing Microscope Examination 11
2
Paste Features 12 Concrete
C 638 Descriptive Nonmenclature of Constituents of Ag-
2
gregates for Radiation-Shielding Concrete
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C09 on Concrete
and Concrete Aggregates and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C09.65 on
Petrography.
2
Current edition approved August 10, 2002. Published October 2002. Originally Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.02.
e1 3
published as C 856 – 77. Last previous edition C 856 – 95 . Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.01.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C856–02
6
TABLE 1 Visual Examination of Concrete (1)
Coarse Aggregate + Fine Aggregate + Matrix + Air + Embedded Items
Composition:
A
Maximum dimension, in. or
mm, in the range> d>
Type: Type: color, by comparison wit
...

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1.1 This test method covers the approximate determination of clay lumps and friable particles in aggregates.  
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3.1 This practice describes procedures for providing plane surfaces on the ends of freshly molded concrete cylinders, hardened cylinders, or drilled concrete cores when the end surfaces do not conform with the planeness and perpendicularity requirements of applicable standards. Practice C1231/C1231M describes alternative procedures using unbonded caps or pad caps.
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1.1 This practice covers apparatus, materials, and procedures for capping freshly molded concrete cylinders with neat cement and hardened cylinders and drilled concrete cores with high-strength gypsum paste or sulfur mortar.  
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Standard Test Method for Passing Ability of Self-Consolidating Concrete by J-Ring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a procedure to determine the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete. This test method is applicable for laboratory use in comparing the passing ability of different concrete mixtures. It is also applicable in the field as a quality control test.  
5.2 The difference between the slump flow and J-Ring flow is an indication of the passing ability of the concrete. A difference less than 25 mm [1 in.] indicates good passing ability and a difference greater than 50 mm [2 in.] indicates poor passing ability. The orientation of the mold for the J-Ring test and for the slump flow test without the J-Ring shall be the same.  
5.3 This test method is limited to self-consolidating concrete with nominal maximum size of aggregate of up to 25 mm [1 in.].
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the passing ability of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) by using the J-Ring in combination with a mold.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM C173/C173M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Air Content of Freshly Mixed Concrete by the Volumetric Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method covers the determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete. It measures the air contained in the mortar fraction of the concrete, but is not affected by air that may be present inside porous aggregate particles.  
4.1.1 Therefore, this is the appropriate test to determine the air content of concretes containing lightweight aggregates, air-cooled slag, and highly porous or vesicular natural aggregates.  
4.2 This test method requires the addition of sufficient isopropyl alcohol, when the meter is initially being filled with water, so that after the first or subsequent rollings little or no foam collects in the neck of the top section of the meter. If more foam is present than that equivalent to 2 % air above the water level, the test is declared invalid and must be repeated using a larger quantity of alcohol. Addition of alcohol to dispel foam any time after the initial filling of the meter to the zero mark is not permitted.  
4.3 The air content of hardened concrete may be either higher or lower than that determined by this test method. This depends upon the methods and amounts of consolidation effort applied to the concrete from which the hardened concrete specimen is taken; uniformity and stability of the air bubbles in the fresh and hardened concrete; accuracy of the microscopic examination, if used; time of comparison; environmental exposure; stage in the delivery, placement and consolidation processes at which the air content of the unhardened concrete is determined, that is, before or after the concrete goes through a pump; and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the air content of freshly mixed concrete containing any type of aggregate, whether it be dense, cellular, or lightweight.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The inch-pound units are shown in brackets. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.  
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ASTM C138/C138M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Density (Unit Weight), Yield, and Air Content (Gravimetric) of Concrete

ABSTRACT
This test method covers determination of the density of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the unit weight, yield or relative yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials. The test method shall use the following apparatuses: balance or scale; tamping rod, which is a round straight steel rod having the tamping end rounded to a hemispherical tip; internal vibrator which may have rigid of flexible shafts, preferably powered by electric motors; measure, which is a cylindrical container made of steel or other suitable metal specified herein; strike-off plate; mallet; and scoop of a size large enough so each amount of concrete obtained from the sampling receptacle is representative and small enough so it is not spilled during placement in the measure.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the density (see Note 1) of freshly mixed concrete and gives formulas for calculating the yield, cement content, and air content of the concrete. Yield is defined as the volume of concrete produced from a mixture of known quantities of the component materials.  
1.2 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
Note 1: Unit weight was the previous terminology used to describe the property determined by this test method, which is mass per unit volume.  
1.3 The text of this test method refers to notes and footnotes that provide explanatory material. These notes and footnotes (excluding those in tables and figures) shall not be considered as requirements of this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.(Warning—Fresh hydraulic cementitious mixtures are caustic and may cause chemical burns to skin and tissue upon prolonged exposure.2)  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
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  • Standard
    6 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off